Degradation: What the history of obscenity tells us about hate speech

Degradation: What the History of Obscenity Tells us about Hate Speech

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-243

  Saunders, Kevin W ^a  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 84900658091     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
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References (148)

1. Charles R. Lawrence, "If He Hollers Let Him Go: Regulating Racist Speech on Campus," 1990 Duke L.J. 431.
2. Richard Delgado & Jean Stefancic, Understanding Words That Wound 13 (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2004).
3. See Mari J. Matsuda, "Public Response to Racist Speech: Considering the Victim's Story," 87 Mich. L. Rev. 2320, 2336-37 (1989).
4. Brian Mullen & Joshua M. Smyth, "Immigrant Suicide Rates as a Function of Ethnophaulisms: Hate Speech Predicts Death," 66 Psychosomatic Medicine 343, 346 (2004).
5. See Frederick A. Schauer, The Law of Obscenity 2 (Washington, DC: Bureau of National Affairs, 1976).
6. See David Tribe, Questions of Censorship 56-57 (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1973).
7. Harry M. Clor, Obscenity and Public Morality: Censorship in a Liberal Society 225 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969).
8. David Loth, The Erotic in Literature: A Historical Survey of Pornography as Delightful as It Is Indiscreet 47 (New York: Julian Messner, 1961).
9. Peter Webb, The Erotic Arts 71 (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983).
10. Robert F. Sutton, Jr., "Pornography and Persuasion on Attic Pottery," in Amy Richlin, ed., Pornography and Representation in Greece and Rome 3, 4 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).
11. See Kenneth J. Dover, Greek Popular Morality in the Time of Plato and Aristotle 206 (Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell, 1974).
12. H. Montgomery Hyde, A History of Pornography 41 (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1964).
13. David Tribe, Questions of Censorship 32 (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1973) (quoting D. H. Lawrence, Pornography and Obscenity 5-6 (1929)).
14. Aristophanes, Lysistrata, in Four Plays by Aristophanes 335 (William Arrowsmith, Richard Lattimore & Douglass Parker, trans.) (New York: New American Library, 1984).
15. Aristophanes, Lysistrata (Robert Henning Webb, trans.) (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1963).
16. Richard A. Posner, Sex and Reason 41 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992).
17. Vern L. Bullough, The History of Prostitution 37 (New Hyde Park, NY: University Books, 1964).
18. David Cohen, Law, Sexuality, and Society: The Enforcement of Morals in Classical Athens 140 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
19. There are a great many references available on the Greek gods and on Greek legends generally. A particularly good reference is Edith Hamilton, Mythology (New York: Little, Brown, 1942), which covers both Greek (and as a result Roman) and Norse mythology.
20. Joyce E. Salisbury, The Beast Within: Animals in the Middle Ages 106 (London: Routledge, 1994).
21. See generally Richard C. Beacham, The Roman Theatre and Its Audience (London: Routledge, 1991).
22. But see William E. H. Lecky, History of European Morals 168 (New York: George Braziller, 1955)
23. Roger Scruton, Sexual Desire: A Moral Philosophy or the Erotic 1 (New York: Free Press, 1986).
24. Joyce E. Salisbury, The Beast Within: Animals in the Middle Ages 138 (New York: Routledge, 1994).
25. Peter Brown, The Body and Society: Men, Women and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity 432 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988).
26. See Vern L. Bullough, "Introduction: The Christian Inheritance," in Vern L Bullough & James Brundage, eds., Sexual Practices and the Medieval Church 1, 6 (Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1982).
27. Robin Lane Fox, Pagans and Christians 355 (New York: Knopf, 1987).
28. James A. Brundage, Law, Sex, and Christian Society in Medieval Europe 57 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
29. See Edward Schillebeeckx, O.P., Celibacy 52 (C. A. L. Jarrot, trans.) (New York: Sheed and Ward, 1968).
30. See A. W. Richard Sipe, A Secret World: Sexuality and the Search for Celibacy 35 (New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1990).
31. Vern L. Bullough, The History of Prostitution 128 (New Hyde Park, NY: University Books, 1964).
32. David Loth, The Erotic in Literature 66 (New York: Julian Messner, 1961).
33. Pierre J. Payer, "Sex and Confession in the Thirteenth Century," in Joyce E. Salisbury, Sex in the Middle Ages: A Book of Essays 126, 128 (New York: Garland, 1991).
