New Jews: The end of the Jewish diaspora

New Jews: The End of the Jewish Diaspora

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-214

  Aviv, Caryn ^a   Shneer, David ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DENVER   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84900255755     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (237)

1. For a relatively neutral account of how interfaith families contribute to Jewish communal life, see Sylvia Barack Fishman, Double or Nothing? Jewish Families and Mixed Marriage (Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2004).
2. Stefan Helmreich, "Kinship, Nation, and Paul Gilroy's Concept of Diaspora," Diaspora 2(2) (1992), p. 245.
3. Helmreich bases his definition of diaspora on the Oxford English Dictionary. See also Erich Gruen's Diaspora (Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2001), which examines the origins of the concept after the dispersions of Jews from the Kingdom of Israel first through the Hellenistic and then through the Roman Empires.
4. These definitions of the terms galut and galuti come from R. Alkalay, The Complete Hebrew-English Dictionary (Jerusalem: P. Shalom Publications, 1981).
5. The Boyarins cite Neturei Karta as an example of this new form of diaspora because of their rejection of Jewish political hegemony over the land. See Daniel Boyarin and Jonathan Boyarin, "Diaspora: Generation and the Ground of Jewish Identity," Critical Inquiry 19(4) (1993), pp. 724-25.
6. For a fuller discussion of Neturei Karta's ideology and its conception of Jewish identity, see Mitchell Judah Heifetz, "Jewish Anti-Zionism: A Case Study in Political Ideology," M.A. thesis, Case Western Reserve University, 1972.
7. For an ethnographic description of the Reb Arelach sect in Mea Shearim, see Sam Heilman, Defenders of the Faith: Inside Ultra-Orthodox Jewry (New York: Schocken, 1992).
8. See Immanuel Jakobovits, "Religious Responses to Jewish Statehood," Tradition 20(3) (fall 1982), p. 192, as cited in Bernard Wasserstein, Vanishing Diaspora: The Jews in Europe since 1945 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), p. 86. As he grew older, Schneerson mellowed his religious anti-Zionist stance and supported Chabad activities in Israel.
9. Erich Gruen, "Diaspora and Homeland," in Exiles and Diasporas: Vari-eties of Jewish Identity, ed. Howard Wettstein (Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2002), pp. 32, 36.
10. S. Y. Abramovitch, Tales of Mendele the Book Peddler, ed. Dan Miron and Ken Frieden (New York: Schocken, 1996), p. 307.
11. See Daniel Elazar, "Community," in Encyclopedia Judaica, CD-ROM version, 1997, or David Roskies, The Jewish Search for a Usable Past (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999), ch. 7.
12. See Steven Aschheim, Brothers and Strangers: The East European Jew in German and German Jewish Consciousness, 1800-1923 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1981);
13. George Mosse, German Jews beyond Judaism (New York: Hebrew Union College Press, 1985).
14. For more on the formation of particularly American forms of Jewish religious identities in the nineteenth century, see Jonathan Sarna, American Judaism: A History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004).
15. Mary Antin, The Promised Land (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1912), p. 141.
16. See Rebecca Kobrin, "Conflicting Diasporas, Shifting Centers: The Transnational Bialystok Émigré Community in the United States, Argentina, Australia, and Palestine, 1878-1949," Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, 2002.
17. See for example Irving Howe, The World of Our Fathers (New York: Schocken, 1976), p. 58. Howe cites the statistic that while two-thirds of the total number of immigrants to the United States in the years between 1908 and 1924 remained in the country permanently, 94.8 percent of Jews did so.
18. Deborah Dash Moore, "Jewish Migration in Postwar America: The Case of Miami and Los Angeles," in A New Jewry? America since the Second World War: Studies in Contemporary Jewry, ed. Peter Medding (New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 102. We would push Moore to ask why the most stable and secure Jewish community in the world is still "the diaspora."
19. See R. Stephen Warner and Judith G. Wittner, eds., Gatherings in Diaspora: Religious Communities and the New Immigration (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998);
20. Steven J. Gold, "Gender and Social Capital among Israeli Immigrants in Los Angeles," Diaspora 4(3) (1995), pp. 267-309.
