Peri-operative warming devices: Performance and clinical application

Anaesthesia

Volumn 69, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 623-638

  John, M ^a   Ford, J ^b   Harper, M ^c  

^a GUY'S AND ST THOMAS' NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^b PRINCESS OF WALES HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c ROYAL SUSSEX COUNTY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCIDENTAL HYPOTHERMIA; ACCIDENTAL PERIOPERATIVE HYPOTHERMIA; AIR SAMPLING; BODY WARMING DEVICE; COUNTER CURRENT WATER HEAT EXCHANGER; DEVICE SAFETY; DRY CASSETTE HEAT EXCHANGER; DRY WALL WARMER; ELECTRIC CURRENT; FLOW RATE; FORCED AIR WARMER; HEATING; HUMAN; INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION; INTRAVENOUS FLUID WARMING DEVICE; LAMINAR FLOW; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); PATIENT SAFETY; PERIOPERATIVE WARMING DEVICE; PEROPERATIVE COMPLICATION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RESISTIVE HEATING; REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THERMAL REGULATING SYSTEM; WARMING; WARMING CABINET; WATER WARMING DEVICE SAFETY;

HEATING; HUMANS; HYPOTHERMIA; PERIOPERATIVE CARE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC;

EID: 84900485406     PISSN: 00032409     EISSN: 13652044     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/anae.12626     Document Type: Review

References (129)

1. NICE National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. CG65 Clinical practice guideline. The management of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia in adults. 2008. http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/11962/40429/40429.pdf (accessed 01/02/14).
2. Sessler DI,. Mild perioperative hypothermia. The New England Journal of Medicine 1997; 336: 1730-7.
3. Frank SM, Fleisher LA, Breslow MJ, et al. Perioperative maintenance of normothermia reduces the incidence of morbid cardiac events. A randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 1997; 277: 1127-34.
4. Rajagopalan S, Mascha E, Na J, Sessler DI,. The effects of mild perioperative hypothermia on blood loss and transfusion requirement. Anesthesiology 2008; 108: 71-7.
5. Kurz A, Sessler DI, Narzt E, et al. Postoperative hemodynamic and thermoregulatory consequences of intraoperative core hypothermia. Journal of Clinical Anaesthesia 1995; 7: 359-66.
6. Kurz A, Sessler DI, Lenhardt RA,. Study of wound infections and temperature group: perioperative normothermia to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection and shorten hospitalization. New England Journal of Medicine 1996; 334: 1209-15.
7. Lenhardt R, Marker E, Goll V, et al. Mild perioperative hypothermia prolongs postanesthetic recovery. Anesthesiology 1997; 87: 1318-23.
8. Smith CE, Gerdes E, Sweda S, et al. Warming intravenous fluids reduces perioperative hypothermia in women undergoing ambulatory gynaecological surgery. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1998; 87: 37-41.
9. Camus Y, Delva E, Cohen S, Lienhart A,. The effects of warming intravenous fluids on intraoperative hypothermia and postoperative shivering during prolonged abdominal surgery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1996; 40: 779-82.
10. Hasankhani H, Mohammadi E, Moazzami F, Mokhtari M, Naghgizadh MM,. The effects of intravenous fluids temperature on perioperative hemodynamic situation, post-operative shivering, and recovery in orthopaedic surgery. Canadian Operating Room Nursing Journal 2007; 25: 20-7.
11. Yokoyama K, Suzuki M, Shimada Y, Matsushima T, Bito H, Sakamoto A,. Effect of administration of pre-warmed intravenous fluids on the frequency of hypothermia following spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2009; 21: 242-8.
12. Department of Health Centre for Evidence-based Purchasing. Market review. Intravenous fluid warming devices. CEP10014. 2010. http://nhscep.useconnect.co. uk/CEPProducts/Catalogue.aspx (accessed 01/02/14).
13. Faries G, Johnston C, Pruitt KM, Plouff RT,. Temperature relationship to distance and flow rate of warmed IV fluid. Annals of Emergency Medicine 1991; 20: 1198-200.
14. Uhl L, Pacini D, Kruskall MS,. A comparative study of blood warmer performance. Anesthesiology 1992; 77: 1022-8.
15. Smallman JMB, Morgan M,. Evaluation of the Level 1 Hotline blood warmer. Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 869-71.