34. See Pierre J. Payer, "Confession and the Study of Sex in the Middle Ages," in Vern L. Bullough & James A. Brundage, Handbook of Medieval Sexuality 3, 13 (New York: Garland, 1996).
35. Giovanni Boccaccio, The Decameron 89 (G. H. McWilliam, trans.) (Harmondsville, UK: Penguin, 1972).
36. H. Montgomery Hyde, A History of Pornography 153 (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1964).
37. See Ian Frederick Moulton, Before Pornography: Erotic Writing in Early Modern England 28 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
38. See Lynn Hunt, introduction to Lynn Hunt, ed., The Invention of Pornography: Obscenity and the Origins of Modernity 1500-1800 1, 25 (New York: Zone Books, 1993).
39. See Poul Gerhard, Pornography in Fine Art from Ancient Times up to the Present 41 (Los Angeles: Elysium, 1969).
40. Peter Webb, The Erotic Arts 104 (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983).
41. See Roger Thompson, Unfit for Modest Ears: A Study of Pornographic, Obscene and Bawdy Works Written or Published in England in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century 5 (Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1979).
42. Ian Frederick Moulton, Before Pornography: Erotic Writing in Early Modern England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
43. Lynn Hunt, introduction to Lynn Hunt, ed., The Invention of Pornography: Obscenity and the Origins of Modernity, 1500-1800 1, 10-11 (New York: Zone Books, 1993).
44. Peter Wagner, Eros Revised: Erotica of the Enlightenment in England and America 5 (London: Secker & Warburg, 1988).
45. See H. Montgomery Hyde, A History of Pornography 83 (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1964).
46. Sarah Toulalan, Imagining Sex: Pornography and Bodies in Seventeenth-Century England 1 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).
47. Peter Webb, The Erotic Arts 148-51 (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983).
48. Felice Flanery Lewis, Literature, Obscenity, and Law 1 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1976).
49. See Frederick F. Schauer, The Law of Obscenity 2-3 (Washington, DC: Bureau of National Affairs, 1976).
50. See Leonard W. Levy, Blasphemy: Verbal Offense against the Sacred, from Moses to Salman Rushdie 214 (New York: Knopf, 1993).
51. See Alec Craig, Suppressed Books: A History of the Conception of Literary Obscenity 30 (Cleveland: World, 1963).
52. The King v. John Wilkes, 95 Eng. Rep. 737 (K.B. 1764).
53. Quoted in James Jackson Kilpatrick, The Smut Peddlers 35 (New York: Doubleday, 1960).
54. Richard A. Posner, Sex and Reason 52 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992).
55. See Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, Volume I: An Introduction 7 (Robert Hurley, trans.) (New York: Pantheon Books, 1978).
56. See Carl Sagan & Ann Druyan, Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors 273 (New York: Random House, 1992).
57. See Peter J. Bowler, Evolution: The History of an Idea (Berkeley: University of California Press, 3rd ed. 2003).
58. Quoted in Gerhard Wichler, Charles Darwin: The Founder of the Theory of Evolution and Natural Selection 23 (New York: Pergamon, 1961).
59. See Edward J. Larson, Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory 14-15 (New York: Modern Library, 2004).
60. See Edward J. Larson, The Creation-Evolution Debate: Historical Perspectives 2 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2007)
61. Charles Darwin, The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals (1872; repr., London: Julian Friedmann, 1979).
62. Reay Tannahill, Sex in History 98 (New York: Penguin Putnam, 1980).
63. Vern L. Bullough, Sexual Variance in Society and History 99 (New York: Wiley Interscience, 1976).
64. See Vern L. Bullough & Bonnie Bullough, Sin, Sickness, & Sanity: A History of Sexual Attitudes 56 (New York: New American Library, 1977).
65. Edgar Gregerson, Sexual Practices: The Story of Human Sexuality 28 (London: Franklin Watts, 1983) (emphasis in original).
66. See Nicola Beisel, Imperiled Innocents: Anthony Comstock and Family Reproduction in Victorian America 54 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997).
67. Cass R. Sunstein, Democracy and the Problem of Free Speech 211 (New York: Free Press, 1993).
68. See "Evolution, Creationism, Intelligent Design," Gallup website, www.gallup.com/ poll/21814/Evolution-Creationism-Intelligent-Design.aspx.
