The duty to protect

Humanitarian Intervention

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 84-116

  Tan, Kok Chor ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

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EID: 84900251006     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (42)

1. See Samantha Power, A Problem from Hell: America and the Age ofGenocide (New York: Basic Books, 2003).
2. See Kant, Groundworkof the Metaphysics of Morals (1785), trans. H. J. Paton (New York: Harper and Row, 1964), chap. II, 413-14.
3. For one discussion on this point, see Michael Ignatieff, "State Failkok-ure and Nation-Building," in Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal, andPolitical Dilemmas, ed. J. L. Holzgrefe and Robert O. Keohane (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
4. Regarding Rwanda, see Power, A Problem from Hell, chap. 10.
5. See "Administration Determined to Send U.S. Forces to Haiti," WashingtonPost, September 2, 1994, 2.
6. See the ICISS report, The Responsibility to Protect (December 2001), available at www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/iciss-ciise/report2-en.asp.
7. See Joseph Boyle, "Traditional Just War Theory and HumanitarianIntervention," this volume, chap. 1.
8. On this point, see Pratap Mehta, "From State Sovereignty toHuman Security (via Institutions?)," this volume, chap. 10.
9. For more discussionon this, see Terry Nardin, "The Moral Basis of HumanitarianIntervention," Ethics and International Affairs 16, no. 1 (2002): 57-71.
10. Seealso Joseph Boyle, "Traditional Just War Theory and Humanitarian Intervention," this volume, chap. 1;
11. Thomas Franck, "Legality and Legitimacyin Humanitarian Intervention," this volume, chap. 5; and my commentaryon Mehta, this volume, chap. 11.
12. Michael Walzer, "The Moral Standing of States," Philosophy andPublic Affairs 9 (1980): 211.
13. Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with HistoricalIllustrations, 3rd ed. (New York: Basic Books, 2000), 90.
14. See, e.g., John Rawls, The Law of Peoples (Cambridge: Harvard UniversityPress, 1998), 25-27. The ICISS report also stresses this point.
15. Henry Shue, Basic Rights (Princeton: Princeton University Press 1980).
16. James Nickel, "How Human Rights Generate Duties to Protectand Provide," Human Rights Quarterly 15, no. 1 (1993): 83-84.
17. Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars, 233; also chap. 15.
18. Thus, although Walzer defends the right of neutrality, he wondersabout the limits of this right in the case of intervention: "But can a stateclaim neutrality when one nation or people is massacring another?" Justand Unjust Wars, xv.
19. This conclusion, that permissible interventions are also obligatory, is also defended by Darrel Moellendorf, Cosmopolitan Justice (Boulder: Westview Press, 2002), 122-23.
20. See also John W. Lango, "Is Armed HumanitarianIntervention to Stop Mass Killing Morally Obligatory?" PublicAffairs Quarterly 15, no. 3 (2001): 173-92.
21. Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars, xiii.
22. O'Neill, Faces of Hunger (London: Allen and Unwin, 1986), 101.
23. Kant, Groundwork, 421.
24. I thank Alan Patten for helpful discussion on this point. See also Kok-Chor Tan, "Kantian Ethics and Global Justice," Social Theory and Practice 23, no. 1 (1997): 53-73.
25. See Kathryn Westcott, "Liberia's Historical U.S. Ties," BBC NewsOnline, June 26, 2003, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3022740.stm.
26. He quickly noted, however, countervailing factors and conditions to rationalize U.S. limited involvement. "Bush Insists Liberian President Go before Troops Come," NewYork Times, July 4, 2003, A3.
27. For one discussion on responsibility for injustices and intervention, see Erin Kelly, "The Burdens of Collective Liability" in Ethics and ForeignIntervention, ed. Deen K. Chatterjee and Don E. Scheid (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 121.
28. See Larry May, Sharing Responsibility (Chicago: University of ChicagoPress, 1992), 114-15.
29. Joel Feinberg, Doing and Deserving (Princeton: Princeton UniversityPress, 1970), 244.
30. This is the point behind O'Neill's discussion of imperfect duties. The importance of institutions in mediating duties is discussed in HenryShue, "Mediating Duties," 88 Ethics (1998): 687-704.
31. see United Nations, "MultinationalStand-by High Readiness Brigade for United Nations Operation" (Norway: Presidency, SHIRBRIG Steering Committee, MOD Norway, n.d.), available at http://odin.dep.no/archive/fdvedlegg/01/01/Shirb044.pdf. I thank Katherine Cinq-Mars and Nicholas Ward for helpful discussionand the reference.
32. See James Fishkin, The Limits of Obligation (New Haven: Yale UniversityPress 1982);
33. J. O. Urmson, "Saints and Heroes," in Moral Concepts, ed. Joel Feinberg (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969).
34. Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars, 236.
35. Huntington, "New Contingencies, Old Roles," Joint Forces Quarterly 2 (1993): 42.
36. Quoted in Michael J. Smith, "Humanitarian Intervention: An Overview of the Ethical Issues," Ethics and International Affairs 12 (1998): 63.
37. See UNA-Canada, "The U.N. and Peacekeeping," available at http://www.unac.org/en/link_learn/fact_sheets/peacekeeping.asp.
38. Michael Walzer, "The Politics of Rescue," Dissent 42, no. 1 (1995): 38.
39. See also Moellendorf, Cosmopolitan Justice, 124.
40. Jack Goldsmith and Stephen Krasner, "The Limits of Idealism," Daedalus 132, no. 1 (2003): 58.
41. See, e.g., Amy Gutmann, "Democratic Citizenship," in For Love ofCountry, ed. J. Cohen (Boston: Beacon Press, 1996).
42. Rawls, The Law of Peoples, 112.