16. Henker R, Bernardo LM, O'Connor K, Sereika S,. Evaluation of four methods of warming intravenous fluids. Journal of Emergency Nursing 1995; 21: 385-90.
17. Presson RG Jr, Bezruczko AP, Hillier SC, McNiece WL,. Evaluation of a new fluid warmer effective at low to moderate flow rates. Anesthesiology 1993; 78: 974-80.
18. Patel N, Knapke D, Smith C, Napora T, Pinchak A, Hagen JF,. Simulated clinical evaluation of conventional and newer fluid-warming devices. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1996; 82: 517-24.
19. Schultz J-AI, Sims C, Bissonnette B,. Methods for warming intravenous fluid in small volumes. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1998; 45: 1110-5.
20. Poppa E, Yona D, Katz Y, Barak M,. Warmflo® warming system overheats fluid in simulated clinical conditions. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2009; 21: 336-40.
21. Bruells CS, Bruells AC, Rossaint R, Stoppe C, Schaelte G, Zoremba N,. A laboratory comparison of the performance of the Buddy lite™ and enFlow™ fluid warmers. Anaesthesia 2013; 68: 1161-4.
22. Patel N, Smith CE, Pinchak AC,. Comparison of fluid warmer performance during simulated clinical conditions. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1995; 42: 636-42.
23. Turner M, Hodzovic I, Mapleson WW,. Simulated clinical evaluation of four fluid warming devices. Anaesthesia 2006; 61: 571-5.
24. Browne DA, de Boeck R, Morgan M,. An evaluation of the Level 1 blood warmer series. Anaesthesia 1990; 45: 960-3.
25. Presson RG Jr, Haselby KA, Bezruczko AP, Barnett E,. Evaluation of a new high-efficiency blood warmer for children. Anesthesiology 1990; 73: 173-6.
26. Horowitz PE, Delagarza MA, Pulaski JJ, Smith RA,. Flow rates and warming efficacy with Hotline and Ranger blood/fluid warmers. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2004; 99: 788-92.
27. Walters SE, Wood C, Morgan M,. An evaluation of the Stihler 1FT 200 blood warmer. Anaesthesia 1988; 43: 30-2.
28. Eapen G, Andrzejowski J, Turnbull D,. A laboratory evaluation of the heat generating capacity of prewarmed fluid compared with two commercial in-line fluid warming devices. Anaesthesia 2009; 64: 806.
29. Woolnough M, Allam J, Hemingway C, Cox M, Yentis SM,. Intra-operative fluid warming in elective caesarean section: a blinded randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009; 18: 346-51.
30. Andrzejowski JC, Turnbull D, Nandakumar A, Gowthaman S, Eapen G,. A randomised single blinded study of the administration of pre-warmed fluid vs active fluid warming on the incidence of peri-operative hypothermia in short surgical procedures. Anaesthesia 2010; 65: 942-5.
31. Yamakage M, Sasaki H, Jeong SW, Iwasaki S, Namiki A,. Safety and beneficial effect on body core temperature of a prewarmed plasma substitute-hydroxyethyl starch-during anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2004; 18: 166-71.
32. Adhikary GS, Massey SR,. Massive air embolism: a case report. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1998; 10: 70-2.
33. Schnoor J, Macko S, Weber I, Rossaint R,. The air elimination capabilities of pressure infusion devices and fluid-warmers. Anaesthesia 2004; 59: 817-21.
34. Eaton MP, Dhillon AK,. Relative performance of the level 1 and ranger pressure infusion devices. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2003; 97: 1074-7.
35. Clarke PA, Thornton MJ,. Failure of a water-bath design intravenous fluid warmer. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2009; 56: 876-7.
36. Wilson S, Szerb J,. Failure of an iv fluid warming device. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2007; 54: 324-5.
37. Marks RJ, Minty BD, White DC,. Warming blood before transfusion. Does immersion warming change blood composition? Anaesthesia 1985; 40: 541-4.
38. Herron DM, Grabowy R, Connolly R, Schwaitzberg SD,. The limits of bloodwarming: maximally heating blood with an inline microwave bloodwarmer. Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care 1997; 43: 219-28.
39. Harris AM, Atterbury CLJ, Chaffe B, et al. Guideline on the administration of blood components. 2009. http://www.bcshguidelines.com/ documents/Admin-blood-components-bcsh-05012010.pdf (accessed 01/02/14)
40. Bräuer A, Quintel M,. Forced air warming: technology, physical background and practical aspects. Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2009; 22: 769-74.