21. Naama Sabar, Kibbutzniks in the Diaspora (Albany: SUNY Press, 2000), pp. 104-6.
22. Ella Shohat, Dangerous Liaisons: Gender, Nation, and Postcolonial Perspectives (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997);
23. Yael Chaver, What Must Be Forgotten: The Survival of Yiddish Writing in Zionist Palestine (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2004);
24. Baruch Kimmerling, The Invention and Decline of Israeliness: State, Society, and the Military (Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2001).
25. Tom Segev, Elvis in Jerusalem: Post-Zionism and the Americanization of Israel (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2001), ch. 1.
26. Melvin Urofsky, American Zionism from Herzl to the Holocaust (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), pp. 312-13.
27. Jeffrey Shandler, "Producing the Future: The Impresario Culture of American Zionism before 1948," in Divergent Jewish Cultures: Israel and America, ed. Deborah Dash Moore and S. Ilan Troen (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), pp. 53-71.
28. David Ben Gurion and Jacob Blaustein, "An Exchange of Views," American Jewish Year Book 53 (1952): 564-68.
29. Wheatcroft, The Controversy, pp. 254-73.
30. Karen Brodkin, How Jews Became White Folks (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1998).
31. On the relationship between American Jews and the idea of diaspora, see Naama Sabar, "Kibbutz L.A.: A Paradoxical Social Network," Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 31 (February 2002), pp. 68-94.
32. On the prestate material culture of American Zionism, see Shandler, "Producing the Future," pp. 58-61.
33. To read how Ahava invokes romantic images of Israel, see its Web site, http://www.ahava.com/general/about_us.asp.
34. Yael Zerubavel, Recovered Roots: Collective Memory and the Making of Israeli National Tradition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995).
35. Kevin Avruch, Critical Essays on Israeli Society, Religion, and Government (Albany: SUNY Press, 1997).
36. Jewish Chronicle, February 10, 1994.
37. On the idea of post-Zionism, see Lawrence Silberstein, The Postzionism Debates: Knowledge and Power in Israeli Culture (New York: Routledge, 4).
38. Deborah Dash Moore and S. Ilan Troen, "Introduction," Divergent Jewish Cultures: Israel and America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), p. 5.
39. David Biale, ed., Cultures of the Jews (New York: Schocken, 2003).
40. On North African Jewish communities in Israel, see Yoram Bilu, "Moroccan Jews, Shaping Israel's Geography," in Moore and Troen, Divergent Jewish Cultures, pp. 72-86;
41. on Ivri-Nasawi, see Loolwa Khazoom, "United Jewish Feminist Front," in Yentl's Revenge, ed. Danya Ruttenberg (San Francisco: Seal Press, 2000). See the organization's Web site at http://www.ivri-nasawi.org/.
42. Howard Wettstein, ed., Exiles and Diasporas: Varieties of Jewish Identity (Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2002), p. 2.
43. Lawrence Silberstein, ed., Mapping Jewish Identities (New York: NYU Press, 2000).
44. See Larry Tye, Homelands: Portraits of the New Jewish Diaspora (New York: Owl Books, 2000);
45. Howard Sachar, Diaspora: An Inquiry into the Contemporary Jewish World (New York: HarperCollins, 1985);
46. James Ross, Fragile Branches: Travels through the Jewish Diaspora (New York: Riverhead, 2001).
47. James Clifford, "Diasporas," Cultural Anthropology 9(3) (1994), p. 303.
48. Leah Garrett, Journeys beyond the Pale: Yiddish Travel Writing in the Modern World (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003), pp. 170-71.
49. On how Jewish philanthropies use a language of unity to encourage donation, see Kerri Steinberg, "Contesting Identities in Jewish Philanthropy," in Wettstein, Exiles and Diaspora, pp. 253-78.
50. Barbara Kirschenblatt-Gimblett, "Spaces of Dispersal," Cultural Anthropology 9(3) (1994), p. 342.
51. See also her book Destination Culture: Tourism, Museums, and Heritage (Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1998).
