Saving our children from the first amendment

Saving Our Children from the First Amendment

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 1-305

  Saunders, Kevin ^a  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 84900238611     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
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References (143)

1. Crawford v. Lundgren, 96 F.3d 380, 389 (9th Cir. 1996) (upholding a ban on selling sexually indecent material through unsupervised sidewalk vending machines), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1117 (1997).
2. Terminiello v. Chicago, 337 U.S. 1, 37 (1949) (Jackson, J., dissenting).
3. Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez, 372 U.S. 144, 160 (1963).
4. See, e.g., Edmond v. Goldsmith, 183 F.3d 659 (7th Cir. 1999), aff'd, 531 U.S. 32 (2000).
5. See Deaths: Final Data for 1997, 47 National Vital Statistics Reports No. 19, 1, 8 (June 30, 1999) (available at www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr47/nvs47 _19.pdf).
6. National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Final Data for 1998 (2000) (summary available at www.cdc.gov/nchs/releases/00news/nrbrth98.htm).
7. For data and sources, see www.tobaccofreekids.org/research/factsheets/pdf /0002.pdf). These figures were reported as of February 2003. The site's data is updated regularly.
8. Campaign for Alcohol Free Kids, Facts You Should Know, www.alcoholfreekids. com/facts_you_ should_know.html. The Web page cites a March 1997 report by the American Council on Alcohol Problems.
9. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty ch. 4 (London, 1859).
10. Violence Chip: Why Does the ACLU Oppose the V-Chip Legislation Currently Pending in Congress? archive.aclu.org/library/aavchip.html.
11. Popular Music under Siege, archive.aclu.org/library/pbr3.html.
12. The legislation involved was the Children's Internet Protection Act, enacted as part of Pub.L. No. 106-554 (2000). The constitutional challenge to the act is discussed in Chapter 8.
13. ALA Applauds Court Ruling on CIPA Decision (July 27, 2001) (quoting Judith Krug, director of the ALA Office for Intellectual Freedom), www.ala.org/cipa/decision1.html.
14. Marjorie Heins, Not in Front of the Children: "Indecency," Censorship and the Innocence of Youth (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001).
15. Alexander Meiklejohn, Free Expression and Its Relationship to Self-Government 25 (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1948).
16. Vincent Blasi, The Checking Value in First Amendment Theory, 1977 Amer. Bar Found. Res. J. 521, 527.
17. See John H. Garvey, What Are Freedoms For? 106-11 (Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 1996).
18. See generally Franklin E. Zimring, The Changing Legal World of Adolescence (New York: Free Press, 1982).
19. Amy Gutmann, Democratic Education (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987).
20. Suzanna Sherry, Responsible Republicanism: Educating for Citizenship, 62 U. Chi. L. Rev. 131, 157 (1995).
21. Stanley Ingber, Liberty and Authority: Two Facets of the Inculcation of Virtue, 69 St. John's L. Rev. 421, 440-41 (1995).
22. See C. Edwin Baker, Human Liberty and Freedom of Speech (New York:Oxford University Press, 1989)
23. C. Edwin Baker, Scope of the First Amendment Freedom of Speech, 25 UCLA L. Rev. 964 (1978). Martin Redish goes so far as to assert that this self-realization value is the only true value served by the freedom of expression. The values behind democracy itself are only an outgrowth of the value of self-realization.
24. See Martin H. Redish, The Value of Free Speech, 130 U. Pa. L. Rev. 591 (1982).
25. David A. J. Richards, Free Speech and Obscenity Law: Toward a Moral Theory of the First Amendment, 123 U. Pa. L. Rev. 45 (1974).
26. See John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard-Belknap, 1971).
27. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty ch. 4 (London, 1859).
28. Thomas I. Emerson, Toward a General Theory of the First Amendment, 72 Yale L.J. 877 (1963).
29. Lee Bollinger, The Tolerant Society 107 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986).
30. A. P. Huston, E. Donnerstein, H. Fairchild, N. D. Feshbach, P. A. Katz, J. P. Murray, E. A. Rubinstein, B. Wilcox and D. Zuckerman, Big World, Small Screen: The Role of Television in American Society 53-54 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992).
31. A discussion of the studies on this subject can be found in Chapter 3 of Kevin W. Saunders, Violence as Obscenity: Limiting the Media's First Amendment Protection (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1996).
