Farmers and the state in colonial Kano: Land tenure and the legal imagination

Farmers and the State in Colonial Kano: Land Tenure and the Legal Imagination

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-262

  Pierce, Steven ^a  

^a TULANE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84900250615     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (327)

1. Abraham, R C. Dictionary of the Hausa Language. 2d ed. London: University of London Press, 1962.
2. Abrams, Philip. "Notes on the Difficulty of Studying the State (1977)." Journal of Historical Sociology 1, no. 1 (1988): 58-89.
3. Adams, Adrian. "Open Letter to a Young Researcher." African Affairs 78 (1979): 451-79.
4. Adamu, Mahdi. The Hausa Factor in West African History. Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Press, 1978.
5. Adeleye, R. A. Power and Diplomacy in Northern Nigeria, 1804-1906. London: Longman, 1971.
6. Afigbo, A. F. The Warrant Chiefs: Indirect Rule in Southeastern Nigeria, 1891-1929. London: Longman, 1972.
7. Althusser, Louis. "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses (Notes toward an Investigation)." In Lenin and Philosophy, and Other Essays. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1972, 127-88.
8. Anthony, Douglas. Poison and Medicine: Ethnicity, Power, and Violence in a Nigerian City, 1966 to 1986. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 2002.
9. Appiah, K. Anthony. In My Father's House: Africa and the Philosophy of Culture. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
10. Apter, Emily, and William Pietz, eds. Fetishism as Cultural Discourse. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1993.
11. Apter, Emily S. Feminizing the Fetish: Psychoanalysis and Narrative Obsession in Turn-ofthe-Century France. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991.
12. Asad, Talal, ed. Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter. London: Ithaca Pres, 1973.
13. Atieno Odhiambo, E. S. "Woza Lugard? Rhetoric and Antiquarian Knowledge." Canadian Journal of African Studies 34, no. 2 (2000): 387-396.
14. Axel, Brian, ed. From the Margins: Historical Anthropology and Its Futures. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2002.
15. Baden-Powell, B. H. The Land Systems of British India. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1892.
16. Bargery, George Percy, and Diedrich Westermann. A Hausa-English Dictionary and English-Hausa Vocabulary. London: Oxford University Press, 1934.
17. Barth, Henry. Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa, Including Accounts of Tripoli, the Sahara, the Remarkable Kingdom of Bornu, and the Countries around Lake Chad. London: Ward, Lock, and Co., 1890.
18. Bassett, Thomas, and Donald Crummey, eds. Land in African Agrarian Systems. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993.
19. Bayart, Jean-Francois, Stephen Ellis, and Beatrice Hibou. The Criminalization of the State in Africa. Translated by Stephen Ellis. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999.
20. Bello, Sule. "State and Economy in Kano, 1894-1960." Ph.D. dissertation, Ahmadu Bello University, 1982.
21. Benjamin, Walter. "Critique of Violence." In Reflections: Essays, Aphorisms, Autobiographical Writings. New York: Harcourt, 1978.
22. Berry, Sara. Chiefs Know Their Boundaries: Essays on Property, Power, and the Past in Asante, 1896-1996. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 2001.
23. Berry, Sara. "Debating the Land Question in Africa." Comparative Studies in Society and History 44, no. 4 (2002): 638-68.
24. Berry, Sara. No Condition Is Permanent: The Social Dynamics of Agrarian Change in Sub-Saharan Africa. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993.
25. Besmer, Fremont E. Horses, Musicians, and Gods: The Hausa Cult of Possession-Trance. South Hadley, Mass.: Bergin & Garvey, 1983.
26. Bhabha, Homi. The Location of Culture. New York: Routledge, 1994.
27. Biebuyck, Daniel, ed. African Agrarian Systems. London: Oxford University Press, 1963.
28. Bohannan, Paul. Justice and Judgment among the Tiv. London: Oxford University Press, 1957.
29. Bourdieu, Pierre. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Trans. Richard Nice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.
30. Buntjer, B. "Rural Society: The Changing Structure of Gandu." In Zaria and Its Regions, ed. Michael Mortimore. Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Department of Geography, 1970.
31. Butler, Judith. Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of "Sex." London: Routledge, 1993.
32. Butler, Judith. The Psychic Life of Power: Theories in Subjection. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1997.
33. Callaway, Barbara. Muslim Hausa Women in Nigeria: Tradition and Change. 1st ed. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1987.
34. Chabal, Patrick, and Jean-Pascal Deloz. Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999.
35. Chanock, Martin. Law, Custom, and Social Order: The Colonial Experience in Malawi and Zambia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
36. Chanock, Martin. "Paradigms, Policies, and Property: A Review of the Customary Law of Land Tenure." In Law in Colonial Africa, ed. Kristin Mann and Richard Roberts. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 1991.
37. Chanock, Martin. "A Peculiar Sharpness: An Essay on Property in the History of Customary Law in Colonial Africa." Journal of African History 32, no. 1 (1991): 65-88.
38. Chatterjee, Partha. The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Post-Colonial Histories. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993.
39. Christelow, Allen. "Theft, Homicide, and Oath in Early Twentieth-Century Kano." In Law in Colonial Africa, edited by Kristin Mann and Richard Roberts. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 1991, 205-23.
40. Christelow, Allen. Thus Ruled Emir Abbas: Selected Cases from the Records of the Emir of Kano's Judicial Council. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1993.