52. Zvi Gitelman, "The Decline of the Diaspora Jewish Nation," Jewish Social Studies 4(2) (1998), p. 127.
53. Kirschenblatt-Gimblett, "Spaces of Dispersal," p. 342.
54. Biale, Cultures of the Jews, p. xxix.
55. Yair Sheleg, "A Pan-Jewish Jewish Approach," Haaretz, May 11, 2004.
56. "Jewish College Students," a special report for the National Jewish Population Survey, 2000-2001, p. 19.
57. Gabriele Freitag, Nächtstes Jahr in Moskau! Die Zuwanderung von Juden in di sowjetische Metropole 1917-1932 (Göttingen: Vanderhoeck & Ruprecht, 2004).
58. Mordechai Altshuler, Soviet Jewry on the Eve of the Holocaust (Jerusalem: Yad va-Shem, 1998).
59. Bernard Wasserstein, Vanishing Diaspora (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997);
60. Zvi Gitelman, Century of Ambivalence (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001);
61. Yuri Slezkine, A Jewish Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004).
62. See David Shneer, Yiddish and the Creation of Soviet Jewish Culture (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
63. For more on the history of Jews in the Soviet Union, see Zvi Gitelman, A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881-Present (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988, 2001).
64. Petrus Buwalda, They Did Not Dwell Alone: Jewish Emigration from the Soviet Union, 1967-1990 (Baltimore/London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), pp. 29-31.
65. Wasserstein, Vanishing Diaspora, p. 198.
66. Buwalda, They Did Not Dwell Alone, p. 15.
67. Buwalda, They Dwelt Alone, pp. 129-35.
68. See Gloria Deutsch, "Former Soviet Refusenik Ida Nudel: Where Is She and What Is She Doing?" Jerusalem Post, January 11, 2002, p. 14.
69. Jack Kugelmass, "The Rites of the Tribe: The Meaning of Poland for American Jewish Tourists," in Going Home, YIVO Annual 21, pp. 395-453;
70. Barbara Myerhoff, Number Our Days (New York: Touchstone, 1980).
71. Wasserstein, Vanishing Diaspora, p. 199.
72. See Zvi Gitelman, A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001), p. 185.
73. For more on the reasons for emigration, see Victor Zaslavsky and Robert Brym, Soviet Jewish Emigration and Soviet Nationality Policy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983).
74. Gitelman, A Century of Ambivalence, pp. 188-95.
75. Wasserstein, Vanishing Diaspora, p. 254.
76. Buwalda, They Dwelt Alone, pp. 163-66.
77. For an incredibly detailed demographic analysis of 1991 Jewish emigration to Israel, see Yoel Florsheim, "Immigration to Israel from the Soviet Union in 1991," in Jews and Jewish Topics in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe 3(9) (1992), pp. 5-15.
78. Gitelman, A Century of Ambivalence, p. 218.
79. See for example Anatoly Medetsky, "Chief Rabbi Calls for Stronger Community" [Russian], Vladivostok News, November 2, 2000, available at vn.vladnews.ru.
80. http://www.chabad.org/global/about/article.asp?AID=244380.
81. "Present-day Situation and Prospects," East European Jewish Affairs 32(1), p. 22.
82. See www.chabad.org.
83. See http://www.beytenu.aha.ru/russia_1.htm.
84. See "Dnepropoetrovsk: Lifting the Iron Curtain," chapter 2 in Larry Tye, Homelands: Portraits of the New Jewish Diaspora (New York: Henry Holt, 2001).
85. Interview with Berl Lazar, "V Rossii nevozmozhno dolga byt' inostrantsem," Rodina 4/5 (April 2002), pp. 202-4.
86. See Andrei Zolotov, "Jewish Leaders Plagued by Kremlin Politics," Moscow Times, June 8, 2000.
87. See http://www.reform.org.il/russian/default.htm.
88. Erin Arvedlund, "A Russian Rabbi Teaches Jews, First Off, to Be Jews," New York Times, December 18, 2004, p. 4.
89. David Kaufman, Shul with a Pool: The "Synagogue-Center" in American Jewish History (Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 1999).