32. See Albert Bandura, Dorothea Ross and Sheila Ross, Imitation of Film-Mediated Aggressive Models, 66 J. of Abnormal and Social Psychology 3 (1963).
33. Leonard Berkowitz and Joseph T. Alioto, The Meaning of an Observed Event as a Determinant of Its Aggressive Consequences, 28 J. of Personality and Social Psych. 206 (1973).
34. See Brandon S. Centerwall, Television and Violence: The Scale of the Problem and Where to Go from Here, 267 J. Am. Med. Ass'n 3059 (no. 22, June 10, 1992).
35. Monroe M. Lefkowitz, Leonard D. Eron, Leopold O. Walder and L. Rowell Huesmann, Television Violence and Child Aggression: A Followup Study in George Comstock and Eli Rubinstein, editors, Television and Social Behavior:Reports and Papers, Vol. 3: Television and Adolescent Aggressiveness 35 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1972).
36. See, e.g., Marcia Pally, Sex and Sensibility: Reflections on Forbidden Mirrors and the Will to Censor (Hopewell, NJ: Ecco Press, 1994).
37. Joint Statement on the Impact of Entertainment Violence on Children:Congressional Public Health Summit 1 (2000), available at www.aap.org/advocacy/releases/jstmtevc.htm.
38. Committee on Communications, Media Violence, 95 Pediatrics 949 (1995).
39. Testimony of American Association of Pediatrics President Dr. Donald E. Cook before the U.S. Senate Commerce Committee 2-3 (September 13, 2000). Available at www.aap.org/advocacy/releases/medvioltest.htm.
40. Youth Violence: A Report to the Surgeon General (2001) at App. 4B, available at www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/youthviolence/chapter4/appendix4bsec3.html.
41. Brad J. Bushman and Craig A. Anderson, Media Violence and the American Public: Scientific Fact versus Media Misinformation, 56 American Psychologist 477, 485 (2001).
42. See Dave Grossman, On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society (New York: Little, Brown and Co., 1995)
43. Dave Grossman and Gloria DeGaetano, Stop Teaching Our Kids to Kill: A Call to Action against TV, Movie and Video Game Violence (New York: Crown Publishers, 1999).
44. See Craig A. Anderson and Karen E. Dill, Video Games and Aggressive Thoughts, Feelings, and Behavior in the Laboratory and in Life, 78 J. of Personality and Social Psych. 772 (2000)).
45. Craig A. Anderson and Brad J. Bushman, Effects of Violent Video Games on Aggressive Behavior, Aggressive Cognition, Aggressive Affect, Psychological Arousal, and Prosocial Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Scientific Literature, 12 Psychological Science 353 (2001).
46. See generally David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (London, 1748).
47. Marjorie Heins, Not in Front of the Children: "Indecency," Censorship, and the Innocence of Youth 228 (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001).
48. Sissela Bok, Mayhem: Violence as Public Entertainment 43-44 (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1998).
49. Catharine MacKinnon, Pornography as Defamation and Discrimination, 71 Boston Univ. L. Rev. 793 (1991).
50. Catharine A. MacKinnon, Pornography, Civil Rights, and Speech, 20 Harv. Civ. Rts.-Civ. Lib. L. Rev. 1, 18 (1985)).
51. Nadine Strossen, A Feminist Critique of "The" Feminist Critique of Pornography, 79 Va. L. Rev. 1099, 1111-12 (1993).
52. Nancy L. Buerkel-Rothfus and Jeremiah S. Strouse, Media Exposure and Perceptions of Sexual Behaviors: The Cultivation Hypothesis Moves to the Bedroom in Bradley S. Greenberg, Jane D. Brown and Nancy Buerkel-Rothfuss, editors, Media, Sex and the Adolescent 225, 243 (Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 1993).
53. See Lloyd D. Johnson, Patrick M. O'Malley and Jerald G. Bachman, National Survey Results on Drug Use from the Monitoring of the Future Study, 1975-2000, Vol. 1: Secondary School Students 22 (Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, 2001).
54. See Elizabeth M. Ozer, Claire D. Brindis, Susan G. Millstein, David K. Knopf and Charles E. Irwin, Jr., America's Adolescents: Are They Healthy? 22 (San Francisco: National Adolescent Health Information Center, 1997).