41. Christelow, Allen. "Women and the Law in Early Twentieth Century Kano." In Hausa Women in the Twentieth Century, ed. Catherine Coles and Beverley Mack. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991.
42. Clifford, James, and George Marcus, eds. Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.
43. Cohen, Abner. Custom and Politics in Urban Africa: A Study of Hausa Migrants in Yoruba Towns. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969.
44. Cohen, David William. The Combing of History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
45. Cohn, Bernard S. An Anthropologist among the Historians and Other Essays. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1987.
46. Cohn, Bernard S. Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996.
47. Cohn, Bernard S. "History and Anthropology: The State of Play." Comparative Studies in Society and History 22 (1980): 198-221.
48. Coleman, James S. Nigeria: Background to Nationalism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1958.
49. Coles, Catherine, and Beverley Mack. "Women in Twentieth Century Hausa Society." In Hausa Women in the Twentieth Century, ed. Catherine Coles and Beverley Mack. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991.
50. Coles, Catherine, and Beverley Mack, eds. Hausa Women in the Twentieth Century. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991.
51. Colson, Elizabeth. "The Impact of the Colonial Period on the Definition of Land Rights." In Profiles of Change: African Society and Colonial Rule, ed., Victor Turner. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
52. Comaroff, Jean, and John L. Comaroff. Of Revelation and Revolution: Christianity, Colonialism, and Consciousness in South Africa. Vol. 1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.
53. Comaroff, John L., and Jean Comaroff. Of Revelation and Revolution: The Dialectics of Modernity on an African Frontier. Vol. 2. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.
54. Comaroff, John L., and Simon Roberts. Rules and Processes: The Cultural Logic of Dispute in an African Context. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.
55. Cooper, Barbara. Marriage in Maradi: Gender and Culture in a Hausa Society in Niger, 1900-1989. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 1997.
56. Cooper, Frederick. Decolonization and African Society: The Labor Question in French and British Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
57. Cooper, Frederick. From Slaves to Squatters: Plantation Labor and Agriculture in Zanzibar and Coastal Kenya, 1890-1925. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1980.
58. Cooper, Frederick. "Islam and Cultural Hegemony: The Ideology of Slaveowners on the East African Coast." In The Ideology of Slavery in Africa, ed. Paul E. Lovejoy. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1983, 271-307.
59. Cooper, Frederick. "Modernizing Bureaucrats, Backwards Africans, and the Development Concept." In International Development and the Social Sciences: Essays on the History and Politics of Knowledge, ed. Frederick Cooper and Randall Packard. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.
60. Cooper, Frederick. "The Problem of Slavery in African Studies." Journal of African History 20, no. 1 (1979): 103-25.
61. Cooper, Frederick. "Review: Mahmood Mamdani, Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism." International Labor and Working Class History 52 (1997): 156-160.
62. Cooper, Frederick, Thomas C. Holt, and Rebecca J. Scott. Beyond Slavery: Explorations of Race, Labor, and Citizenship in Postemancipation Societies. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
63. Cooper, Frederick, Allen Isaacman, Florencia Mallon, William Roseberry, and Steve Stern. Confronting Historical Paradigms: Peasants, Labor, and the Capitalist World System in Africa and Latin America. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993.
64. Cooper, Frederick, and Ann Laura Stoler, eds. Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.
65. Coronil, Fernando. The Magical State: Nature, Money, and Modernity in Venezuela. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.
66. Coulson, Noel J. Succession in the Muslim Family. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
67. Cover, Robert. Narrative, Violence, and the Law: The Essays of Robert Cover. Ed. Martha Minow, Michael Ryan, and Austin Sarat. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993.
68. Crenshaw, Kimberlé, ed. Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings That Formed the Movement. New York: New Press, 1995.
69. Dan Fodio, Usman. Bayan Wujub Al-Hijra 'Ala 'L-'Ibad. Trans. F. H. El Masri. Khartoum: Khartoum University Press and Oxford University Press, 1978.
70. Derrida, Jacques. "Force of Law: The 'Mystical Foundation of Authority.'" In Deconstruction and the Possibility of Justice, ed. Drucilla Cornell, Michael Rosenfeld, and David Gray. New York: Routledge, 1992.
71. Derrida, Jacques. Of Grammatology. Trans. Gayatri Spivak. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976.
72. Desai, Gaurav. Subject to Colonialism: African Self-Fashioning and the Colonial Library. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2001.
73. Dirks, Nicholas B. Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001.
74. Dirks, Nicholas B. The Hollow Crown: Ethnohistory of an Indian Kingdom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
75. Dirks, Nicholas B., ed. Colonialism and Culture. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992.
76. Dokaji, Alhaji Abubakar. Kano Ta Dabo Cigari. Zaria: Gaskiya, 1959.
77. Downs, R. E., and Stephen P. Reyna, eds. Land and Society in Contemporary Africa. Hanover, N.H.: Published for University of New Hampshire by University Press of New England, 1988.
78. Dubois, Laurent. Les Esclaves De La Republique: L'histoire Oubliee De La Premiere Emancipation, 1789-1794. Paris: Calmann-Levy, 1998.
79. Dudley, B. J. Parties and Politics in Northern Nigeria. London: Frank Cass, 1968.
80. Durkheim, Emile. The Division of Labor in Society. Trans. George Simpson. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1933.
81. Ega, Lawrence A. "Status, Problems and Prospects of Rural Land Tenure in Kaduna State and Some Reflections on Land Tenure Policies in Nigeria." Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University, 1980.