90. Sue Fishkoff, The Rebbe's Army: Inside the World of Chabad-Lubavitch (New York: Schocken, 2003), p. 163.
91. Roman Shipov, "Lev Levaiev Honors His Father's Memory," Ne sekretno, January 24, 2003. See also Or Avner's Russian-language Web site, www.oravner.com.
92. Lev Levaiev, Lekhaim 2 (82) (1999) [Russian].
93. Betsy Gidwitz, "Jewish Life in Ukraine," Jerusalem Letter (Jerusalem: Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs), April 1, 2001.
94. Alexander Osipovich, "Reverse Exodus: Why are So Many Jews Returning?" Russia Profile 4 (October 2004), p. 36.
95. For one conceptualization of this form of heritage travel, see Barbara Kirschenblatt-Gimblatt, Destination Culture: Tourism, Museums, and Heritage (Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1998).
96. See Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc, Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States (New York: Routledge 1994).
97. See Andre Levy, "To Morocco and Back: Tourism and Pilgrimage among Moroccan-Born Israelis," in Grasping Land: Space and Place in Contemporary Israeli Discourse and Experience, ed. Eyal Ben-Ari and Yoram Bilu (New York: SUNY Press, 1997).
98. Shaul Kelner, "Almost Pilgrims: Authenticity, Identity and the Extra-Ordinary on a Jewish Tour of Israel," Ph.D. diss., City University of New York, 2002, pp. 17-27.
99. Deborah Dash Moore and Ilan Troen, eds. "Introduction," Divergent Jewish Cultures: Israel and America (New Haven/London: Yale University Press, 2001), p. 10.
100. See Lynn Davidman and Shelley Tenenbaum, "Introduction," Feminist Perspectives on Jewish Studies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996).
101. Kelner, "Almost Pilgrims," pp. 27-40.
102. See Caryn Aviv, "Home-making: Gender, Emotional Zionism, and American Immigration to Israel," Ph.D. diss., Loyola University, Chicago, 2002.
103. Jeffrey Shandler, "Producing the Future: The Impresario Culture of American Zionism before 1948," in Divergent Jewish Cultures: Israel and America, ed. Deborah Dash Moore and S. Ilan Troen (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), pp. 53-71.
104. See the Rothberg School's Web site, www.overseas.huji.ac.il.
105. Kelner, "Almost Pilgrims," p. 13.
106. Michelle Wolkomir, "Emotion Work, Commitment, and the Authentication of the Self: The Case of Gay and Ex-Gay Christian Support Groups," Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 30(3): 305-34.
107. See www.birthrightisrael.com.
108. Dina Kraft, "Winners of Charlie Awards Show How Birthright Is Having an Impact," Jewish Telegraph Agency, January 12, 2004.
109. See Barbara Kirschenblatt-Gimblett, "Imagining Europe," in Divergent Jewish Cultures: Israel and America, ed. Deborah Dash Moore and S. Ilan Troen (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001).
110. For more on the meaning of travel to Poland for American Jews, see Jack Kugelmass, "Why We Go to Poland: Holocaust Tourism as Secular Ritual," in The Art of Memory: Holocaust Memorials in History, ed. James Young (New York: Prestel, 1994), pp. 175-84.
111. Deborah Findling, "A Hermeneutic Exploration of the Past as Present and Future: The March of the Living as Text," Ph.D., diss., University of San Francisco, 1999, p. 1.
112. Jack Kugelmass, "The Rites of the Tribe: The Meaning of Poland for American Jewish Tourists," in Going Home, YIVO Annual 21, pp. 395-453.
113. Stephen Helmreich, "The March of the Living: A Follow-Up Study of Its Long-Range Impact and Effects," unpublished manuscript, cited in Findling, "A Hermeneutic Exploration," p. 38.
114. On preparing students for the March, see Oren Stier, Committed to Memory: Cultural Mediations of the Holocaust (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2003), pp. 154-57.
115. James Young, The Texture of Memory: Holocaust Memorials and Meaning (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994).
116. Jackie Feldman, "It Is My Brothers Whom I Am Seeking: Israeli Youth Pilgrimages to Poland of the Shoah," Jewish Folklore and Ethnology Review 17(1-2) (1995), pp. 57-66.