41. Camus Y, Delva E, Just B, Lienhart A,. Leg warming minimizes core hypothermia during abdominal surgery. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1993; 77: 995-9.
42. Bennett J, Ramachandra V, Webster J, Carli F,. Prevention of hypothermia during hip surgery: effect of passive compared with active skin surface warming. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1994; 73: 180-3.
43. Vanni SMD'A, Braz JRC, Modolo NSP, Amorim RB, Rodrigues GR Jr,. Preoperative combined with intraoperative skin-surface warming avoids hypothermia caused by general anesthesia and surgery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2003; 15: 119-25.
44. English MJ, Farmer C, Scott WA,. Heat loss in exposed volunteers. Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care 1990; 30: 422-5.
45. Lennon RL, Hosking MP, Conover MA, Perkins WJ,. Evaluation of a forced-air system for warming hypothermic postoperative patients. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1990; 70: 424-7.
46. Wongprasartsuk P, Konstantatos A, McRae R,. The effect of forced air warming on postoperative oxygen consumption and temperature in elective orthopaedic surgery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 1998; 26: 267-71.
47. Patel N, Smith CE, Knapke D, Pinchak AC, Hagen JF,. Heat conservation vs convective warming in adults undergoing elective surgery. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1997; 44: 669-73.
48. Borms SE, Engelen SL, Himpe DGA, Suy MRR, Theunissen WJH,. Bair hugger forced-air warming maintains normothermia more effectively than thermo-lite insulation. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1994; 6: 303-7.
49. Giesbrecht GG, Schroeder M, Bristow GK,. Treatment of mild immersion hypothermia by forced-air warming. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine 1994; 65: 803-8.
50. Zhao J, Luo AL, Xu L, Huang YG,. Forced air warming and fluid warming minimize core hypothermia during abdominal surgery. Chinese Medical Sciences Journal 2005; 20: 261-4.
51. Williams AB, Salmon A, Graham P, Galler D, Payton MJ, Bradley M,. Rewarming of healthy volunteers after induced mild hypothermia: a healthy volunteer study. Emergency Medicine Journal 2005; 22: 182-4.
52. Sessler DI,. Perioperative heat balance. Anesthesiology 2000; 92: 578-96.
53. Kurz A, Kurz M, Poeschl G, Faryniak B, Redl G, Hackl W,. Forced-air warming maintains intraoperative normothermia better than circulating-water mattresses. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1993; 77: 89-95.
54. Matsuzaki Y, Matsukawa T, Ohki K, Yamamoto Y, Nakamura M, Oshibuchi T,. Warming by resistive heating maintains perioperative normothermia as well as forced air heating. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003; 90: 689-91.
55. Negishi C, Hasegawa K, Mukai S, Nakagawa F, Ozaki M, Sessler DI,. Resistive-heating and forced-air warming are comparably effective. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2003; 96: 1683-7.
56. Leung KK, Lai A, Wu A,. A randomised controlled trial of the electric heating pad vs forced-air warming for preventing hypothermia during laparotomy. Anaesthesia 2007; 62: 605-8.
57. Röder G, Sessler DI, Roth G, Schopper C, Mascha EJ, Plattner O,. Intra-operative rewarming with HotDog® resistive heating and forced-air heating: a trial of lower-body warming. Anaesthesia 2011; 66: 667-74.
58. 2) comparably maintain normothermia during open abdominal surgery. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2011; 112: 608-14.
59. Smith CE, Desai R, Glorioso V, Cooper A, Pinchak AC, Hagen KF,. Preventing hypothermia: convective and intravenous fluid warming versus convective warming alone. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1998; 10: 380-5.
60. Giesbrecht GG, Ducharme MB, McGuire JP,. Comparison of forced-air patient warming systems for perioperative use. Anesthesiology 1994; 80: 671-9.
61. Perl T, Bräuer A, Timmermann A, Mielck F, Weyland W, Braun U,. Differences among forced-air warming systems with upper body blankets are small. A randomized trial for heat transfer in volunteers. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2003; 47: 1159-64.
62. Bräuer A, English MJM, Steinmetz N, et al. Comparison of forced-air warming systems with upper body blankets using a copper manikin of the human body. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002; 46: 965-72.
63. Bräuer A, English MJM, Steinmetz N, et al. Efficacy of forced-air warming systems with full body blankets. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2007; 54: 34-41.