55. See, e.g., T. N. Robinson, H. L. Chen and J. D. Killen, Television and Music Video Exposure and Risk of Adolescent Alcohol Use, 102 Pediatrics 1 (1998)
56. R. G. Rychtarik, J. A. Fairbank, C. M. Allen, D. W. Fox and R. S. Drabman, Alcohol Use in Television Programming: Effects on Children's Behavior, 8(1) Addictive Behaviors 19 (1993)
57. J. B. Kotch, M. L. Coulter and A. Lipsitz, Does Televised Drinking Influence Children's Attitudes Toward Alcohol? 11(1) Addictive Behaviors 67 (1986).
58. See Peter G. Christenson, Lisa Henriksen and Donald F. Roberts, Substance Use in Popular Prime Time Television (Washington, DC: Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2000)
59. Donald F. Roberts, Lisa Henriksen and Peter G. Christenson, Substance Use in Popular Movies and Music (Washington, DC:Office of National Drug Control Policy, 1999).
60. See Allan Korn, Leave Prescribing to the Doctors, Not Advertising, Newsweek 65 (Nov. 15, 1999).
61. For discussions of the costs of hate speech, see, e.g., Richard Delgado, Words That Wound: A Tort Action for Racial Insults, Epithets, and Name-Calling, 17 Harv. Civ. Rts.-Civ. Lib. L. Rev. 133 (1982)
62. Patricia Williams, Spirit-Murdering the Messenger: The Discourse of Fingerpointing as the Law's Response to Racism, 42 U. Miami L. Rev. 127 (1987)
63. Mari J. Matsuda, Public Response to Racist Speech: Considering the Victim's Story, 87 Mich. L. Rev. 2320 (1989)
64. Charles R. Lawrence, III, If He Hollers Let Him Go: Regulating Racist Speech on Campus, 1990 Duke L.J. 431.
65. Richard Delgado, Are Hate-Speech Rules Constitutional Heresy? A Reply to Steven Gey, 146 U. Pa. L. Rev. 865, 869-70 (1998) (footnotes omitted).
66. See the Anti-Defamation League's website, www.adl.org.
67. Zechariah Chafee, Jr., Free Speech in the United States (Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 1941).
68. Alexander Meiklejohn, Free Speech: and Its Relation to Self-Government (New York: Harper Brothers, 1948).
69. Zechariah Chafee, Jr., Book Review, 62 Harv. L. Rev. 891 (1949) (reviewing Alexander Meiklejohn, Free Speech: and Its Relation to Self-Government (1948)).
70. See Alexander Meiklejohn, The First Amendment Is an Absolute, 1961 Sup. Ct. Rev. 245, 255.
71. See Vincent Blasi, The Pathological Perspective and the First Amendment, 85 Colum. L. Rev. 449 (1985).
72. Amitai Etzioni, The New Golden Rule: Community and Morality in a Democratic Society xviii (New York: Basic Books, 1996).
73. Mary Ann Glendon, Rights Talk: The Impoverishment of Political Discourse 14 (New York: Free Press, 1991).
74. Amitai Etzioni, The Spirit of Community: Rights, Responsibilities and the Communitarian Agenda 263 (New York: Crown Publishers, 1993) (emphasis in original).
75. Richard Delgado, Are Hate-Speech Rules Constitutional Heresy? 146 U. Pa. L. Rev. 865, 878 (1998).
76. Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic, Hateful Speech, Loving Communities:Why Our Notion of "A Just Community" Changes So Slowly, 82 Calif. L. Rev. 851, 856 (1994).
77. Mari J. Matsuda, Public Response to Racist Speech: Considering the Victim's Story, 87 Mich. L. Rev. 2320, 2357 (1989).
78. Other articles considered ground breaking in the area of racist speech include Richard Delgado, Words That Wound: A Tort Action for Racial Insults, Epithets, and Name-Calling, 17 Harv. Civ. Rts.-Civ. Lib. L. Rev. 133 (1982)
79. Charles R. Lawrence III, If He Hollers Let Him Go: Regulating Racist Speech on Campus, 1990 Duke L.J. 431.
80. Catharine MacKinnon, Pornography as Defamation and Discrimination, 71 Boston Univ. L. Rev. 793, 802 (1991).
81. Robert P. George, Making Men Moral: Civil Liberties and Public Morality 1 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993).
82. John H. Garvey, What Are Freedoms For? 1-2 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996).
83. For a general discussion of the moral development of youth, see, e.g., Danuta Bukatko and Marvin W. Daehler, Child Development: A Topical Approach 535-73 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992).