82. Elias, T. O. The Nigerian Legal System. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1962.
83. Evans-Pritchard, E. E. "Anthropology and History." In Social Anthropology and Other Essays. New York: Free Press, 1962.
84. Evans-Pritchard, E. E. The Nuer: A Description of the Modes of Livelihood and Political Institutions of a Nilotic People. New York: Oxford University Press, 1969.
85. Fabian, Johannes. Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983.
86. Fallers, Lloyd. Bantu Bureaucracy: A Study of Integration and Conflict in the Political Institutions of an East African People. Cambridge, UK: W. Heffer and Sons, 1965.
87. Faulkingham, R. "Political Support in a Rural Hausa Village, Niger." Ph.D. dissertation, Michigan State University, 1971.
88. Ferguson, James. "Anthropology and Its Evil Twin: 'Development' in the Constitution of a Discipline." In International Development and the Social Sciences: Essays on the History and Politics of Knowledge, ed. Frederick Cooper and Randall Packard. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997, 150-75.
89. Ferguson, James. The Anti-Politics Machine: "Development," Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
90. Fika, Adamu Mohammed. The Kano Civil War and British Over-Rule 1882-1940. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978.
91. Fisher, Humphrey. "Slavery and Seclusion in Northern Nigeria: A Further Note." Journal of African History 32 (1991): 123-35.
92. Fisher, Humphrey. "Sudanese and Saharan Studies." Journal of African History 28 (1987): 281-93.
93. Fortes, Meyer. The Web of Kinship among the Tallensi: The Second Part of an Analysis of the Social Structure of a Trans-Volta Tribe. London: Oxford University Press, 1949.
94. Fortes, Meyer, and E. E. Evans-Pritchard, eds. African Political Systems. London: Kegan Paul International, 1987.
95. Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage, 1977.
96. Foucault, Michel. "Governmentality." In The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, ed. Graham Burchell, Colin Gordin, and Peter Miller. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.
97. Furniss, Graham. Poetry, Prose, and Popular Culture in Hausa. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1996.
98. Garba, Tijjani. "Taxation in Some Hausa Emirates." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Birmingham, 1986.
99. Gaudio, Rudolf. "Men Who Talk Like Women: Gender and Sexuality in Hausa Muslim Society." Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, 1996.
100. Geary, William. Nigeria under British Rule. London: Methuen, 1927.
101. Geertz, Clifford. "Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight." In The Interpretation of Cultures: Essays in Interpretive Anthropology. New York: Basic Books, 1973.
102. Geertz, Clifford. "Local Knowledge: Fact and Knowledge in Comparative Perspective." In Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology. New York: Basic Books, 1983.
103. Genovese, Eugene. Roll Jordan Roll: The World the Slaves Made. New York: Pantheon, 1974.
104. George, Henry. The Land Question: What It Involves and How Alone It Can Be Settled. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1930.
105. Glazier, Jack. Land and the Uses of Tradition among the Mbeere of Kenya. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1985.
106. Gloster, Patricia Carolyn. "The Evolution of Maliki Law in Northern Nigeria, 1930-1960." Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1987.
107. Gluckman, Max. The Judicial Process among the Barotse of Northern Rhodesia. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1955.
108. Goddard, A. D. "Are Hausa Family Structures Breaking Up?" Samaru 11 (1969): 34-47.
109. Goddard, A. D. "Changing Family Structures among the Hausa." Africa 43 (1973): 207-218.
110. Goddard, A. D. "Land Tenure, Land Holding, and Agricultural Improvement in the Central Sokoto Close-Settled Zone, Nigeria." Savanna 1, no. 1 (1972): 29-41.
111. Gould, Stephen Jay. The Mismeasure of Man. 2d ed. New York: W. W. Norton, 1996.
112. Greenberg, Joseph. The Influence of Islam on a Sudanese Religion. New York: J. J. Augustin, 1947.
113. Greenberg, Joseph. The Languages of Africa. 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University, 1966.
114. Grossi, Paolo. An Alternative to Private Property: Collective Property in the Juridical Consciousness of the Nineteenth Century. Trans. Lydia Cochrane. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.
115. Guha, Ranajit. A Rule of Property for Bengal: An Essay on the Idea of Permanent Settlement. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1996.
116. Gupta, Akhil. Postcolonial Developments: Agriculture in the Making of Modern India. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1998.
117. Gutierrez, Ramon. When Jesus Came the Corn Mothers Went Away: Marriage, Sexuality, and Power in New Mexico, 1500-1846. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1991.
118. Guyer, Jane. "Household and Community in African Studies." African Studies Review 24, no. 2/3 (1981): 87-137.
119. Guyer, Jane. "Representation without Taxation: An Essay on Democracy in Rural Nigeria, 1952-1990." African Studies Review 35, no. 1 (1992): 41-80.
120. Hann, Christopher M., ed. Property Relations: Renewing the Anthropological Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
121. Hanson, Holly Elisabeth. Landed Obligation: The Practice of Power in Buganda. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 2003.
122. Hay, Margaret, and Marcia Wright, eds. African Women & the Law: Historical Perspectives. Boston University Papers on Africa, no. 7. Boston: Boston University, 1982.
123. Hegel, G.W.F. Philosophy of Right. Translated by S. W. Dyde. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1996.
