Photosynthesis and metabolism in seagrasses at the cellular level

Seagrasses: Biology, Ecology and Conservation

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 323-345

  Larkum, Anthony W D ^a   Drew, Edward A ^b   Ralph, Peter J ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b University of Technology Sydney ^*  (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84900239679     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-2983-7_14     Document Type: Chapter

References (136)

1. Abal EG, Loneragan N, Bowen P, Perry C, Udy J, Dennison WC (1994) Physiological responses of the seagrass Zostera capricorni Aschers. to light intensity. J Exp Mar Biol & Ecol 178:113-129
2. Abel KM, and Drew EA (1989) Carbon metabolism. p 760-796. AWDLarkum, AJ McComb and SA Shepherd (Eds.) Biology of Seagrasses: A treatise on the biology of seagrasses with special reference to the Australasian region. Elsevier Publ. Co., Amsterdam
3. Alcoverro T, Manzanera M and Romero J (1998) Seasonal and age-dependent variability of Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile photosynthetic parameters. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 230: 1-13
4. Alcoverro T, Zimmerman RC, Kohrs DG and Alberte RS (1999) Resource allocation and sucrose mobilisation in light-limited eelgrass Zostera marina. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 187:121-131
5. Alcoverro T, Manzanera M, and Romero J (2001) Annual metabolic carbon balance of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica: The importance of carbohydrate reserves. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 211:105-116
6. Andersson B and Aro EM (2001) Photodamage and D1 protein turnover in photosystem II. p. 377-393. In EM Aro, and B Andersson (eds.), Regulation of Photosynthesis, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
7. Andrews TJ and Abel KM (1979) Photosynthetic carbon metabolism in seagrasses: 14C labelling evidence for the C3 pathway. Plant Physiol 63:650-656
8. Attaway DH, Parker PL and Mears JA (1970) Normal alkanes of five coastal spermatophytes. Publ Inst Mar Sci, Texas 15:13-9
9. Augier H (1982) A comparison of the C, H, N, protein and amino acid composition of Posidonia australis Hook f. with that of Posidonia oceanica (L) Delile and several other marine phanerogams. Aquat Bot 12:69-80
10. Badger MR, Hanson D, and Price GD (2002) Evolution and diversity of CO2 concentrating mechanisms in cyanobacteria. Funct Plant Biol 29:161-173.
11. Beer S and BjörkM(2000) Measuring rates of photosynthesis of two tropical seagrasses by pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry. Aquat Bot 66:69-76.
12. Beer S and Rehnberg J (1997) The acquisition of inorganic carbon by the seagrass Zostera marina. Aquat Bot 56:277-283
13. Beer S andWaiselY(1979) Some photosynthetic carbon fixation properties of seagrasses. Aquat Bot 7:129-138
14. Beer S and Waisel Y (1982) Effects of light and pressure on photosynthesis in two seagrasses. Aquat Bot 13:331-337
15. Beer S, Israel A and Waisel Y (1980) Carbon metabolism in seagrasses. II. Patterns of photosynthetic CO2 incorporation. J Exp Bot 31:1019-1026
16. Beer S, Björk M, Hellblom F, & Axelsson L (2002) Inorganic carbon utilization in marine angiosperms (seagrasses). Funct Plant Biol 29: 349-354
17. Beer S, Vilenkin B, Weil A, Veste M, Susel L and Eshel A (1998) Measuring photosynthetic rates in seagrasses by pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 174:293-300
18. Benedict CR, Wong WW and Wong JH (1980) Fractionation of the stable isotopes of inorganic carbon by seagrass. Plant Physiol (Lanc.) 65:512-517
19. Björk M, Weil A, Semesi S and Beer S (1997) Photosynthetic utilization of inorganic carbon by seagrasses from Zanzibar, East Africa. Mar Biol 129: 363-366
20. Bowes, G, Rao SK, Estavillo GM and Reiskind JB (2002) C4 mechanisms in aquatic angiosperms: comparisons with terrestrial C4 systems. Funct Plant Biol 29:379-392
21. Brylinsky M (1977) Release of some dissolved organic matter by some marine macrophytes. Mar Biol 39:213-20
22. Burke MK Dennison WC and Moore KA (1996) Non-structural carbohydrate reserves of eelgrass Zostera marina. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 137:195-201
23. Cummings ME and Zimmerman RC (2003) Light-harvesting and the package effect in the seagrass Thalassia testudinum Banks ex Konig and Zostera marina L.: optical constraints on photoacclimation. Aquat Bot 75:261-274.