69. Vern L. Bullough, The History of Prostitution 79 (New Hyde Park, NY: University Books, 1964).
70. See "Brahma," BBC website, www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/deities/ brahma.shtml.
71. See "Vishnu," BBC website, www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/deities/ vishnu.shtml.
72. See "Lord Vishnu," Kashmiri Overseas Association website, www.koausa.org/Gods/ God3.html.
73. See Vern L. Bullough, Sexual Variance in Society and History 250 (New York: Wiley, 1976).
74. See "Lakshmi," BBC website, www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/deities/ lakshmi.shtml.
75. "Shiva," BBC website, www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/deities/shiva. shtml.
76. Peter Webb, The Erotic Arts 73 (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983). Webb credits a lecture by Philip Rawson as a source for his comments.
77. See H. Montgomery Hyde, A History of Pornography 90-91 (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1964).
78. See George Ryley Scott, Far Eastern Sex Life: An Anthropological, Ethnological and Sociological Study of the Love Relations, Marriage Rites and Home Life of the Oriental Peoples 16 (London: Gerald G. Swan, 1943).
79. Poul Gerhard, Pornography in Fine Art from Ancient Times up to the Present 19 (Los Angeles: Elysium, 1969)
80. See, generally, Grethe Jacobsen, "Sexual Irregularities in Medieval Scandinavia," in Vern L. Bullough & James Brundage, eds., Sexual Practices and the Medieval Church 72 (Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1982).
81. See Edith Hamilton, Mythology 445 (New York: Little, Brown, 1942).
82. See Raymond I. Page, Norse Myths: The Legendary Past 10 (London: British Museum Press, 1990).
83. See "Norse Gods-A Who's Who," BBC website, www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/classic/ A13392911. This website provides a rather complete listing of Norse gods and some descriptions of their acts.
84. Jenny Jochens, "Old Norse Sexuality: Man, Women, and Beasts," in Vern L. Bullough & James A. Brundage, eds., Handbook of Medieval Sexuality 369 (New York: Garland, 1996).
85. Cathy Jorgensen Itnyre, "A Smorgasbord of Sexual Practices," in Joyce E. Salisbury, Sex in the Middle Ages: A Book of Essays 135, 145 (New York: Garland, 1991).
86. David Loth, The Erotic in Literature: A Historical Survey of Pornography as Delightful as It Is Indiscreet 51 (New York: Julian Messner, 1961).
87. Louis M. Epstein, Sex Laws and Customs in Judaism (New York: Bloch, 1948).
88. David Biale, Eros and the Jews: From Biblical Israel to Contemporary America 12 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
89. See Kevin W. Saunders, Violence as Obscenity: Limiting the Media's First Amendment Protection (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1996).
90. For a discussion of free expression in German law, see Edward J. Eberle, "Human Dignity, Privacy, and Personality in German and American Constitutional Law," 1997 Utah L. Rev. 963;
91. Ronald J. Krotoszynski, "A Comparative Perspective on the First Amendment: Free Speech, Militant Democracy, and the Primacy of Dignity as a Preferred Constitutional Value in Germany," 78 Tulane L. Rev. 1549 (2004).
92. The Basic Law may be found in translation at www.iuscomp.org/gla/statutes/ GG.htm.
93. Alexander Tsesis, "The Boundaries of Free Speech," 8 Harv. Latino L. Rev. 141, 159 (2005)
94. Alexander Tsesis, "Hate in Cyberspace: Regulating Hate Speech on the Internet," 38 San Diego L. Rev. 817, 858 (2001).
95. See Christopher D. Van Blarcum, "Internet Hate Speech: The European Framework and the Emerging American Haven," 62 Washington & Lee L. Rev. 781, 824 (2005).
96. The facts of this case are most easily found, at least for an English-speaking reader, at Yahoo! Inc. v. La Ligue Contre le Racisme et L'antisemitisme, 169 F.Supp.2d 1181 (N.D. Cal. 2001). On appeal, the Ninth Circuit reversed the district court's ruling, but the decision was not based on the difference in First Amendment analysis. Rather, the appellate court concluded that the district court's order should not have issued, because of lack of contacts with the United States of the complainants in the original French case and now defendants in the U.S. case. See 379 F.3rd 1120 (9th Cir. 2004). Even that was not the end of the case. The Ninth Circuit then granted en banc review, and the opinions it issued showed a very fractured court. A majority of eight judges concluded that the district court had, in fact, had personal jurisdic tion over the defendants, but of those eight, three held that the action was not yet ripe for review. The overall result was the dismissal of the suit without prejudice. There was a group of five judges who would have exercised jurisdiction and declared enforcement of the judgment to be a violation of the First Amendment. See Yahoo! Inc. v. La Ligue Contre le Racisme et L'antisemitisme, 433 F.3d 1199 (9th Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, 547 U.S. 1163 (2006).