124. Herbst, Jeffrey. States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000.
125. Hill, Polly. Development Economics on Trial: The Anthropological Case for a Prosecution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
126. Hill, Polly. Dry Grain Farming Families: Hausaland (Nigeria) and Karnataka (India) Compared. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
127. Hill, Polly. "From Slavery to Freedom: The Case of Farm-Slavery in Nigerian Hausaland." Comparative Studies in Society and History 18, no. 3 (1974): 395-426.
128. Hill, Polly. Population, Prosperity, and Poverty: Rural Kano 1900 and 1970. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.
129. Hill, Polly. Rural Hausa: A Village and a Setting. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972.
130. Hiskett, Mervyn. The Development of Islam in West Africa. London: Longman, 1984.
131. Hodgson, Dorothy, and Sheryl McCurdy. "Introduction." In "Wicked" Women and the Reconfiguration of Gender in Africa, ed. Dorothy Hodgson and Sheryl McCurdy. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 2001.
132. Hogendorn, Jan S. "The Economics of Slave Use on Two 'Plantations' in the Zaria Emirate of the Sokoto Caliphate." International Journal of African Historical Studies 10 (1977): 369-83.
133. Hogendorn, Jan S. Nigerian Groundnut Exports: Origins and Early Development. Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Press, 1978.
134. Hogendorn, Jan S. "Slave Acquisition and Delivery in Precolonial Hausaland." In West African Culture Dynamics, ed. B. K. Swartz and Raymond E. Dumett. The Hague: Mouton, 1980.
135. Holt, Thomas C. The Problem of Freedom: Race, Labor, and Politics in Jamaica and Britain, 1832-1938. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.
136. Hunt, Robert C., and Antonio Gilman. Property in Economic Context. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1998.
137. Jameson, Fredric. The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1981.
138. Joseph, Richard A. Democracy and Prebendal Politics in Nigeria: The Rise and Fall of the Second Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
139. Jumare, Ibrahim M. "Land Tenure in the Sokoto Sultanate of Nigeria." Ph.D. dissertation, York University, 1995.
140. Juul, Kristine, and Christian Lund, eds. Negotiating Property in Africa. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 2002.
141. Karaye, Maikudi. "Hausa Peasants and Capitalism: A Case Study of Rural and Agricultural Development in Kano State of Nigeria." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1990.
142. Keay, E. A., and S. S. Richardson. The Native and Customary Courts of Nigeria. London and Lagos: Sweet & Maxwell and African Universities Press, 1966.
143. Kennedy, Duncan. Sexy Dressing, Etc. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.
144. Last, Murray. "The Importance of Knowing About Not-Knowing: Observations from Hausaland." In The Social Basis of Health and Healing in Africa, ed. Steven Feierman and John Janzen, 393-406. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.
145. Last, Murray. The Sokoto Caliphate. London: Longman, 1967.
146. Le Roy, E., Alain Karsenty, and Alain Bertrand. La Sécurisation Foncière en Afrique: Pour Une Gestion Viable des Ressources Renouvelables. Paris: Karthala, 1996.
147. Lenin, Vladimir I. Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism. New York: International Publishers, 1939.
148. Lennihan, Louise. "The Origins and Development of Agricultural Wage Labor in Northern Nigeria: 1886-1980." Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1983.
149. Levi, Edward Hirsch. An Introduction to Legal Reasoning. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949.
150. Lindsay, Lisa A. Working with Gender: Wage Labor and Social Change in Southwestern Nigeria. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 2003.
151. Llewellyn, Karl N., and E. Adamson Hoebel. The Cheyenne Way: Conflict and Case Law in Primitive Jurisprudence. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1941.
152. Locke, John. Two Treatises of Government. Ed. Peter Laslett. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960.
153. Lovejoy, Paul E. Caravans of Kola: The Hausa Kola Trade, 1700-1900. Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Press, 1980.
154. Lovejoy, Paul E. "The Characteristics of Plantations in the Nineteenth-Century Sokoto Caliphate, Islamic West Africa." American Historical Review 84, no. 5 (1979): 1267-92.
155. Lovejoy, Paul E. "Concubinage and the Status of Women Slaves." Journal of African History 29, no. 2 (1988): 245-266.
156. Lovejoy, Paul E. "Plantations in the Economy of the Sokoto Caliphate." Journal of African History 19, no. 3 (1978): 341-68.
157. Lovejoy, Paul E. Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. 2d ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
158. Lovejoy, Paul E., ed. The Ideology of Slavery in Africa. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1983.
159. Lovejoy, Paul E., and Jan S. Hogendorn. Slow Death for Slavery: The Course of Abolition in Northern Nigeria, 1897-1936. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
160. Low, D. A., and John Lonsdale. "Introduction." In History of East Africa, edited by Donald Anthony Low and Alison Smith. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976.
161. Lubeck, Paul M. Islam and Urban Labor in Northern Nigeria: The Making of a Muslim Working Class. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
162. Lugard, Frederick. The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood and Sons, 1922.
163. Lugard, Frederick. Instructions to Political and Other Officers on Subjects Chiefly Political and Administrative. London: Waterlow and Sons, 1906.
164. Lugard, Frederick. "Memo No. 9, Native Administration." In Political Memoranda: Revision of Instructions to Political Officers on Subjects Chiefly Political & Administrative, 1913-1918, ed. A.H.M. Kirk-Greene. London: Frank Cass, 1970.
165. Lugard, Frederick. Political Memoranda: Revision of Instructions to Political Officers on Subjects Chiefly Political and Administrative 1913-1918. 3d ed. London: Frank Cass, 1970.