24. Dawson SP and Dennison WC (1996) Effects of ultraviolet and photosynthetically active radiation on five seagrass species. Mar Biol 125:629-638.
25. Demmig-Adams B and Adams III WW (1993) The xanthophyll cycle. p.206-251 InAYoung andGBritton, (Eds) Carotenoids in photosynthesis. Chapman Hall, London
26. Drew EA (1978) Factors affecting photosynthesis and its seasonal variation in the seagrasses Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Aschers., and Posidonia oceanica (L) Delile in the Mediterranean. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 31:173-94
27. DrewEA(1983) Sugars, cyclitols and seagrass phylogeny. Aquat Bot 15:387-408
28. DrewEA(1984) The physiology and metabolism of cyclitols. pp. 133-55. In DH Lewis (ed.), The Physiology and Biochemistry of Storage Carbohydrates inVascular Plants. Cambridge Univ. Press., Cambridge.
29. Duarte CM (1991) Seagrass depth limits. Aquat Bot 40:363-377
30. Duarte CM and Chiscano CL (1999) Seagrass biomass and production: A reassessment. Aquat Bot 65: 159-174
31. Dunton KH (1996) Photosynthetic production and biomass of the subtropical seagrass Halodule wrightii along an estuarine gradient. Estuaries 19:436-447
32. Dunton KH and Tomasko DA (1991) Seasonal variations in the photosynthetic performance of Halodule wrightii measured in situ in Laguna Madre, Texas. p. 71-78. In: JH Kemworthy, and JH Haunert (eds.), The light requirements of seagrasses: Proceedings of a workshop to examine the capacity of water quality criteria, standards and monitoring program to protect seagrasses NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFSSEFC-287, Washington
33. Durako MJ (1993) Photosynthetic utilization of CO2(aq) and HCO-3 in Thalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitaceae). Mar Biol 115:373-380
34. Durako MJ Kunzelman JI (2002) Photosynthetic characteristics of Thalassia testudinum measured in situ by pulse-amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry: methodological and scalebased considerations. Aquat Bot 73:173-185.
35. Enriquez S Merino M Iglesias-Prieto R (2002) Variations in the photosynthetic performance along the leaves of the tropical seagrass Thalassia testudinum. Mar Biol 140:891-900
36. Figueroa FL, Jimenez C, Viñegla B, Pérez-Rodríguez E, Aguilera J, Flores-Moya A, Altamirano M, Lebert M, Häder DP (2002) Effects of solar UV radiation on photosynthesis of the marine angiosperm Posidonia oceanica from southern Spain. Mar Ecol Progr Ser 230:59-70
37. Flanigan YS and Critchley C (1996) Light response of D1 turnover and photosystem II efficiency in the seagrass Zostera capricorni. Planta 198:319-323
38. Franklin LA and Badger MR (2001) A comparison of photosynthetic electron transport rates in macroalgae measured by pulse amplitude modulated chlorophyll fluorometry and mass spectrometry. J Phycol 37: 56-767
39. Fogg GE (1976) Release of glycollate from tropical marine plants. Aust J Plant Physiol 3:57-61
40. FonsecaMS and Kenworthy WJ(1987) Effects of current on photosynthesis and distribution of seagrasses. Aquat Bot 27:59-78
41. Frost-Christensen H and Sand-Jensen K (1992) The quantum efficiency of photosynthesis in macroalgae and submerged angiosperms. Oecologia 91:377-384
42. Genty,B, Briantais JM and BakerNR(1989) The relationship between the quantum yield of photosynthetic electron transport and quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence. Biochim Biophys Acta 990:87-92
43. Gillan FT, Hogg RW and Drew EA (1984) The sterol and fatty acid compositions of seven tropical seagrasses from North Queensland, Australia. Phytochem 23: 2817-21
44. Gorbunov MY,Falkowski PG and Kolber ZS (2000) Measurement of photosynthetic parameters in benthic organisms in situ using a scuba-based fast repetition rate fluorometer. Limnol Oceanogr 45:242-245.