84. See, e.g., Lawrence Kohlberg, Stage and Sequence: The Cognitive-Developmental Approach to Socialization in D. A. Goslin, editor, The Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1969)
85. Lawrence Kohlberg, Moral Stages and Moralization: The Cognitive Developmental Approach in T. Lickona, editor, Moral Development and Moral Behavior: Theory, Research, and Social Issues (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976)
86. Lawrence Kohlberg, Essays on Moral Development, Vol. 2: The Psychology of Moral Development (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1984).
87. Carol Gilligan criticizes Kohlberg for developing a male-centered theory and has offered her own examination of the differing stages of the moral development of girls. See Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982).
88. Shankar Vedantarn, Are Teens Just Wired That Way? Researchers Theorize Brain Changes Are Linked to Behavior, Washington Post A01 (June 3, 2001)
89. Mara Rose Williams, Science Finds Neurological Clue to Teen Irresponsibility, Philadelphia Inquirer A36 (Nov. 24, 2000).
90. The quote may be found in various places, including www.rit.edu /~andpph/text_quotations.html.
91. This quote may be found at www.wandererforum.org/publications /focus034.html.
92. The quote may be found in a number of places, including www.nea.org /columns/BC970216.html.
93. Again, there are a number of sources for the quote, including www.geocities. com/notablequotables1/VIRGIL.html.
94. Amitai Etzioni, The New Golden Rule: Community and Morality in a Democratic Society 93 (New York: Basic Books, 1996).
95. Amy Gutmann, Democratic Education 53-54 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987).
96. Amitai Etzioni, The Spirit of Community: Rights, Responsibilities, and the Communitarian Agenda 91 (New York: Crown Publishers, 1993).
97. Leslea Newman and Diana Souza, Heather Has Two Mommies (Boston:Alyson Wonderland, 1990).
98. See, e.g., George Gerbner and Larry Gross, Living with Television: The Violence Profile, 26 J. of Communication 173 (1976)
99. George Gerbner, Larry Gross, Michael Eleey, Marilyn Jackson-Beeck, Suzanne Jeffries-Fox and Nancy Signorielli, Violence Profile No. 8: The Highlights, 27 J. of Communication 171 (1977)
100. George Gerbner, Larry Gross, Michael Eleey, Marilyn Jackson-Beeck, Suzanne Jeffries-Fox and Nancy Signorielli, Cultural Indicators: Violence Profile No. 9, 28 J. of Communication 176 (1978).
101. W. James Potter, Perceived Reality and the Cultivation Hypothesis, 30 J. of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 159, 168 (1986).
102. For a discussion, see Joan-Margaret Kun, Rejecting the Adage "Children Should Be Seen and Not Heard"-The Mature Minor Doctrine, 16 Pace L. Rev. 423 (1996).
103. For a discussion of the varying positions, see Glenn Harlan Reynolds, A Critical Guide to the Second Amendment, 62 Tenn. L. Rev. 461 (1995)
104. Don B. Kates, Jr., Handgun Prohibition and the Original Meaning of the Second Amendment, 82 Mich. L. Rev. 204 (1983).
105. William Lockhart and Robert McClure, Censorship of Obscenity: The Developing Constitutional Standards, 45 Minn. L. Rev. 5 (1960).
106. Cass Sunstein, Democracy and the Problem of Free Speech 210 (New York: Free Press, 1993).
107. Edward de Grazia, Girls Lean Back Everywhere: The Law of Obscenity and the Assault on Genius (New York: Vintage, 1992).
108. The description of events is drawn from a series of newspaper articles in the Cincinnati Post, see Jerry Stein, Community Is Still Divided on Mapplethorpe Issues, Cincinnati Post 6B (April 16, 1991)
109. Arts Debate Picks Up Steam: "Free Expression" Argued beyond CAC, Cincinnati Post 1A (Oct. 12, 1990)
110. Lisa Popyk, CAC Verdict Won't Stop "Anti-Porn Force, Cincinnati Post 4A (Oct. 9, 1990).
111. H. Montgomery Hyde, A History of Pornography 65 (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1964).
112. Lynn Hunt, editor, The Invention of Pornography: Obscenity and the Origins of Modernity, 1500-1800 (New York: Zone Books, 1993).