166. Lund, Christian. "African Land Tenure: Questioning Basic Assumptions." Issue Paper. London: International Institute for Environment and Development, 2000.
167. Lund, Christian. Law, Power and Politics in Niger: Land Struggles and the Rural Code. Hamburg: Lit, 1998.
168. MacBride, D.F.H. "Land Survey in the Kano Emirate, Northern Provinces, Nigeria." Journal of the Royal African Society 37, no. 146 (1938): 75-91.
169. MacGaffey, Wyatt. Custom and Government in the Lower Congo. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970.
170. Mackenzie, Fiona. Land, Ecology and Resistance in Kenya, 1880-1952. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press for the International African Institute, 1998.
171. MacKinnon, Catharine A. Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987.
172. Macpherson, C. B. "Capitalism and the Changing Concept of Property." In Feudalism, Capitalism and Beyond, ed. Eugene Kamenka and R. S. Neale, 104-24. London: Edward Arnold, 1975.
173. Mahadi, Abdullahi. "The State and the Economy: The Sarauta System and Its Roles in Shaping the Society and Economy of Kano with Particular Reference to the 18th and 19th Centuries." Ph.D. dissertation, Ahmadu Bello University, 1982.
174. Maine, Henry Sumner. Ancient Law. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1986.
175. Malinowski, Bronislaw. Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea. London: G. Routledge, 1922.
176. Malthus, Thomas. The Nature and Progress of Rent. Ed Jacob Hollander. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1903.
177. Mamdani, Mahmood. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996.
178. Mann, Kristin, and Richard Roberts, eds. Law in Colonial Africa. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 1991.
179. Marcus, George E., and Michael M. J. Fischer. Anthropology as Cultural Critique: An Experimental Moment in the Human Sciences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986.
180. Mason, Michael. "Population Density and 'Slave Raiding': The Case of the Middle Belt of Nigeria." Journal of African History 10, no. 4 (1969): 551-64.
181. Masquelier, Adeline M. Prayer Has Spoiled Everything: Possession, Power, and Identity in an Islamic Town of Niger. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2001.
182. Matsuda, Mari J. Words That Wound: Critical Race Theory, Assaultive Speech, and the First Amendment. Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 1993.
183. Mbembé, Achille. On the Postcolony. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.
184. Meek, Charles. Land Law and Custom in the Colonies. 2d ed. London: Oxford University Press, 1949.
185. Meek, Charles. Law and Authority in a Nigerian Tribe: A Study in Indirect Rule. London: Oxford University Press, 1937.
186. Meek, Charles. The Northern Tribes of Nigeria: An Ethnographical Account of the Northern Provinces of Nigeria Together with a Report on the 1921 Decennial Census. London: Oxford University Press, 1925.
187. Meillassoux, Claude. Maidens, Meal, and Money: Capitalism and the Domestic Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
188. Merry, Sally Engle. Getting Justice and Getting Even: Legal Consciousness among Working-Class Americans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.
189. Messick, Brinkley. "Just Writing: Paradox and Political Economy in Yemeni Legal Documents." Cultural Anthropology 4, no. 1 (1989): 26-50.
190. Mintz, Sidney W. Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History. New York: Viking, 1985.
191. Mitchell, Timothy. Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-Politics, Modernity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.
192. Moore, Sally Falk. "Changing African Land Tenure: Reflections on the Incapacities of the State." In Development and Rights: Negotiating Justice in Changing Societies, ed. Christian Lund. London: Frank Cass, 1999.
193. Moore, Sally Falk. Law as Process: An Anthropological Approach. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978.
194. Moore, Sally Falk. Social Facts and Fabrications: "Customary" Law on Kilimanjaro, 1880-1980. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
195. Morel, E. D. Nigeria: Its Peoples and Its Problems. 3d ed. London: Frank Cass, 1968.
196. Mortimore, M. J. Adapting to Drought: Farmers, Famines, and Desertification in West Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
197. Mortimore, M. J. "Some Aspects of Rural-Urban Relations in Kano, Nigeria." In La Croissance Urbaine et Afrique Noire et a Madagascar. Paris: Éditions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1972.
198. Mortimore, M. J., and J. Wilson, eds. Land and People in the Kano Close-Settled Zone. Zaria: Department of Geography, Ahmadu Bello University, 1965.
199. Mudimbe, V. Y. The Invention of Africa: Gnosis, Philosophy, and the Order of Knowledge. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988.
200. Muffett, D.J.M. Concerning Brave Captains: Being a History of the British Occupation of Kano and Sokoto and of the Last Stand of the Fulani Forces. London: A. Deutsch, 1964.
201. Nadel, S. F. A Black Byzantium: The Kingdom of Nupe in Nigeria. London: Oxford University Press, 1946.
202. Nader, Laura, and Harry F. Todd, eds. The Disputing Process: Law in Ten Societies. New York: Columbia University Press, 1978.
203. Naniya, Tijjani. "The Transformation in the Administration of Justice in Kano Emirate, 1903-1966." Ph.D. dissertation, Bayero University, 1990.
204. Nash, June C. We Eat the Mines and the Mines Eat Us: Dependency and Exploitation in Bolivian Tin Mines. New York: Columbia University Press, 1979.
205. Netting, Robert McC, Richard R. Wilk, and Eric J. Arnould. Households: Comparative and Historical Studies of the Domestic Group. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.