117. Findling, "A Hermeneutic Exploration," p. 100.
118. Stier, Committed to Memory, pp. 176-78.
119. Deborah Sontag, "Israelis Angry at Foreign Jews Cancelling Visits," New York Times, June 11, 2001, p. A6.
120. Dina Kraft, "Funding Cuts Have Sponsors Worried about Birthright's Future," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, January 11, 2004. Other organizations eventually stepped in and filled the financial gap.
121. Dina Kraft, "Avi Chai Foundation to the Rescue: $7 Million Grant Could Save Birthright," Jewish Telegraph Agency, February 17, 2004.
122. See Diane Fuss, Essentially Speaking: Feminism, Nature, and Difference (New York: Routledge, 1990).
123. Deborah Dash Moore, as quoted in Reed Johnson, "Museum Is Mirror for American Jews," Los Angeles Daily News, May 11, 1997, p. D5.
124. For more on the proliferation of memory sites, such as museums, in the 1970s and 1980s, see A. Huyssen, "Monument and Memory in a Postmodern Age," in The Art of Memorials in History, ed. James Young (Munich: Prestel-Verlag, 1994).
125. Richard Cohen, "Self-Image through Objects: Toward a Social History of Jewish Art Collecting and Jewish Museums," in The Uses of Tradition: Jewish Continuity in the Modern Era, ed. Jack Wertheimer (New York/Jerusalem: Jewish Theological Seminary, 1992), p. 209.
126. James Young, The Texture of Memory: Holocaust Memorials and Meaning (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), p. 287.11.
127. Edward Norton, "Yes and No to the Holocaust Museums," Commentary 96/2 (August 1993), p. 23.
128. See Neil Gabler's An Empire of Their Own: How the Jews Invented Hollywood (New York: Anchor Books, 1989).
129. Max Vorspan and Lloyd Gartner, History of the Jews of Los Angeles (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1970), p. 17.
130. Bruce Phillips, "Los Angeles Jewry: A Demographic Profile," in American Jewish Year Book, 1986 (New York: American Jewish Committee, 1986), p. 132.
131. Deborah Dash Moore, "Jewish Migration in Postwar America: The Case of Miami and Los Angeles," in A New Jewry? America since the Second World War: Studies in Contemporary Jewry, ed. Peter Medding, An Annual VIII (New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 104.
132. Moore, "Jewish Migration," p. 112.
133. Simon Greenberg, "Some Reflections," Women's League for Conservative Judaism 58 (Summer 1988), as cited in Moore, "Jewish Migration," p. 111. In her book-length treatment of L.A. Jewry, Moore reveals that, in 1947, when the University of Judaism was founded, Greenberg was initially one of those indeed trying to import denominational divisions. His later reflections from 1988 show how his opinions changed.
134. Shoshana Feher, "From the Rivers of Babylon to the Valleys of Los Angeles: The Exodus and Adaptation of Iranian Jews," in Gatherings in Diaspora: Religious Communities and the New Immigration, ed. R. Stephen Warner and Judith G. Wittner (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998), pp. 71-94.
135. David Mittelberg and Mary Waters, "The Process of Ethnogenesis among Haitian and Israeli Immigrants in the United States," Ethnic and Racial Studies 15 (July 1992), pp. 412-35.
136. Naama Sabar, Kibbutzniks in the Diaspora (Albany: SUNY Press, 2000).
137. Sheldon Teitelbaum and Tom Waldman, "The Unorthodox Rabbi," Los Angeles Times Magazine, July 15, 1990, p. 6.
138. Norton, "Yes and No," p. 23.
139. Rachel Abramowitz, "Opinions That Count for a Lot: When It Comes to Jewish-Themed Projects, the Views of the Simon Wiesenthal Center Staff Matter Too Much, Some Filmmakers Say," Los Angeles Times, April 15, 2001, Calendar, p. 5.
140. Nicola Lisus, "Misplacing Memory: The Effect of Television Format on Holocaust Remembrance," M.A. thesis, University of Toronto, as cited in Oren Baruch Stier, "Virtual Memories: Mediating the Holocaust at the Simon Wiesenthal Center's Beit Hashoah-Museum of Tolerance," Journal of the American Academy of Religion 64 (4), p. 833.