45. Häder DP Kumar HD, Smith RC andWorrest RC (1998) Effects on aquatic ecosystems J Photochem Photobiol B-Biol 46:53-68
46. Häder DP Lebert M, Figueroa FL, Jiménez C, Viñegla, B. and Pérez-Rodríguez E (1998) Photoinhibition in Mediterranean macroalgae by solar irradiance on site by PAM fluorescence. Aquat Bot 61:225-236
47. Harrison PG (1978), Patterns of uptake and translocation of 14C by Zostera americana den Hartog in the laboratory. Aquat Bot 5:93-7.
48. Hellblom F, Beer S, Bjork M, and Axelsson L (2001) A buffer sensitive inorganic carbon utilisation system in Zostera marina. Aquat Bot 69:55-62
49. Horton P and HagueA(1988) Studies on the induction of chlorophyll fluorescence in isolated barley protoplasts. IV Resolution of non-photochemical quenching. Biochim Biophys Acta 932:107-115
50. Invers O, Romero J, and PerezM(1997) Effects of pH on seagrass photosynthesis: A laboratory and field assessment. Aquat Bot 59:185-194
51. Invers O, Perez M, and Romero J 1999a. Bicarbonate utilization in seagrass photosynthesis: role of carbonic anhydrase in Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile and Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Ascherson. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 235:103-117.
52. Invers O, Perez M, and Romero J 1999b. Bicarbonate utilization in seagrass photosynthesis: Role of carbonic anhydrase in Posidonia oceanica (L) Delile and Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Ascherson. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 235:125-133
53. Invers O, Zimmerman RC, Alberte RS, Perez M, and Romero J (2001) Inorganic carbon sources for seagrass photosynthesis: an experimental evaluation of bicarbonate use in species inhabiting temperate waters. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 265:203-217.
54. James PL and Larkum AWD. (1996) Photosynthetic Ci acquisition of Posidonia australis. Aquat Bot 55:149-157.
55. Jiménez C, Niell XF and Algarra P (1987) Photosyntehetic adaptation of Zostera noltii Hornem. Aquat Bot 29:217-226
56. JørgensenBB(2001) Life in the diffusive boundary layer. p. 348-74. In BP Boudreau and BB Jørgensen (eds.), The Diffusive Boundary Layer. Oxford University Press, New York
57. Jorgensen N 0. G., Blackburn TH, Henriksen K, Bay D (1981) The importance of Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa as contributors of free amino acids in water and sediment of seagrass beds. PSZNI Mar Ecol 2:97-112
58. Keeley JE (1982) Distribution of diurnal acid metabolism in the genus Isoetes. Amer J Bot 69:254-257
59. KochEW(1994) Hydrodynamics, diffusion-boundary layers and photosynthesis of the seagrasses Thalassia testudinum and Cymodocea nodosa. Mar Biol 118:767-776
60. Koch EW and Gust G. (1999) Water flow in tide-and wavedominated beds of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 184:63-72
61. Kolber Z, Prásil SO and Falkowski PG (2003) Measurements of variable chlorophyll fluorescence using fast repletion rate techniques: defining methodology and experimental protocols. Biochim Biophys Acta 1367:88-106
62. Krause-Jensen D and Sand-Jensen, K (1998) Light attenuation and photosynthesis of aquatic plant communities. Limnol Oceanogr 43:396-407
63. Kuo J (1989) Anatomy of seagrasses. In AWD Larkum, AJ Mc-Comb and SA Shepherd, (eds.), Biology of Seagrasses:Atreatise on the biology of seagrasses with special reference to the Australasian region. p. 45-75. Elsevier Pub. Co., Amsterdam
64. Larkum AWD (2003) Light harvesting in algae. In A. WD Larkum, S. Douglas. and JA Raven (eds.) Photosynthesis in Algae. p. 277-304. Kluwer Publ. Co, Dordrecht
65. Larkum AWD and Barrett J (1983) Light harvesting processes in algae. Advances in Botanical Research 101-219. Academic Press, New York