64. Bräuer A, English MJM, Lorenz N, et al. Comparison of forced-air warming systems with lower body blankets using a copper manikin of the human body. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2003; 47: 58-64.
65. Wagner K, Swanson E, Raymond CJ, Smith CE,. Comparison of two convective warming systems during major abdominal and orthopedic surgery. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2008; 55: 358-63.
66. Bräuer A, Bovenschulte H, Perl T, Zink W, English MJ, Quintel M,. What determines the efficacy of forced air-warming systems? A manikin evaluation with upper body blankets. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009; 108: 192-8.
67. Ihn CH, Joo JD, Chung HS, et al. Comparison of three warming devices for the prevention of core hypothermia and post-anaesthesia shivering. Journal of International Medical Research 2008; 36: 923-31.
68. Kempen PM,. Full body forced air warming: commercial blanket vs air delivery beneath bed sheets. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1996; 43: 1168-74.
69. Kongsayreepong S, Gunnaleka P, Suraseranivongse S, et al. A reusable, custom-made warming blanket prevents core hypothermia during major neonatal surgery. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2002; 49: 605-9.
70. Kabbara A, Goldlust SA, Smith CE, Hagen JF, Pinchak AC,. Randomized prospective comparison of forced air warming using hospital blankets versus commercial blankets in surgical patients. Anesthesiology 2002; 97: 338-44.
71. Dasari KB, Albrecht M, Harper M,. Effect of forced-air warming on the performance of operating theatre laminar flow ventilation. Anaesthesia 2012; 67: 244-9.
72. McGovern PD, Albrecht M, Belani KG, et al. Forced-air warming and ultra-clean ventilation do not mix. An investigation of theatre ventilation, patient warming and joint replacement infection in orthopaedics. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 2011; 93: 1537-44.
73. Sessler DI, Olmsted RN, Kuelpmann R,. Forced-air warming does not worsen air quality in laminar flow operating rooms. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2011; 113: 1416-21.
74. Melling AC, Ali B, Scott EM, Leaper DJ,. Effects of preoperative warming on the incidence of wound infection after clean surgery: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2001; 358: 876-80.
75. Tumia N, Ashcroft GP,. Convection warmers- a possible source of contamination in laminar airflow operating theatres? Journal of Hospital Infection 2002; 52: 171-4.
76. Brandt C, Hott U, Sohr D, Daschner F, Gastmeier P, Rüden H,. Operating room ventilation with laminar airflow shows no protective effect on the surgical site infection rate in orthopedic and abdominal surgery. Annals of Surgery 2008; 248: 695-700.
77. Avidan MS, Jones N, Ing R, Khoosal M, Lundgren C, Morrell DF,. Convection warmers- not just hot air. Anaesthesia 1997; 52: 1073-6.
78. Albrecht M, Gauthier R, Leaper D,. Forced-air warming: a source of airborne contamination in the operating room? Orthopedic Reviews 2009; 1: e28.
79. Albrecht M, Gauthier RL, Belani K, Litchy M, Leaper D,. Forced air warming blowers: an evaluation of filtration adequacy and airborne contamination emissions in the operating room. American Journal of Infection Control 2011; 39: 321-8.
80. Huang JKC, Shah EF, Vinodkumar N, Hegarty MA, Greatorex RA,. The Bair Hugger patient warming system in prolonged vascular surgery: an infection risk? Critical Care 2003; 7: R13-6.
81. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Saasouh WA, Mallat CE, Aouad MT,. Thermal burn following combined use of forced air and fluid warming devices. Anaesthesia 2010; 65: 654-5.
82. Chung K, Lee S, Oh S-C, Choi J, Cho H-S,. Thermal burn injury associated with a forced-air warming device. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2012; 62: 391-2.
83. Uzun G, Mutluoglu M, Evinc R, Ozdemir Y, Sen H,. Severe burn injury associated with misuse of forced-air warming device. Journal of Anesthesia 2010; 24: 980-1.
84. Azzam FJ, Krock JL,. Thermal burns in two infants associated with a forced air warming system. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1995; 81: 661.
85. Stewart C, Harban F,. Thermal injuries from the use of a forced-air warming device. Pediatric Anesthesia 2012; 22: 414-5.
86. Truell KD, Bakerman PR, Teodori MF, Maze A,. Third-degree burns due to intraoperative use of a Bair Hugger warming device. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2000; 69: 1933-4.
