The pathophysiology and treatment of glaucoma: A review

JAMA

Volumn 311, Issue 18, 2014, Pages 1901-1911

  Weinreb, Robert N ^a   Aung, Tin ^b,c   Medeiros, Felipe A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO   (United States)

^b SINGAPORE NATIONAL EYE CENTRE   (Singapore)

^c NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIGLAUCOMA AGENT;

CELL LOSS; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); CLOSED ANGLE GLAUCOMA; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DISEASE COURSE; EYE SURGERY; GENERAL PRACTITIONER; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; INTRAOCULAR HYPERTENSION; INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE; LASER SURGERY; MEDICATION COMPLIANCE; OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA; OPHTHALMOLOGY; OPTIC NERVE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIMARY GLAUCOMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETINA GANGLION CELL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; TRABECULOPLASTY; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

GLAUCOMA, ANGLE-CLOSURE; GLAUCOMA, OPEN-ANGLE; HUMANS; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE;

EID: 84900344026     PISSN: 00987484     EISSN: 15383598     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2014.3192     Document Type: Review

References (63)

1. Weinreb RN, Khaw PT. Primary open-angle glaucoma. Lancet. 2004;363(9422):1711-1720. (Pubitemid 38670330)
2. Nickells RW, Howell GR, Soto I, John SW. Under pressure: cellular and molecular responses during glaucoma, a common neurodegeneration with axonopathy. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2012;35:153-179.
3. Quigley HA, Broman AT. The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90(3):262-267. (Pubitemid 43325451)
4. Leite MT, Sakata LM, Medeiros FA. Managing glaucoma in developing countries. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2011;74(2):83-84.
5. Rotchford AP, Kirwan JF, Muller MA, Johnson GJ, Roux P. Temba glaucoma study: a population-based cross-sectional survey in urban South Africa. Ophthalmology. 2003;110(2):376-382. (Pubitemid 36187439)
6. Hennis A, Wu SY, Nemesure B, Honkanen R, Leske MC; Barbados Eye Studies Group. Awareness of incident open-angle glaucoma in a population study: the Barbados Eye Studies. Ophthalmology. 2007;114(10):1816-1821. (Pubitemid 47483935)
7. Sathyamangalam RV, Paul PG, George R, et al. Determinants of glaucoma awareness and knowledge in urban Chennai. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2009;57(5):355-360.
8. Budenz DL, Barton K, Whiteside-de Vos J, et al Tema Eye Survey Study Group. Prevalence of glaucoma in an urban West African population: the Tema Eye Survey. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013;131(5):651-658.
9. Friedman DS, Wolfs RC, O'Colmain BJ, et al Eye Diseases Prevalence Research Group. Prevalence of open-angle glaucoma among adults in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122(4):532-538. (Pubitemid 38456289)
10. Day AC, Baio G, Gazzard G, et al. The prevalence of primary angle closure glaucoma in European derived populations: a systematic review. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012;96(9):1162-1167.
11. Hollands H, Johnson D, Hollands S, Simel DL, Jinapriya D, Sharma S. Do findings on routine examination identify patients at risk for primary open-angle glaucoma? JAMA. 2013;309(19):2035-2042.
12. Kersey JP, Broadway DC. Corticosteroid-induced glaucoma: a review of the literature. Eye (Lond). 2006;20(4):407-416.
13. Quigley HA, Addicks EM, Green WR, Maumenee AE. Optic nerve damage in human glaucoma, II: the site of injury and susceptibility to damage. Arch Ophthalmol. 1981;99(4):635-649. (Pubitemid 11106037)
14. Fechtner RD, Weinreb RN. Mechanisms of optic nerve damage in primary open angle glaucoma. Surv Ophthalmol. 1994;39(1):23-42. (Pubitemid 24243493)
15. Burgoyne CF, Downs JC, Bellezza AJ, Suh JK, Hart RT. The optic nerve head as a biomechanical structure: a new paradigm for understanding the role of IOP-related stress and strain in the pathophysiology of glaucomatous optic nerve head damage. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2005;24(1):39-73. (Pubitemid 39535155)
16. Quigley HA, McKinnon SJ, Zack DJ, et al. Retrograde axonal transport of BDNF in retinal ganglion cells is blocked by acute IOP elevation in rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41(11):3460-3466.
17. Ju WK, Kim KY, Lindsey JD, et al. Intraocular pressure elevation inducesmitochondrial fission and triggers OPA1 release in glaucomatous optic nerve. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49(11):4903-4911.
18. Wang N, Xie X, Yang D, et al Orbital cerebrospinal fluid space in glaucoma: the Beijing Intracranial and Intraocular Pressure (iCOP) study. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(10):2065e1-2073e1.