141. Stier, "Virtual Memories," p. 837.
142. See also Edward Linenthal, "Locating Holocaust Memory: The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum," in American Sacred Space, ed. David Chidester and Edward T. Linenthal (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995).
143. Oren Stier, Committed to Memory: Cultural Mediation of the Holocaust (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2003), ch. 4.
144. Peter Novick, The Holocaust in American Life (Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1999), pp. 13-15.
145. Beit Hashoah, brochure produced by the Museum of Tolerance, pp. 8-9.
146. Norton, "Yes and No," p. 24.
147. Tom Tugend, "Wiesenthal Museum for Paris Announced," Jerusalem Post, May 16, 2002, Jewish World, p. 7B.
148. See also http://www.wiesenthal.com/ about/NYTC2.pdf.
149. "Travel in Brief," The Gazette (Montreal), January 18, 2003, p. 16.
150. See also "He'll Be Back," Jerusalem Post, May 7, 2004, p. 8.
151. Tom Tugend, "Wiesenthal Center Unveils Plans for Jerusalem Museum of Tolerance in Los Angeles," Jerusalem Post, May 4, 2000, p. 4.
152. Tom Tugend, "Wiesenthal Center's Plan for New Museum Met With Skepticism," Jerusalem Post, May 30, 1997, Features, p. 20.
153. Susan Freudenheim, "Large Gift to Help Wiesenthal Center Build Israel Facility," Los Angeles Times, May 10, 2000, Metro, Part A, p. 1.
154. Tugend, "Wiesenthal Center's Plan for New Museum Met with Skepticism."
155. Quoted in Bernard Weinraub, "Jewish History Museum Opening in Los Angeles," New York Times, April 21, 1996, Travel, p. 3.
156. Reed Johnson, "Museum Is Mirror for American Jews," Los Angeles Daily News, May 11, 1997, Living, p. D5.
157. Herbert Muschamp, "Architecture of Light and Remembrance," New York Times, December 15, 1996, Arts and Leisure, p. 1.
158. Michael Schuman, "Skirball Museum Illuminates Jewish Life in America," Boston Herald, December 24, 2000, Travel, p. 49.
159. Johnson, "Museum Is Mirror."
160. Diane Haithman, "Take the 405 to Utopia: Fourteen Years in the Making, the Hebrew Union College Skirball Cultural Center Will Open in April without Fanfare, or Debts," Los Angeles Times, November 19, 1995, Calendar, p. 3.
161. Dr. Uri Herscher, "Message from the President," Skirball Cultural Center Web site (www.skirball.com).
162. See, for example, Leon Whiteson, "Monument to Identity: New Skirball Cultural Center Seeks to Hold on to Jewish Heritage," Los Angeles Times, August 5, 1996, Real Estate, p. 1.
163. Muschamp, "Architecture of Light and Remembrance."
164. Beverly Beyette, "Filmmaker, Philanthropist: For Ex-Rabbi Skirball, Life's a Big Production," Los Angeles Times, November 17, 1985, View part 6, p. 1.
165. Robin Rauzi, "Celebrating Jewish Life: New Skirball Museum's Goal Is to Reflect Old and New of Proud Culture," Los Angeles Times, April 19, 1966, Metro, p. 1.
166. See also Johnson, "Museum Is Mirror."
167. On the location of the Skirball, see Tom Tugend, "Hillside Heritage," Los Angeles Times, April 5, 1996.
168. Haithman, "Take the 405 to Utopia."
169. Muschamp, "Architecture of Light and Remembrance."
170. Rauzi, "Celebrating Jewish Life," p. 1.
171. Jan Breslauer, "Skirball's Vision for All Visitors: Museum Aims to Broaden Focus on Jewish Culture," Los Angeles Times, April 20, 1996, Calendar, p. 1.
172. Whiteson, "Monument to Identity."
173. Karen Stein, "City on a Hill," Architectural Record (August 1996), p. 94.
174. Norton, "Yes and No," p. 31.
175. See Raz Yosef's Beyond Flesh: Queer Masculinities and Nationalism in Israeli Cinema (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2004).