113. Nadine Strossen, Defending Pornography: Free Speech, Sex, and the Fight for Women's Rights 163 (New York: Scribner, 1995).
114. See, e.g., Frederick A. Schauer, Free Speech: A Philosophical Inquiry 181 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982). Schauer's discussion is of very hard-core material.
115. Thomas G. Krattenmaker and L. A. Powe, Jr., Televised Violence: First Amendment Principles and Social Science Theory, 64 Va. L. Rev. 1123 (1978).
116. Joel Feinberg, The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985).
117. Harry Clor, Obscenity and Public Morality 225 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969).
118. See Cynthia A. Freeland, The Naked and the Undead: Evil and the Appeal of Horror 5, 183 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2000). Catharsis and the issue of whether the theory is relevant to modern depictions of violence are discussed in Chapter 2.
119. See Richard C. Beacham, The Roman Theatre and Its Audience 136 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991).
120. See Sheldon Cheney, The Theatre: Three Thousand Years of Drama, Acting and Stagecraft 103-4 (4th ed.) (New York: McKay, 1972).
121. Jonas Baras, Shakespearean Violence: A Preliminary Study in James Redmond, editor, Violence in Drama 101, 102 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991). There are, however, Shakespearean killings where this equality and flavor of trial by combat are lacking. The smothering of Desdemona by Othello and the blinding of Gloucester in King Lear provide such examples.
122. See Eberhard and Phyllis Kronhausen, Pornography and the Law 66-67 (New York: Ballantine Books, 1964).
123. Frederick F. Schauer, The Law of Obscenity 7 (Washington, DC: Bureau of National Affairs, 1976).
124. Vincent Blasi, The Checking Value in First Amendment Theory, 1977 Am. Bar Found. Res. J., 521, 527.
125. See Alexander Meiklejohn, Free Speech and Its Relation to Self-Government (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1948).
126. Frederick F. Schauer, Free Speech: A Philosophical Inquiry 181 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
127. See Thomas G. Krattenmaker and L. A. Powe, Jr., Televised Violence:First Amendment Principles and Social Science Theory, 64 Va. L. Rev. 1123 (1978).
128. Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein, You Have to Be Careful Taught, South Pacific (1949).
129. Declaration of War (Resistance Records 1992). The lyrics can be found on the group's Website, www.RaHoWa.com/rahowa/rahowa.
130. See Marjorie Heins, Not in Front of the Children 12 (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001).
131. Vivian Gussin Paley, You Can't Say You Can't Play (Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 1992).
132. The facts of the case may be found in a number of newspaper articles. See, e.g., James J. Kilpatrick, Examining the Case of the Cursing Canoeist, Augusta Chronicle A4 (Feb. 13, 2000)
133. "Cursing Canoeist" Sentenced, The Washington Post A5 (Aug. 24, 1999)
134. Court Convicts Cursing Canoeist under Century-Old Michigan Law, St. Louis Post Dispatch 29 (June 12, 1999).
135. Federal Trade Commission, Marketing Violent Entertainment to Children:A Review of Self-Regulation and Industry Practices in the Motion Picture, Music Recording and Electronic Game Industries (2000).
136. Food and Drug Administration, Regulations Restricting the Sale and Distribution of Cigarettes and Smokeless Tobacco Products to Protect Children and Adolescents, 61 Fed. Reg. 44396, 44467 (1996).
137. Brice C. Hafen, Developing Student Expression through Institutional Authority; Public Schools as Mediating Structures, 48 Ohio St. L.J. 663, 707 (1987).
138. Suzanna Sherry, Responsible Republicanism: Educating for Citizenship, 62 U. Chi. L. Rev. 131, 188 (1995).
139. See Bruce C. Hafen and Jonathan O. Hafen, The Hazelwood Progeny: Autonomy and Student Expression in the 1990's, 69 St. John's L. Rev. 379, 379 (1995).
140. John H. Garvey, What Are Freedoms For? 106 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996).
141. John H. Garvey, Children and the First Amendment, 57 Tex. L. Rev. 321, 338 (1979).
142. Betsy Levin, Educating Youth for Citizenship: The Conflict between Authority and Individual Rights in the Public School, 95 Yale L.J. 1647, 1654 (1986).
143. For an argument to this end, see Kevin W. Saunders, Electronic Indecency; Protecting Children in the Wake of the Cable and Internet Cases, 46 Drake L. Rev. 1, 38-42 (1997).