206. Nicolas, Guy. Dynamique Sociale et Appréhension Du Monde au Sein D'une Société Hausa. Paris: Institut d'ethnologie, 1975.
207. Nicolson, I. F. The Administration of Nigeria, 1900-1960: Men, Methods and Myths. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969.
208. Nore, Petter, and Terisa Turner, eds. Oil and Class Struggle. London: Zed Press, 1980.
209. Norman, D. W. "Economic Analysis of Agricultural Production and Labour Utilization among the Hausa in the North of Nigeria." In African Rural Employment Paper. East Lansing: Michigan State University Department of Agricultural Economics, 1973.
210. O'Brien, Susan M. "Power and Paradox: Discourses of Gender, Healing, and Islamic Tradition in Northern Nigeria." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 2000.
211. Ochonu, Moses. "A Colony in Crisis: Northern Nigeria, British Colonialism, and the Great Depression." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, 2004.
212. Ochonu, Moses. "'Native Habits Are Difficult to Change': British Medics and the Dilemmas of Biomedical Discourses and Practice in Early Colonial Northern Nigeria." Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 5, no. 1 (2004).
213. Okediji, Florence A. "An Economic History of Hausa-Fulani Emirates of Northern Nigeria, 1900-1939." Ph.D. diss., Indiana University, 1972.
214. Okoth-Ogendo, H.W.O. "Some Issues of Theory in the Study of Tenure Relations in African Agriculture." Africa 51, no. 1 (1989): 6-17.
215. Olusanya, G. "The Freed Slaves' Homes: An Unknown Aspect of Northern Nigerian Social History." Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 8, no. 1 (1966).
216. Orr, Charles William James. The Making of Northern Nigeria. 2d ed. London: Frank Cass, 1965.
217. Ortner, Sherry B. High Religion: A Cultural and Political History of Sherpa Buddhism. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1989.
218. Ortner, Sherry B. "Theory in Anthropology since the Sixties." Comparative Studies in Society and History 26, no. 1 (1984): 126-66.
219. Paden, John N. Religion and Political Culture in Kano. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973.
220. Peirce, Charles S. Philosophical Writings of Peirce. New York: Dover Publications, 1955.
221. Pels, Peter. "The Anthropology of Colonialism: Culture, History, and the Emergence of Western Governmentality." Annual Review of Anthropology 26 (1997): 163-83.
222. Penner, J. E. "The 'Bundle of Rights' Picture of Property." UCLA Law Review 43, no. 3 (1996): 711-820.
223. Perham, Margery. Lugard. London: Collins, 1956.
224. Peters, Pauline. "The Limits of Negotiability: Security, Equity and Class Formation in Africa's Land Systems." In Negotiating Property in Africa, edited by Kristine Juul and Christian Lund, 45-66. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 2002.
225. Philips, John E. "Ribats in the Sokoto Caliphate: Selected Studies, 1804-1903." Ph.D. dissertation, UCLA, 1982.
226. Phillips, Anne. The Enigma of Colonialism: British Policy in West Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989.
227. Phillips, John. "A History of the Hausa Language." In Kano and Some of Her Neighbors, ed B. M. Barkindo, 39-58. Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Press, 1989.
228. Pierce, Steven. "Farmers and 'Prostitutes': Twentieth-Century Problems of Female Inheritance in Kano Emirate, Nigeria." Journal of African History 44, no. 3 (2003): 463-86.
229. Pierce, Steven. "Hausa Work and English Rent: Value in Translation." (n.d.).
230. Pierce, Steven. "Identity, Performance, and Secrecy: Gendered Life and the 'Modern' in Northern Nigeria." (n.d.).
231. Pierce, Steven. "Looking for the Legal: Land, Law, and Colonialism in Kano Emirate, Nigeria." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, 2000.
232. Pierce, Steven. "Looking Like a State: Colonialism and the 'Modernity' of Corruption in Northern Nigeria." (n.d.).
233. Pierce, Steven. "Punishment and the Political Body: Flogging and Colonialism in Northern Nigeria." Interventions: The International Journal of Postcolonial Studies 3, no. 2 (2001): 206-21.
234. Pierce, Steven, and Anupama Rao, eds. Discipline and the Other Body: Correction, Corporeality, Colonialism. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, forthcoming.
235. Pittin, Renee. "Marriage and Alternative Strategies: Career Patterns of Hausa Women in Katsina City." Ph.D. dissertation, University of London, 1979.
236. Porter, Gina. "A Note on Slavery, Seclusion and Agrarian Change in Northern Nigeria." Journal of African History 30 (1989): 487-91.
237. Powers, David S. Studies in Quran and Hadith: The Formation of the Islamic Law of Inheritance. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.
238. Prakash, Gyan. Bonded Histories: Genealogies of Labor Servitude in Colonial India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
239. Prakash, Gyan, ed. After Colonialism: Imperial Histories and Postcolonial Displacements. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995.
240. Radcliffe-Brown, A. R., and Cyril Daryll Forde, eds. African Systems of Kinship and Marriage. London: Oxford University Press, 1950.
241. Ranger, T. O. "The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa." In The Invention of Tradition, ed. E. J. Hobsbawm and T. O. Ranger. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
242. Ranger, T. O. "The Invention of Tradition Revisited." In Legitimacy and the State in Twentieth-Century Africa: Essays in Honor of A.H.M. Kirk-Greene, edited by T. O. Ranger and Olufemi Vaughan. Houndmills, UK: Macmillan, 1993.