66. Larkum AWD and Wood WF (1993) The effects of UV-B radiation on photosynthesis and respiration of phytoplankton, benthic macroalgae and seagrasses. Photosynth Res 36:17-23
67. LarkumAWD., G. Roberts JKuo and S. Strother. (1989) Gaseous movement in seagrasses. In AWD Larkum, AJ McComb and SA Shepherd (eds.), Biology of Seagrasses: A treatise on the biology of seagrasses with special reference to the Australasian region. p. 686-722. Elsevier Pub Co, Amsterdam
68. Larkum AW D., Eckert, H.-J. & Renger G (2001) The effect of UV-B radiation on photosystem II. Photosynth Res 36: 17-23
69. Lazar AC and Dawes CJ (1991) A seasonal study of the seagrass Ruppia maritima L. in Tampa Bay, Florida. Organic constituents and tolerances to salinity and temperature. Bot Mar, 34, 265-269
70. Lee D, Bone R, Tarsis, S and Storch D (1990) Correlates of leaf optical properties in tropical forest sun and extreme shade plants. Am J Bot 77:370-380
71. Littler M and Littler, D. Blair SM and Norris JN (1985) Deepest known plant life discovered on an uncharted seamount. Science 227: 57-59
72. Loewus F (1965) Inositol metabolism and cell wall formation in plants. Fed Proc 24:855-62
73. Loewus F and Kelly S (1962) The metabolism of myo-inositol in plants. Fed Proc 21:88
74. Longstaff BJ, Loneragan NR, O'Donohue MJ and DennisonWC (1999) Effects of light deprivation on the survival and recovery of the seagrass Halophila ovalis (R.B.r) Hook. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 234:1-27
75. Longstaff BJ, Kildea, T, Runcie JW, Cheshire A C, Dennison WC, Hurd C, Kana T, Raven JA and Larkum AWD (2002) An in situ study of oxygen exchange and electron transport rate in the marine macroalga Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta). Photosynth Res 74:281-291
76. Lorimer HL (1981) The carboxylation and oxygenation of ribulaose-1,5-bisphosphate: The primary events in photosynthesis and photorespiration. Ann Rev Plant Physiol 32:349-383
77. Maberly SC and Madsen TV(2002) Freshwater angiospermcarbon concentrating mechanisms: processes and patterns. Funct Plant Biol 29:393-405
78. McMillan C (1983) Sulfated flavanoids and leaf morphology of the Halophila ovalis-H. minor complex (Hydrocharitaceae) in the Pacific Islands and Australia. Aquat Bot 16:337-347
79. McMillan C, Williams SC, Escobar L and Zapata, O (1981) Isoenzymes, secondary compounds and experimental cultures of Australian seagrasses in Halophila, Halodule, Zostera, Amphibolis and Posidonia. Aust J Bot 29:247-60
80. Major KM and Dunton KH (2000) Photosynthetic Performance in Syringodium filiforme: Seasonal Variation in Light-Harvesting Characteristics. Aquat Bot 68:249-264
81. Major KM and Dunton KH (2002) Variations in light-harvesting characteristics of the seagrass, Thalassia testudinum: evidence for photoacclimation. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 275:173-189.
82. Marsh JA, Dennison WC and Alberte RS (1986) Effects of temperature on photosynthesis and respiration in eelgrass (Zostera marina L.). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 101:257-267
83. Masini R and Manning CR (1997) The photosynthetic response to irradiance and temperature of four meadow-forming seagrass. Aquat Bot 58:21-36
84. Masini R, Cary JL, Simpson CJ and McComb AJ (1995) Effects of light and temperature on the photosynthesis of temperate meadow-forming seagrass in Western Australia. Aquat Bot 49:239-254
85. Maxwell K and Johnson GN (2000) Chlorophyll fluorescence-A practical guide. J exp Bot 51, 659-668
86. Millhouse J and Strother S 1986a. The effect of pH on the inorganic carbon source for photosynthesis in the seagrass Zostera muelleri. Aquat Bot 24:199-210
87. Millhouse J and Strother S 1986b. Salt-stimulated bicarbonatedependent photosynthesis in the marine angiosperm Zostera muelleri. J Exp Bot 37:965-976.