176. David Weinberg, "Educating against Zionism," Jerusalem Post, April 23, 2000, p. 6.
177. See Tom Segev, Elvis in Jerusalem: Post-Zionism and the Americanization of Israel (New York: Owl Books, 2003).
178. Andrew Holleran, Nights in Aruba (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1991), p. 116.
179. Wayne Myslik, "Renegotiating the Social/Sexual Identities of Places: Gay Communities as Safe Havens or Sites of Resistance," in BodySpace, ed. Nancy Duncan (London: Routledge, 1996).
180. On the formation and segmentation of Castro as a gay ghetto, see Manuel Castells, The City and the Grassroots (London: Arnold, 1983), pp. 138-69.
181. Alexander Osipovich, "Reverse Exodus: Why are So Many Jews Returning?" Russia Profile 4 (October 2004), p. 36.
182. See Rebecca Alpert, Sue Levi Elwell, and Shirley Idelson, eds., Lesbian Rabbis: The First Generation (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2001).
183. Alix Wall, "Queer Jews with Local Ties Make No Apologies in Anthology," Jewish Bulletin of Northern California, August 23, 2002.
184. Shneer and Aviv, "Introduction," Queer Jews.
185. John D'Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998).
186. Lee Walzer, Between Sodom and Eden: A Gay Journey through Today's Changing Israel (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), p. 16.
187. Dan Izenberg, "Supreme Court Gives Lesbian Couple Right to Adopt Each Other's Children," Jerusalem Post, January 11, 2005, p. 1.
188. Walzer, Between Sodom and Eden, p. 6.
189. See Raz Yosef, Beyond Flesh, p. 1.
190. See Ruti Kadish, "Israeli Gays and Lesbians Encounter Zionism," in Shneer and Aviv, Queer Jews, pp. 224-37.
191. Also see G. Herdt and B. Koff, Something to Tell You: The Road Families Travel When a Child Is Gay (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000).
192. Kadish, "Israeli Gays and Lesbians Encounter Zionism," p. 226.
193. See Susan Martha Kahn, Reproducing Jews: A Cultural Account of Assisted Conception in Israel (Durham: Duke University Press, 2000), ch. 2.
194. Larry Luxner, "Oy Vey, Soy Gay," JTA News, April 3, 2005.
195. Walzer, Between Sodom and Eden, p. 7.
196. "The Agudah Reaches Out," World Congress Digest (Spring 2001).
197. See Shaul Kelner, "Almost Pilgrims: Authenticity, Identity, and the Extra-Ordinary on a Jewish Tour of Israel," Ph.D. diss., CUNY, for a discussion of the taglit-birthright israel trips to Israel.
198. T. J. Michels, "S.F. Supe Has Gay Ol' Time on Israeli 'Journey of Pride,'" Jewish Bulletin of Northern California, May 11, 2001.
199. Matt Lebovic, "Gay MIT Student Resolute about Israeli Flag," Bay Windows, September 2, 2004.
200. See T. J. Michels and Ali Cannon, "Whose Side Are You On? Transgender at the Western Wall," in Shneer and Aviv, Queer Jews, pp. 84-99.
201. See Ilan Sheinfeld, "Zehut sheli," in his collection of poetry, Karet (Tel Aviv: Shufra Publishing, 1997), p. 55. The translation is our own.
202. Amir Fink and Jacob Press, eds., Independence Park: The Lives of Gay Men in Israel (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999), p. 89.
203. See www.365gay.com/newscon04/12/123104israel.htm.
204. Lesléa Newman, "The Writing on the Wall: On Being a Jewish Writer, a Lesbian Writer, and a Jewish Lesbian Writer," in Shneer and Aviv, Queer Jews, p. 34.
205. Walzer, Between Sodom and Eden, p. 16.
206. "Rafi Niv," Independence Park, pp. 65-90.
207. On Filipino queer guest workers in Israel, see Nurit Wurgaft, "Foreign Workers, and Gay, Too. It Isn't Easy," Haaretz, December 17, 2002.