97. See Richard Delgado, "Are Hate-Speech Rules Constitutional Heresy? A Reply to Steven Gey," 146 U. Pennsylvania L. Rev. 865 (1998)
98. See Kathleen E. Mahoney, "Hate Speech: Affirmation or Contradiction of Freedom of Expression," 1996 U. Illinois L. Rev. 789.
99. See Mari J. Matsuda, "Public Response to Racist Speech: Considering the Victim's Story," 87 Michigan L. Rev. 2320 (1989).
100. See Michel Rosenfeld, "Extremist Speech and the Paradox of Tolerance," 100 Harvard L. Rev. 1457 (1987)
101. (reviewing Lee C. Bollinger, The Tolerant Society: Freedom of Speech and Extremist Speech in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986)).
102. Russell Working, "Illegal Abroad, Hate Web Sites Thrive Here: 1st Amendment Lets Fringe Groups Use U.S. Sites to Spread Their Message around the World," Chicago Tribune A1 (Nov. 13, 2007), available at 2007 WLNR 22413864.
103. Bjørnar Borvik, The Norwegian Approach to Protection of Personality Rights: With a Special Emphasis on the Protection of Honour and Reputation 133 (Bergen, Norway: Fagbokforlaget, 2004).
104. Andrea Dworkin, "Against the Male Flood," 8 Harv. Women's L.J. 1, 7 (1985).
105. Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 18-7-101(2)(b)(I) (2004).
106. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-901(10)(14)(A) (1989).
107. Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 752.364(4)(1)(b)(3) (West 1985).
108. Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 18-7-101(2)(b)(II) (2004).
109. Catharine A. MacKinnon, "Pornography, Civil Rights, and Speech," 20 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 1, 21 (1985).
110. See Catharine A. MacKinnon, "Pornography as Defamation and Discrimination," 71 Boston Univ. L. Rev. 793, 802 (1991).
111. Richard Herrnstein & Charles Murray, The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (New York: Free Press, 1994).
112. For a discussion, see Bernie Devlin, Stephen E. Fienberg, Daniel P. Resnick & Kathryn Roeder, eds., Intelligence, Genes, and Success: Scientists Respond to The Bell Curve (New York: Springer-Verlag, 2007);
113. Russell Jacoby & Naomi Glauberman, The Bell Curve Debate: History, Documents, Opinions (New York: Three Rivers, 1995).
114. The case is Doe v. University of Michigan, 721 F.Supp. 852 (E.D. Mich. 1989).
115. Ronald J Krotoszynski, The First Amendment in Cross-Cultural Perspective 72 (New York: New York University Press, 2006).
116. Richard Delgado & Jean Stefancic, Understanding Words That Wound 93-109 (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2000).
117. Richard Rodgers & Oscar Hammerstein, "You've Got to Be Carefully Taught," South Pacific (1949).
118. This quotation also may be found in a variety of places, including at the website for LEARN (Lynn's Education and Research Network): http://www.learn-usa.com/ of_relevance/~quotable_quotes.htm (accessed Nov. 18, 2009).
119. The quotation may be found at the QuotationsBook website: http://quotationsbook. com/quote/6450 (accessed Nov. 18, 2009).
120. Again, there are a number of sources for this quotation, including the BrainyQuote website: www.brainyquote.com/words/tw/twig233544.html (accessed Nov. 18, 2009).
121. The hate-music industry is tracked by the Anti-Defamation League. Much of what follows is derived from, or at least influenced by, the ADL's website, www.adl.org. Another good source of information on hate groups is the website of the Southern Poverty Law Center, www.splcenter.org.
122. The lyrics can be found at "Angry Aryans Lyrics: Browntown Burning Down Lyrics," LyricsOnDemand website, www.lyricsondemand.com/a/angryaryanslyrics/browntownburningdownlyrics. html (accessed Nov. 18, 2009).
123. "Angry Aryans Lyrics: Racially Debased Lyrics," LyricsOnDemand website, www.lyricsondemand. com/a/angryaryanslyrics/raciallydebasedlyrics.html (accessed Nov. 18, 2009).
124. "Nordic Thunder Lyrics: United, White, & Proud Lyrics," LyricsOnDemand website, www.lyricsondemand.com/n/nordicthunderlyrics/unitedwhiteproudlyrics.html (accessed Nov. 18, 2009).