88. Millhouse J and Strother S (1987) Further characteristics of saltdependent bicarbonate use by the seagrass Zostera-muelleri. J Exp Bot 38:1055-1068
89. Miyake C and Asada K (2003) The water-water cycle as an alternative electron flux around PSI in algae. p. 183-204. In AWD Larkum, S Douglas. and JA Raven (eds.) Photosynthesis in Algae. Kluwer Publ. Co, Dordrecht
90. Nicholls PD, Klumpp DW and Johns RB (1982) Lipid components of the seagrasses Posidonia australis and Heterozostera tasmanica as indicators of carbon source. Phytochem 21:1613-162
91. Olesen B, Enriquez S, Duarte CM, Sand-JensenK(2002) Depthacclimation of photosynthesis, morphology and demography of Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa in the Spanish Mediterranean Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 236:89-97
92. Parnik T, Bil K, Kolmakov P and Titlyanov, E (1992) Photosynthesis of the seagrass Thalassodendron ciliatum: leaf anatomy and carbon metabolism. Photosynthetica 26:213-223
93. Peralta G, Perez-Llorens JL, Hernandez I and Vergara JJ (2002) Effects of light availability on growth, architecture and nutrient content of the seagrass Zostera noltii Hornem. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 269:9-26
94. Pirc H (1985) Growth dynamics in Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile. PSZNI Mar Ecol 6:141-65
95. PoppM(1984) Chemical composition of Australian mangroves. H. Low molecular weight carbohydrates. Zeit Pflanzenphysiol 113:411-21
96. Pulich WM (1986) Variations in peat soluble amino-acids and ammonium content in subtropical seagrasses related to salinity stress. Plant Physiols 80:283-86
97. Ralph PJ (1998) Photosynthetic response of laboratory-cultured Halophila ovalis to thermal stress Mar Ecol-Progr Ser 171:123-130
98. Ralph PJ (1999) Light-induced photoinhibitory stress responses of laboratory-cultured Halophila ovalis. Bot Mar 42:11-22.
99. Ralph, PJ (1998) Photosynthetic responses of Halophila ovalis (R. Br.) Hook. f. to osmotic stress. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 227:203-220
100. Ralph PJ and Burchett MD (1995) Photosynthetic responses of Halophila ovalis (R. Br.) Hook. f. to high irradiance stress, using chlorophyll a fluorescence. Aquat Bot 51:55-66
101. Ralph PJ and Gademann R (1999) Photosynthesis of the seagrass Posidonia australis Hook. f and associated epiphytes, measured by in situ fluorescence analysis. p. 63-71. In DI Walker and FE Wells (eds.). The seagrass flora and fauna of Rottnest Island, Western Australia. West Australian Museum, Perth
102. Ralph PJ, Gademann R and Dennison WC (1998) In situ seagrass photosynthesis measured using a submersible pulse amplitude modulated fluorometer. Mar Biol 132:367-373
103. Ralph PJ, Polk SM, Moore KA Orth RJ and Smith WO (2002) Operation of the xanthophyll cycle in the seagrass Zostera marina in response to variable irradiance J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 271:189-207
104. Ralph PJ, Schreiber U, Gademann R, Kühl M, and Larkum, A. WD (2005) Coral photobiology studied with a new imaging PAM fluorometer. J Phycol 41:335-342
105. Raven JA (1970) Exogenous inorganic carbon sources in plant photosynthesis. Biol Rev 45:167-221
106. Raven JA (1984) Energetics and transport in aquatic plants. AR Liss, New York
107. Raven JA (1997) Inorganic carbon acquisition by marine autotrophs. Adv Bot Res 13:33-106
108. Raven JA and Beardall J (2003) Carbon acquisition mechanisms of algae: carbon dioxide diffusion and carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms. p. 225-254. In AWD Larkum, S Douglas. and JARaven (eds.) Photosynthesis in Algae. Kluwer Publ. Co, Dordrecht
109. Raven JA, Johnston AM, Kubler JE, Korb R, Mcinroy SG, Handley LL, Scrimgeour CM, Walker DI, Beardall J, Vanderklift, M., Fredriksen S and Dunton KH (2002) Funct Plant Biol 29:355-378
110. Reiskind JB, Beer S and Bowes G (1989) Photosynthesis, photorespiration and ecophysiological interactions in marine macroalgae. Aquat Bot 34:131-152
111. Ritchie RJ, Nadolny C and Larkum AWD (1996) Driving forces for bicarbonate transport in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus R-2 (PCC 7942). Plant Physiol 112:1573-1584
112. Sand-Jensen K and Revsbech NP (1987) Microprofiles of oxygen in epiphyte-macrophyte associations measured by oxygen microelectrodes. Limnol Oceanogr 32:452-457
113. Schreiber U, BilgerWand Schliwa U (1986) Continuous recording of photochemical and non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching with a new type of modulation fluorometer. Photosynth Res 10:51-62