208. Ahmar Mustikhan, "Group Fight for Palestinian Gays' Safety," at www.planetout.com, April 5, 2003.
209. See Tony Kushner and Alisa Solomon, Wrestling with Zion: Progressive Jewish-American Responses to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (New York: Grove Press, 2003).
210. Susan Glenn, Daughters of the Shtetl: Life and Labor in the Immigrant Generation (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991).
211. Jeffrey Shandler, Beth Wenger, and Hasia Diner, "Introduction," in Diner et al., Remembering the Lower East Side, p. 7.
212. Jeffrey Shandler, Beth Wenger, and Hasia Diner, "Introduction," in Diner et al., Remembering the Lower East Side, p. 7.
213. Richard Shepard, "Archives of Jewish History, Now under One Roof," New York Times, April 28, 1997, p. B6.
214. Allan Nadler, YIVO Annual Report, 2002.
215. Joshua Eli Plaut, Center for Jewish History Annual Report, New York, 2002.
216. Richard Shepard, "Archives of Jewish History, Now under One Roof," New York Times, April 28, 1997, p. B6.
217. David Chartock, "Development Team 'Steels' Show: Making One Building out of Six," New York Construction News 48(2) (September 1999), p. 19.
218. Timothy Burger, "Pols Win New York Cut of Federal Budget Pie," Daily News, October 23, 1998.
219. Rochelle Saidel, Never Too Late to Remember: The Politics behind New York City's Holocaust Museum (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1996).
220. Jennifer Bleyer, "A Diaspora of Young Israelis, Decompressing," New York Times, October 5, 2003, Sunday Styles, p. 6.
221. Eric Homberger, The Historical Atlas of New York: A Visual Celebration of Nearly 400 Years of New York City's History (New York: Henry Holt, 1994), pp. 162-63.
222. See Sue Fishkoff, The Rebbe's Army: Inside the World of Chabad-Lubavitch (New York: Schocken, 2003).
223. Fran Reiter, New York Tourism Bureau, as quoted in Jewish Tours virtual tour (jewishtours.com).
224. E. B. Solomon, "In Area That Once Saw Race Riots, Kids Museum Teaches Tolerance," Jewish Telegraph Agency, December 13, 2004.
225. Sam Kliger, "Russian Jews in America: Status, Identity, Integration," paper presented at conference "Russian-Speaking Jewry in Global Perspective," Bar Ilan University, June 2004.
226. Shteyngart, The Russian Debutante's Handbook (New York: Riverhead Books, 2002).
227. Annelise Orleck, "Soviet Jews: The City's Newest Immigrants Transform New York Jewish Life," in New Immigrants in New York, 2nd ed., ed. Nancy Foner (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), p. 112.
228. See Judith Deutsch Kornblatt, Doubly Chosen: Jewish Identity, the Soviet Intelligentsia, and the Russian Orthodox Church (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2004).
229. Rachel Pomerance, "Russian Jews in America: From 'Clients' to 'Partners': Ties among Jews Are Changing," Jewish Telegraph Agency, March 30, 2004.
230. Nancy Foner, "Introduction," New Immigrants in New York, 2nd ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), p. 16.
231. Sabrina Tavernise, "To Young, a Russian Enclave Is Too Much Old Country," New York Times, October 8, 2003, pp. A1, A27.
232. Orleck, "Soviet Jews," p. 138.
233. See Peter Salwen, Upper West Side Story: A History and Guide (New York: Abbeville Press, 1989).
234. Sandee Brawarsky, "The Upper West Side: Cross-Section of Jewish Life," Jewish Week, July 26, 2002.
235. Edward Rothstein, "Seeking an Alternative to a Jewish State," New York Times, November 22, 2003, p. B11.
236. See Valeriy Chervyakov, Zvi Gitelman, and Vladimir Shapiro, "Religion and Ethnicity: Judaism in the Ethnic Consciousness of Contemporary Russian Jews," Ethnic and Racial Studies 20(2) (April 1997), pp. 280-305.
237. For the specific comment about Russian Jews' affinity for others, see Gitelman's broader article, "The Decline of the Diaspora Jewish Nation: Boundaries, Content, and Jewish Identity," Jewish Social Studies 4(2) (1998), p. 121.