243. Rao, Anupama, and Steven Pierce. "Discipline and the Other Body: Humanitarianism, Violence, and the Colonial Exception." In Discipline and the Other Body: Correction, Corporeality, Colonialism, ed. Steven Pierce and Anupama Rao. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, forthcoming.
244. Rattray, R. S. Ashanti Law and Constitution. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1929.
245. Raynaut, Claude. Structures Normatives et Relations Électives: Étude D'une Communauté Villageoise Haoussa. La Haye: Mouton, 1972.
246. Raynaut, Claude. "Transformation D'un Systeme De Production et Inegalite Economique: Le Cas D'un Village Haoussa." Canadian Journal of African Studies 10, no. 2 (1975): 279-306.
247. Reno, William. Warlord Politics and African States. Boulder, Col.: Lynner Rienner Publishers, 1998.
248. Reynolds, Jonathan T. The Time of Politics (Zamanin Siyasa): Islam and the Politics of Legitimacy in Northern Nigeria, 1950-1966. 2d ed. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1999.
249. Ricardo, David. The Works and Correspondence of David Ricard. Vol. 1, On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. Ed. Piero Sraffa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951.
250. Rigby, Peter. Cattle, Capitalism, and Class: Ilparakuyo Maasai Transformations. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992.
251. Rosaldo, Renato. Ilongot Headhunting, 1883-1974: A Study in Society and History. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1980.
252. Roseberry, William. Anthropologies and Histories: Essays in Culture, History, and Political Economy. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1989.
253. Ross, Paul J. "Land as a Right to Membership: Land Tenure Dynamics in a Peripheral Area of the Kano Close-Settled Zone." In State, Oil, and Agriculture in Nigeria, ed. Michael Watts. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1987.
254. Sa'id, Halil Ibrahim. "Revolution and Reaction: The Fulani Jihad in Kano and Its Aftermath, 1807-1919." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, 1978.
255. Saunders, Margaret. "Marriage and Divorce in a Muslim Hausa Town (Mirria, Niger Republic)." Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, 1978.
256. Saussure, Ferdinand de. Cours de Linguistique Generale. Paris: Payot, 1968.
257. Schacht, Joseph. The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence. Corr. ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967.
258. Schapera, Isaac. A Handbook of Tswana Law and Custom. 2d ed. London: Oxford University Press, 1955.
259. Schroeder, Jeanne. The Vestal and the Fasces: Hegel, Lacan, Property, and the Feminine. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
260. Scott, David. "Colonial Governmentality." Social Text 43 (1995): 191-220.
261. Scott, David. Refashioning Futures: Criticism after Postcoloniality. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999.
262. Scott, James C. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1998.
263. Shea, Philip J. "The Development of an Export-Oriented Dyed Cloth Industry in Kano Emirate in the Nineteenth Century." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1975.
264. Shenton, Robert, and Louise Lennihan. "Capital and Class: Peasant Differentiation in Northern Nigeria." Journal of Peasant Studies 9, no. 1 (1981): 47-70.
265. Shenton, Robert W. The Development of Capitalism in Northern Nigeria. London: James Currey, 1986.
266. Shenton, Robert W., and Bill Freund. "The Incorporation of Northern Nigeria into the World Capitalist Economy." Review of African Political Economy 13 (1978): 8-20.
267. Simpson, A.W.B. A History of the Land Law. 2d ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.
268. Sklar, Richard L. Nigerian Political Parties: Power in an Emergent African Nation. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1963.
269. Smith, Abdullahi. A Little New Light: Selected Historical Writings of Professor Abdullahi Smith. Zaria: Abdullahi Smith Center for Historical Research, Gaskiya Corporation, 1987.
270. Smith, Adam. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Ed. Edwin Cannan. New York: Modern Library, 1937.
271. Smith, M. G. The Affairs of Daura: History and Change in a Hausa State, 1800-1958. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.
272. Smith, M. G. The Economy of Hausa Communities of Zaria. London: H. M. Stationery Office, 1955.
273. Smith, M. G. Government in Kano, 1350-1950. Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 1997.
274. Smith, M. G. Government in Zazzau, 1800-1950. London: Oxford University Press, 1960.
275. Smith, M. G. "Historical and Cultural Conditions of Political Corruption among the Hausa." Comparative Studies in Society and History 6, no. 2 (1964): 164-94.
276. Smith, M. G. "Slavery and Emancipation in Two Societies." Social and Economic Studies 3 (1954): 239-90.
277. Smith, Mary F. Baba of Karo: A Woman of the Muslim Hausa. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1981.
278. Snyder, Francis. Capitalism and Legal Change: An African Transformation. New York: Academic Press, 1981.
279. Solivetti, Luigi M. "Family, Marriage, and Divorce in a Hausa Community: A Sociological Model." Africa 64, no. 2 (1994): 252-71.
280. Spear, Thomas. "Neo-Traditionalism and the Limits of Invention in British Colonial Africa." Journal of African History 44, no. 1 (2003): 3-27.
281. Starr, June, and Jane Collier, eds. History and Power in the Study of Law: New Directions in Legal Anthropology. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989.
282. Stilwell, Sean. "The Kano Mamlukes." Ph.D. dissertation, York University, 1999.
283. Stilwell, Sean. Paradoxes of Power: The Kano "Mamluks" and Male Royal Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate, 1804-1903. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 2004.
284. Stocking, George W. After Tylor: British Social Anthropology, 1888-1951. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995.