87. Bräuer A, Perl T, Heise D, Quintel M, Seipelt R,. Intraoperative full-thickness pressure ulcer in a patient after transapical aortic valve replacement using a novel underbody forced-air warming blanket. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2010; 22: 573-4.
88. Bayazit Y, Sparrow EM,. Energy efficiency comparison of forced-air versus resistance heating devices for perioperative hypothermia management. Energy 2010; 35: 1211-5.
89. Kimberger O, Held C, Stadelmann K, et al. Resistive polymer versus forced-air warming: comparable heat transfer and core rewarming rates in volunteers. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2008; 107: 1621-6.
90. Kober A, Scheck T, Fülesdi B, et al. Effectiveness of resistive heating compared with passive warming in treating hypothermia associated with minor trauma: a randomized trial. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2001; 76: 369-75.
91. Camus Y, Delva E, Bossard AE, Chandon M, Lienhart A,. Prevention of hypothermia by cutaneous warming with new electric blankets during abdominal surgery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997; 79: 796-7.
92. Perl T, Flöther L, Weyland W, Quintel M, Bräuer A,. Comparison of forced-air warming and resistive heating. Minerva Anestesiologica 2008; 74: 687-90.
93. Egan C, Bernstein E, Reddy D, et al. A randomized comparison of intraoperative PerfecTemp and forced-air warming during open abdominal surgery. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2011; 113: 1076-81.
94. Brandt S, Oguz R, Hüttner H, et al. Resistive-polymer versus forced- air warming: comparable efficacy in orthopedic patients. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2010; 110: 834-8.
95. Fanelli A, Danelli G, Ghisi D, Ortu A, Moschini E, Fanelli G,. The efficacy of a resistive heating under-patient blanket versus a forced-air warming system: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009; 108: 199-201.
96. Ng V, Lai A, Ho V,. Comparison of forced-air warming and electric heating pad for maintenance of body temperature during total knee replacement. Anaesthesia 2006; 61: 1100-4.
97. Engelen S, Himpe D, Borms S, et al. An evaluation of underbody forced-air and resistive heating during hypothermic, on-pump cardiac surgery. Anaesthesia 2011; 66: 104-10.
98. Engelen S, Berghmans J, Borms S, Suy-Verburg M, Himpe D,. Resistive heating during off-pump coronary bypass surgery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2007; 58: 27-31.
99. Matsukawa T, Sessler DI, Sessler AM, et al. Heat flow and distribution during induction of general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1995; 82: 662-73.
100. Sessler DI, Schroeder M, Merrifield B, Matsukawa T, Cheng C,. Optimal duration and temperature of prewarming. Anesthesiology 1995; 82: 674-81.
101. Horn E-P, Bein B, Böhm R, Steinfath M, Sahili N, Höcker J,. The effect of short time periods of pre-operative warming in the prevention of peri-operative hypothermia. Anaesthesia 2012; 67: 612-7.
102. De Witte JL, Dememeyer C, Vandemaele E,. Resistive-heating or forced-air warming for the prevention of redistribution hypothermia. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2010; 110: 829-33.
103. Nicholson M,. A comparison of warming interventions on the temperatures of inpatients undergoing colorectal surgery. AORN Journal 2013; 97: 310-22.
104. Fettes S, Mulvaine M, Van Doren E,. Effect of preoperative forced-air warming on postoperative temperature and postanesthesia care unit length of stay. AORN Journal 2013; 97: 323-8.
105. Wong PF, Kumar S, Bohra A, Whetter D, Leaper DJ,. Randomized clinical trial of perioperative systemic warming in major elective abdominal surgery. British Journal of Surgery 2007; 94: 421-6.
106. NICE National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Inditherm patient warming mattress for the prevention of inadvertent hypothermia. NICE medical technology guidance 7. 2011. http://publications.nice.org.uk/inditherm-patient- warming-mattress-for-the-prevention-of-inadvertent-hypothermia-mtg7/ recommendations (accessed 01/02/14).
107. Dewar DJ, Fraser JF, Choo KL, Kimble RM,. Thermal injuries in three children caused by an electrical warming mattress. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004; 93: 586-9.
108. Wadhwa A, Komatsu R, Orhan-Sungur M, et al. New circulating-water devices warm more quickly than forced-air in volunteers. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2007; 105: 1681-7.