114. Schreiber U (2005) Pulse-Amplitude (PAM) fluorometry and saturation pulse method. In G. Papageorgiou and Govindjee (eds.). Chlorophyll fluorescence: A signature of Photosynthesis. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration Series. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, in press
115. Schreiber U and Bilger W (1993) Progress in chlorophyll fluorescence research: major developments during the past years in retrospect. p. 151-173. In BH Dietmar UL Heidelberg KE Darmstadt and Kadereit JW. (eds.) Progress in Botany, Vol 54 Springer Verlag, Berlin
116. SchwarzAM and Hellblom F (2002) The photosynthetic light response of Halophila stipulacea growing along a depth gradient in the Gulf of Aqaba, the Red Sea. Aquat Bot 74:263-272
117. Schwarz AM, Bjork M, Buluda T, Mtolera H, and Beer S (2000) Photosynthetic utilisation of carbon and light by two tropical seagrass species as measured in situ. Mar Biol 137:755-761
118. Sculthorpe CD (1967) The Biology of Aquatic Vascular Plants. Edward Arnold, London, 610 pp
119. Seddon S and Cheshire AC (2001) Photosynthetic response of Amphibolis antarctica and Posidonia australis to temperature and desiccation using chlorophyll fluorescence. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 220:119-130
120. Strasser RJ Srivastava A and Tsimilli-Michael (2000) The fluorescence transient as a tool to characterize and screen photosynthetic samples. p. 445-483. In M. Yunus U Pathre, and P. Mohanty (eds.). Probing photosynthesis: mechanisms, regulation and adaptation. Taylor and Francis Publishers, London
121. Terrados J and Ros JD (1995) Temperature effects on photosynthesis and depth distribution of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Ascherson in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon: The Mar Meno, SE Spain. Mar Ecol 16:133-144
122. TouchetteBWand Burkholder JM (2000) Overview of the physiological ecology of carbon metabolism in seagrasses. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 250:169-205
123. Tyerman SD (1989) Solute and water relations of seagrasses. p. 723-759 In: AWD Larkum, AJ McComb and SA Shepherd. Biology of Seagrasses. Elsevier Pub Co, Amsterdam
124. Tyerman SD, Hatcher AI, West RJ and Larkum AWD (1984) Posidonia australis growing in altered salinities: leaf growth, regulation of turgor and the development of osmotic gradients. Aust J Plant Physiol 11:35-47
125. Vass I, Kirilovsky D & Etienne AL (1999) UV-B radiationinduced donor-and acceptor-side modifications of photosystem II in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp PCC (6803) Biochemistry 38:12786-1(2794)
126. Vermatt JE and Verhagen FCA (1996) Seasonal variation in the intertidal seagrass Zostera noltii Hornem.: coupling demographic and physiological patterns. Aquat Bot 52:259-281
127. Waghmode AP and Joshi GV (1983) Significance of phosphoglycolate phosphatase and 3-phosphoglycerate phosphatase in photosynthetic carbon assimilation in some marine plants. Photosynthetica 17:193-197
128. Waldron KW, Baydoun EA-H. and Brett CT (1989) Comparison of cell wall composition of tissues from the seagrasses Halophila and Halodule. Aquat Bot 35:209-218
129. Webster J and StoneBA(1994) Isolation, structure and monosaccharide composition of the walls of vegetative parts of Heterozostera tasmanica (Martens ex Aschers.) den Hartog. Aquat Bot 47:39-52
130. Wetzel RG and Penhale PA (1979) Transport of carbon and excretion of dissolved organic carbon by leaves and roots/ rhizomes in seagrasses and their epiphytes. Aquat Bot 6:149-58
131. Williams WI and Barber DA (1961) The functional significance of aerenchyma in plants. Soc Exptl Biol Symp 15:132-144
132. Wood DC and Hayasaka SS (1981), Chemotaxis of rhizoplane bacteria to amino acids comprising eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) root exudate. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 50:153-61
133. Yamashita T and Butler WL (1968) Photoreduction and photophosphorylation with Tris-washed chloroplasts. Plant Physiol (Lanc) 43:1978-(1984)
134. Zimmerman RC (2003) A biooptical model of irradiance distribution and photosynthesis in seagrass canopies. Limnol Oceanogr 48:568-585
135. Zimmerman RC, Kohrs DG, Steller DL and Alberte RS (1995) Carbon partitioning in eelgrass: regulation by photosynthesis and the response to daily light-dark cycles. Pl Physiol (Lanc) 108:1665-1671
136. Zimmerman RC, Kohrs DG, Steller DL and Alberte RS (1997) Impacts of CO2 enrichment on production and light requirements of eelgrass. Plant Physiol (Lanc) 115:599-607