285. Stokes, Eric. The English Utilitarians and India. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959.
286. Stoler, Ann Laura. Capitalism and Confrontation in Sumatra's Plantation Belt, 1870-1979. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985.
287. Stoler, Ann Laura. "Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Gender, Race, and Morality in Colonial Asia." In Gender at the Crossroads of Knowledge: Feminist Anthropology in the Postmodern Era, ed. Micaela di Leonardo. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.
288. Stoler, Ann Laura. Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Race and the Intimate in Colonial Rule. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.
289. Stoler, Ann Laura. Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1995.
290. Stoler, Ann Laura. "Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers: European Identities and the Cultural Politics of Exclusion in Colonial Southeast Asia." In Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World, ed. Frederick Cooper and Ann Laura Stoler, 198-237. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.
291. Strathern, Marilyn. Property, Substance, and Effect: Anthropological Essays on Persons and Things. London: Athlone Press, 1999.
292. Suleri, Sara. The Rhetoric of English India. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
293. Sutter, John. "Peasants, Merchant Capital and Rural Differentiation: A Nigerien Hausa Case Study." Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University, 1982.
294. Tahir, Ibrahim. "Scholars, Saints and Capitalists in Kano, 1904-1974: Patterns of a Bourgeois Revolution in an Islamic Society." Ph. diss., Cambridge University, 1975.
295. Temple, Charles. Native Races and Their Rulers: Sketches and Studies of Official Life and Administrative Problems in Nigeria. Cape Town: Argus, 1918.
296. Temple, Olive. Notes on the Tribes, Provinces, Emirates, and States of the Northern Provinces of Nigeria. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1922.
297. Thompson, E. P. Customs in Common: Studies in Traditional Popular Culture. New York: Free Press, 1991.
298. Thompson, E. P. Whigs and Hunters: The Origin of the Black Act. New York: Pantheon Books, 1975.
299. Tremearne, Arthur. The Ban of the Bori: Demons and Demon-Dancing in West and North Africa. London: Heath Cranton & Ouseley, 1914.
300. Tremearne, Arthur. Hausa Superstitions and Customs: An Introduction to the Folk-lore and the Folk. London: J. Bale Sons & Danielsson, 1913.
301. Trimingham, J. S. A History of Islam in West Africa. London: Oxford University Press, 1963.
302. Ubah, C. N. "The Colonial Administration in Northern Nigeria and the Problem of Freed Slave Children." Slavery and Abolition 14, no. 3 (1993): 208-233.
303. Ubah, C. N. "Disposal of Freed Slave Children in Northern Nigeria." Journal of African History 33 (1992).
304. Ubah, C. N. Government and Administration of Kano Emirate, 1900-1930. Nsukka: University of Nigeria Press, 1985.
305. Umar, Muhammad Sani. "Muslims' Intellectual Responses to British Colonialism in Northern Nigeria, 1903-1945." Ph.D. dissertation, Northwestern University, 1997.
306. Unger, Roberto. The Critical Legal Studies Movement. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986.
307. Usman, Y. B. The Transformation of Katsina. Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Press, 1978.
308. Usman, Y. B. "The Transformation of Political Communities: Some Notes on a Significant Dimension of the Sokoto Jihad." In Studies in the History of the Sokoto Caliphate. Lagos: Third Press International, 1979, 34-58.
309. Vansina, Jan. Oral Tradition as History. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985.
310. Vansina, Jan. Paths in the Rainforests: Toward a History of Political Tradition in Equatorial Africa. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990.
311. Walkowitz, Judith R. City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
312. Wallace, Christine. "The Concept of Gandu: How Useful Is It in Understanding Labour Relations in Rural Hausa Society?" Savanna 7, no. 2 (1978): 137-150.
313. Wasserman, Louis. "The Essential Henry George." In Critics of Henry George: A Centenary Appraisal of Their Strictures on Progress and Poverty. Rutherford, N.J.: Farleigh-Dickinson University Press, 1979, 34-37.
314. Watts, Michael. Silent Violence: Food, Famine and Peasantry in Northern Nigeria. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.
315. Watts, Michael, ed. State, Oil, and Agriculture in Nigeria. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1987.
316. Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. London: Routledge, 1992.
317. Weber, Max. The Theory of Social and Economic Organizatio. Trans. Alexander Morell Henderson and Talcott Parsons. 1st American ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1947.
318. Whitaker, C. S. The Politics of Tradition: Continuity and Change in Northern Nigeria, 1946-1966. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1970.
319. Whitcombe, Elizabeth M. Agrarian Conditions in Northern India. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.
320. Williams, Patricia J. The Alchemy of Race and Rights: Diary of a Law Professor. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991.
321. Williams, Patricia J. The Rooster's Egg. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995.
322. Wolfe, Eric. Europe and the People without History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982.
323. Yahaya, A. D. The Native Authority System in Northern Nigeria, 1950-1970: A Study in Political Relations with Particular Reference to the Zaria Native Authority. Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Press, 1980.
324. Yakubu, Musa. "Land Tenure under Islamic Law in Northern Nigeria." Journal of Islamic and Comparative Law 9 (1980).
325. Yngvesson, Barbara. Virtuous Citizens, Disruptive Subjects: Order and Complaint in a New England Town. New York: Routledge, 1993.
326. Youe, Chris. "Mamdani's History." Canadian Journal of African Studies 34, no. 2 (2000).
327. Young, Crawford. The African Colonial State in Comparative Perspective. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1994.