109. Rein EB, Filtvedt M, Walløe L, Raeder C,. Hypothermia during laparotomy can be prevented by locally applied warm water and pulsating negative pressure. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007; 98: 331-6.
110. Gendron F,. "Burns" occurring during lengthy surgical procedures. Journal of Clinical Engineering 1980; 5: 19-26.
111. Bräuer A, Pacholik L, Perl T, English MJ, Weyland W, Braun U,. Conductive heat exchange with a gel-coated circulating water mattress. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2004; 99: 1742-6.
112. Ciufo D, Dice S, Coles C,. Rewarming hypothermic postanesthesia patients: a comparison between a water coil warming blanket and a forced-air warming blanket. Journal of Post Anesthesia Nursing 1995; 10: 155-8.
113. Hynson JM, Sessler DI,. Intraoperative warming therapies: a comparison of three devices. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1992; 4: 194-9.
114. Taguchi A, Ratnaraj J, Kabon B, et al. Effects of a circulating-water garment and forced-air warming on body heat content and core temperature. Anesthesiology 2004; 100: 1058-64.
115. Hasegawa K, Negishi C, Nakagawa F, Ozaki M,. Core temperatures during major abdominal surgery in patients warmed with new circulating-water garment, forced-air warming, or carbon-fiber resistive-heating system. Journal of Anesthesia 2012; 26: 168-73.
116. Janicki PK, Stoica C, Chapman WC, et al. Water warming garment versus forced air warming system in prevention of intraoperative hypothermia during liver transplantation: a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN32154832]. BMC Anesthesiology 2002; 2: 7.
117. Janicki PK, Higgins MS, Janssen J, Johnson RF, Beattie C,. Comparison of two different temperature maintenance strategies during open abdominal surgery: upper body forced-air warming versus whole body water garment. Anesthesiology 2001; 95: 868-74.
118. Perez-Protto S, Sessler DI, Reynolds LF, et al. Circulating-water garment or the combination of a circulating-water mattress and forced-air cover to maintain core temperature during major upper-abdominal surgery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2010; 105: 466-70.
119. Grocott HP, Mathew JP, Carver EH, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the Arctic Sun temperature management system versus conventional methods for preventing hypothermia during off-pump cardiac surgery. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2004; 98: 298-302.
120. Calcaterra D, Ricci M, Lombardi P, Katariya K, Panos A, Salerno TA,. Reduction of postoperative hypothermia with a new warming device: a prospective randomized study in off-pump coronary artery surgery. Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery 2009; 50: 813-7.
121. Boo NY, Selvarani S,. Effectiveness of a simple heated water-filled mattress for the prevention and treatment of neonatal hypothermia in the labour room. Singapore Medical Journal 2005; 46: 387-91.
122. Buisson P, Bach V, Elabbassi EB, et al. Assessment of the efficiency of warming devices during neonatal surgery. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2004; 92: 694-7.
123. Motta P, Mossad E, Toscana D, Lozano S, Insler S,. Effectiveness of a circulating-water warming garment in rewarming after pediatric cardiac surgery using hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 2004; 18: 148-51.
124. Grahn D, Brock-Utne JG, Wattenpaugh DE, Heller HC,. Recovery from mild hypothermia can be accelerated by mechanically distending blood vessels in the hand. Journal of Applied Physiology 1998; 85: 1643-8.
125. Smith CE, Parand A, Pinchak AC, Hagen JF, Hancock DE,. The failure of negative pressure rewarming (Thermostat) to accelerate recovery from mild hypothermia in postoperative surgical patients. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1999; 89: 1541-5.
126. Taguchi A, Arkilic CF, Ahluwalia A, Sessler DI, Kurz A,. Negative pressure rewarming vs. forced air warming in hypothermic postanesthetic volunteers. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2001; 92: 261-6.
127. Trentman TL, Weinmeister KP, Hentz JG, Laney MB, Simula DV,. Randomized non-inferiority trial of the vitalHEAT™ temperature management system vs the Bair Hugger® warmer during total knee arthroplasty. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2009; 56: 914-20.
128. Gali B, Findlay JY, Plevak DJ,. Skin injury with the use of a water warming device. Anesthesiology 2003; 98: 1509-10.
129. Cheney FW, Posner KL, Caplan RA, Gild WM,. Burns from warming devices in anesthesia. A closed claim analysis. Anesthesiology 1994; 80: 806-10.