125. "Rahowa Lyrics: White Revolution Lyrics," LyricsOnDemand website, www.lyricsondemand. com/r/rahowalyrics/whiterevolutionlyrics.html (accessed Nov. 18, 2009).
126. "Blue Eyed Devils Lyrics: Final Solution Lyrics," LyricsOnDemand website, http:// www.lyricsondemand.com/b/blueeyeddevilslyrics/finalsolutionlyrics.html (accessed Nov. 18, 2009).
127. "Blue Eyed Devils Lyrics: Murder Squad Lyrics," LyricsOnDemand website, www. lyricsondemand.com/b/blueeyeddevilslyrics/murdersquadlyrics.html (accessed Nov. 18, 2009).
128. "Extremism in America: William Pierce," ADL website, www.adl.org/learn/ ext_us/Pierce.asp?LEARN_Cat=Extremism&LEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_ America&xpicked=2&item=wp (accessed Nov. 18, 2009).
129. Its website is www.resistance.com.
130. "Neo-Nazi Hate Music: A Guide: Distributors and Labels," ADL website, www.adl.org/main_Extremism/hate_music_in_the_21st_century.htm?Multi_page_ sections=sHeading_6 (accessed Nov. 18, 2009).
131. See "Panzerfaust Records: Distributor of Hate Music," ADL website, www.adl.org/ extremism/panzerfaust_records.asp (accessed Nov. 18, 2009). If the company has in fact gone out of business, there are still others willing to fill the gap. The Anti-Defamation League lists a number of hate-music distributors in the United States: Diehard Records, Micetrap Records & Distribution/RAC Records, MSR Productions, Vinland Winds Records, White Power Records, and Final Stand Records.
132. "Ethnic Cleansing: The Game," Resistance website, www.resistance.com/ethniccleansing/ catalog.htm.
133. See Kevin W. Saunders, Saving Our Children from the First Amendment (New York: New York University Press, 2003).
134. Alexander Meiklejohn, Free Speech and Its Relation to Self-Government 26-27 (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1948).
135. See Thomas I. Emerson, "Toward a General Theory of the First Amendment," 72 Yale L.J. 877 (1963).
136. See Jean Piaget, The Moral Judgment of the Child (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1932). Piaget's work is discussed in Danuta Bukatko & Marvin W. Daehler, Child Development: A Topical Approach 535-73 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992).
137. See, e.g., Lawrence Kohlberg, "Stage and Sequence: The Cognitive-Developmental Approach to Socialization," in D. A. Goslin, ed., The Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1969);
138. Lawrence Kohlberg, "Moral Stages and Moralization: The Cognitive Developmental Approach," in T. Lickona, ed., Moral Development and Moral Behavior: Theory, Research, and Social Issues (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976);
139. Lawrence Kohlberg, Essays on Moral Development, Vol. 2: The Psychology of Moral Development (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1984).
140. See Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982).
141. See Peter R. Huttenlocher & Arun S. Dabholkar, "Regional Differences in Synaptogenesis in Human Cerebral Cortex," 387 Journal of Comparative Neurology 167, 176-77 (1997).
142. See Jay N. Giedd, Jonathan Blumenthal, Neal O. Jeffries, F. X. Castellanos, Hong Liu, Alex Zijdenbos, Tomas Paus, Alan C. Evans & Judith L. Rapoport, "Brain Development during Childhood and Adolescence: A Longitudinal MRI Study," 2 Nature Neuroscience 861 (1999).
143. See Linda Patia Spear, "Neurobehavioral Changes in Adolescence," 9(4) Current Directions in Psychological Science 111, 112-13 (2000).
144. See Eric Jensen, Teaching with the Brain in Mind 30 (Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development, 1998).
145. See Abigail M. Baird, Staci A. Gruber, Deborah A. Fein, Luis C. Maas, Ronald J. Steingard, Perry F. Renshaw, Bruce Cohen & Deborah A. Yurgelun-Todd, "Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Facial Affect Recognition in Children and Adolescents," 38 Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 195 (1999).
146. See, e.g., Devlin Barrett, "Atty. General Urges Conversations about Race," St. Louis Post-Dispatch A3 (Feb. 19, 2009), available at 2009 WLNR 3209969.
147. Charles M. Blow, "A Nation of Cowards?" New York Times A21 (Feb. 21, 2009), available at 2009 WLNR 3401110
148. Dawn Turner Trice, "On Different Pages When It Comes to Race," Chicago Tribune 13 (Feb. 23, 2009, available at 2009 WLNR 3488133.