19. Ren R, Jonas JB, Tian G, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure in glaucoma: a prospective study. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(2):259-266.
20. Almasieh M, Wilson AM, Morquette B, Cueva Vargas JL, Di Polo A. The molecular basis of retinal ganglion cell death in glaucoma. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2012;31(2):152-181.
21. Stone EM, Fingert JH, Alward WL, et al. Identification of a gene that causes primary open angle glaucoma. Science. 1997;275(5300):668-670. (Pubitemid 27061334)
22. Rezaie T, Child A, Hitchings R, et al. Adult-onset primary open-angle glaucoma caused by mutations in optineurin. Science. 2002;295(5557):1077-1079. (Pubitemid 34132238)
23. Monemi S, Spaeth G, DaSilva A, et al. Identification of a novel adult-onset primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) gene on 5q22.1. Hum Mol Genet. 2005;14(6):725-733. (Pubitemid 40403270)
24. Kwon YH, Fingert JH, Kuehn MH, Alward WL. Primary open-angle glaucoma. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(11):1113-1124.
25. Thorleifsson G, Walters GB, Hewitt AW, et al. Common variants near CAV1 and CAV2 are associated with primary open-angle glaucoma. Nat Genet. 2010;42(10):906-909.
26. Wiggs JL, Yaspan BL, Hauser MA, et al. Common variants at 9p21 and 8q22 are associated with increased susceptibility to optic nerve degeneration in glaucoma. PLoS Genet. 2012;8(4):e1002654.
27. Harwerth RS, Wheat JL, Fredette MJ, Anderson DR. Linking structure and function in glaucoma. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2010;29(4):249-271.
28. Medeiros FA, Alencar LM, Zangwill LM, Bowd C, Sample PA, Weinreb RN. Prediction of functional loss in glaucoma from progressive optic disc damage. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127(10):1250-1256.
29. Jampel HD, Friedman D, Quigley H, et al Agreement among glaucoma specialists in assessing progressive disc changes from photographs in open-angle glaucoma patients. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;147(1):39e1-44 e1. .
30. Medeiros FA, Vizzeri G, Zangwill LM, Alencar LM, Sample PA, Weinreb RN. Comparison of retinal nerve fiber layer and optic disc imaging for diagnosing glaucoma in patients suspected of having the disease. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(8):1340-1346.
31. Medeiros FA, Zangwill LM, Bowd C, Weinreb RN. Comparison of the GDx VCC scanning laser polarimeter, HRT II confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope, and stratus OCT optical coherence tomograph for the detection of glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122(6):827-837. (Pubitemid 38736241)
32. Chauhan BC, O'Leary N, Almobarak FA, et al. Enhanced detection of open-angle glaucoma with an anatomically accurate optical coherence tomography-derived neuroretinal rim parameter. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(3):535-543.
33. Medeiros FA, Zangwill LM, Anderson DR, et al Estimating the rate of retinal ganglion cell loss in glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;154(5):814e1-24e1.
34. Strouthidis NG, Gardiner SK, Sinapis C, Burgoyne CF, Garway-Heath DF. The spatial pattern of neuroretinal rim loss in ocular hypertension. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50(8):3737-3742.
35. McKean-Cowdin R, Wang Y, Wu J, et al. Impact of visual field loss on health-related quality of life in glaucoma: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(6):941e1-948e1.
36. Boland MV, Ervin AM, Friedman DS, et al. Comparative effectiveness of treatments for open-angle glaucoma: a systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(4):271-279.
37. Kass MA, Heuer DK, Higginbotham EJ, et al. The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: a randomized trial determines that topical ocular hypotensive medication delays or prevents the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120(6):701-713. (Pubitemid 34620348)
38. Heijl A, Leske MC, Bengtsson B, Hyman L, Bengtsson B, Hussein M; Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial Group. Reduction of intraocular pressure and glaucoma progression. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120(10):1268-1279.
39. The AGIS Investigators. The Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS), 7: the relationship between control of intraocular pressure and visual field deterioration. Am J Ophthalmol. 2000;130(4):429-440.
40. Lichter PR, Musch DC, Gillespie BW, et al CIGTS Study Group. Interim clinical outcomes in the Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study comparing initial treatment randomized to medications or surgery. Ophthalmology. 2001;108(11):1943-1953. (Pubitemid 33032760)
41. Collaborative Normal-Tension Glaucoma Study Group. Comparison of glaucomatous progression between untreated patients with normal-tension glaucoma and patients with therapeutically reduced intraocular pressures. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;126(4):487-497.
42. American Academy of Ophthalmology Preferred Practice Patterns Committee GP. Preferred practice pattern: primary open-angle glaucoma. In: Ophthalmology. Chicago, Illinois: American Academy of Ophtalmology: 2010.
43. Gaton DD, Sagara T, Lindsey JD, Gabelt BT, Kaufman PL, Weinreb RN. Increased matrix metalloproteinases 1, 2, and 3 in the monkey uveoscleral outflow pathway after topical prostaglandin F(2 alpha)-isopropyl ester treatment. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119(8):1165-1170. (Pubitemid 32730004)
44. Stewart WC, Konstas AG, Nelson LA, Kruft B. Meta-analysis of 24-hour intraocular pressure studies evaluating the efficacy of glaucoma medicines. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(7):1117e1-1122e1.
45. Liu JH, Kripke DF, Weinreb RN. Comparison of the nocturnal effects of once-daily timolol and latanoprost on intraocular pressure. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;138(3):389-395. (Pubitemid 39208565)
46. Weinreb RN, Kaufman PL. Glaucoma research community and FDA look to the future, II: NEI/FDA Glaucoma Clinical Trial Design and Endpoints Symposium: measures of structural change and visual function. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52(11):7842-7851.
47. Mansouri K, Medeiros FA, Weinreb RN. Global rates of glaucoma surgery. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2013;251(11):2609-2615.
48. Odberg T, Sandvik L. The medium and long-term efficacy of primary argon laser trabeculoplasty in avoiding topical medication in open angle glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1999;77(2):176-181. (Pubitemid 29164057)
49. Shingleton BJ, Richter CU, Dharma SK, et al. Long-term efficacy of argon laser trabeculoplasty: a 10-year follow-up study. Ophthalmology. 1993;100(9):1324-1329. (Pubitemid 23274025)
50. Shingleton BJ, Richter CU, Bellows AR, Hutchinson BT, Glynn RJ. Long-term efficacy of argon laser trabeculoplasty. Ophthalmology. 1987;94(12):1513-1518. (Pubitemid 18006874)
51. Gedde SJ, Schiffman JC, Feuer WJ, et al. Treatment outcomes in the Tube Versus Trabeculectomy (TVT) study after five years of follow-up. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;153(15):789e2-803e2.
52. Ayyala RS, Chaudhry AL, Okogbaa CB, Zurakowski D. Comparison of surgical outcomes between canaloplasty and trabeculectomy at 12 months' follow-up. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(12):2427-2433.
53. Rulli E, Biagioli E, Riva I, et al. Efficacy and safety of trabeculectomy vs nonpenetrating surgical procedures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013;131(12):1573-1582.
54. He M, Foster PJ, Johnson GJ, Khaw PT. Angle-closure glaucoma in East Asian and European people: different diseases? Eye (Lond). 2006;20(1):3-12. (Pubitemid 43090585)
55. Sakai H, Morine-Shinjyo S, Shinzato M, Nakamura Y, Sakai M, Sawaguchi S. Uveal effusion in primary angle-closure glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 2005;112(3):413-419. (Pubitemid 40312492)
56. Lavanya R, Wong TY, Friedman DS, et al. Determinants of angle closure in older Singaporeans. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126(5):686-691. (Pubitemid 351679565)
57. Nongpiur ME, Ku JY, Aung T. Angle closure glaucoma: a mechanistic review. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2011;22(2):96-101.
58. Amerasinghe N, Zhang J, Thalamuthu A, et al. The heritability and sibling risk of angle closure in Asians. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(3):480-485.
59. Vithana EN, Khor CC, Qiao C, et al. Genome-wide association analyses identify three new susceptibility loci for primary angle closure glaucoma. Nat Genet. 2012;44(10):1142-1146.
60. Sakata LM, Lavanya R, Friedman DS, et al. Comparison of gonioscopy and anterior segment ocular coherence tomography in detecting angle closure in different quadrants of the anterior chamber angle. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(5):769-774. (Pubitemid 351602286)
61. Wong HT, Lim MC, Sakata LM, et al. High-definition optical coherence tomography imaging of the iridocorneal angle of the eye. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127(3):256-260.
62. Alsagoff Z, Aung T, Ang LP, Chew PT. Long-term clinical course of primary angle-closure glaucoma in an Asian population. Ophthalmology. 2000;107(12):2300-2304.
63. Aung T, Ang LP, Chan SP, Chew PT. Acute primary angle-closure: long-term intraocular pressure outcome in Asian eyes. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;131(1):7-12. (Pubitemid 32037001)