The case against punishment: Retribution, crime prevention, and the law

The Case Against Punishment: Retribution, Crime Prevention, and the Law

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-217

  Golash, Deirdre ^a  

^a AMERICAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84900121756     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (253)

1. Abbott, J. H. In the Belly of the Beast: Letters from Prison. New York: Vintage, 1991.
2. Abel, Charles F., and Frank H. Marsh. Punishment and Restitution. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1984.
3. Acton, H. B., ed. The Philosophy of Punishment. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1969.
4. Aeschylus. The Eumenides. Translated by Ian Johnston. Available online at http://www.mala.bc.ca/~johnstoi/aeschylus/aeschylus_eumenides.htm; Internet; accessed December 8, 2003. Print version available from Prideaux Street Publications, Nanaimo, BC, Canada.
5. Aldred, Cyril. The Egyptians. New York: Praeger, 1961.
6. Andenaes, Johannes. Punishment and Deterrence. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1974.
7. Aquinas, St. Thomas. Treatise on Law (Summa Theologica, Questions 90-97). Chicago: Regnery, 1965.
8. Aristotle. De Anima. Translated by Hugh Lawson-Tancred. New York: Penguin Books, 1987.
9. Aristotle. De Anima. The Art of Rhetoric. Translated by Hugh Lawson-Tancred. New York: Penguin Books, 1992.
10. Armstrong, K. G. "The Retributivist Hits Back." Mind 70 (1961): 471-490.
11. Attenborough, F.L. Laws of the Earliest English Kings. New York: AMS Press, 1974.
12. Augustine. Letters 91, 93, 94, a.d. 408; 44, a.d. 398; available online at http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1102.htm; Internet; accessed October 11, 2003.
13. Baird, Robert M., and Stuart Rosenbaum, eds. Philosophy of Punishment. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1988.
14. Beccaria, Cesare. On Crimes and Punishments. Translated by David Young. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1986. First published in 1764.
15. Bedau, Hugo. "Retribution and the Theory of Punishment." Journal of Philosophy 75 (1978): 601-625.
16. Bennett, Jonathan. "The Conscience of Huckleberry Finn." Philosophy 49 (April 1974): 123-134.
17. Bentham, Jeremy. Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. New York: Hafner, 1948. First published in 1781.
18. Berns, Walter. For Capital Punishment: Crime and the Morality of the Death Penalty. New York: Basic Books, 1979.
19. Blom-Cooper, Louis. "The Penalty of Imprisonment." Tanner Lectures on Human Values, Cambridge University, 1987. Available online at http://www.tannerlectures.utah.edu/lectures/Blom-Cooper88.pdf; accessed May 15, 2003.
20. Blumstein, Alfred, and Daniel Nagin. "The Deterrent Effect of Legal Sanctions on Draft Evasion." Stanford Law Review 29 (1976): 241-275.
21. Blumstein, Alfred, Jacqueline Cohen, Jeffrey A. Roth, and Christy Visher, eds. Criminal Careers and "Career Criminals," vol. 2. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1986.
22. Bosanquet, Bernard. The Philosophical Theory of the State and Related Essays. London: Macmillan; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1965. First published in 1923.
23. Bosanquet, Bernard. Some Suggestions in Ethics. 1918. Reprint, New York: Kraus Reprint, 1968.
24. Bottoms, Anthony E. "Interpersonal Violence and Social Order in Prisons." In Prisons, ed. Michael Tonry and Joan Petersilia. Vol. 26 of Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.
25. Bourguignon, François. "Crime as a Social Cost of Poverty and Inequality: A Review Focusing on Developing Countries." In Facets of Globalization, 171-191. Edited by Shahid Yusuf, Simon Evenett, and Weiping Wu. Washington, DC: World Bank, October 2001.
26. Box, Steven. Power, Crime, and Mystification. London: Tavistock Publications, 1983.
27. Bradley, F. H. "The Vulgar Notion of Responsibility." In Ethical Studies. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927. First published in 1876.
28. Bradley, F. H. "Some Remarks on Punishment." International Journal of Ethics 4, no. 3 (April 1894): 269-284.
29. Braithwaite, John. Crime, Shame, and Reintegration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
30. Braithwaite, John. Restorative Justice and Responsive Regulation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
31. Brandt, Richard. Ethical Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1959.
32. Breggin, Peter R. "Campaigns against Racist Federal Programs by the Center for the Study of Psychiatry and Psychology." Journal of African American Men 1, no. 3 (Winter 1995-96): 3-22.
33. Buffalo Report, March 1, 2002.
34. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Bulletin, April 1997.
35. Burgh, Richard. "Do the Guilty Deserve Punishment?" Journal of Philosophy 79, no. 4 (April 1982): 193-210.
36. Bushie, Berma. "Community Holistic Circle Healing: A Community Approach." Available online at http://www.iirp.org/Pages/vt/vt_bushie.html; accessed November 15, 2003.
37. Butler, Samuel. Erewhon. New York: Modern Library, 1927. First published in 1872.
38. Calhoun, Cheshire, and Robert C. Solomon, eds. What Is an Emotion? New York: Oxford University Press, 1984.
39. Center on Child Abuse Prevention Research. Intensive Home Visitation: A Randomized Trial, Follow-up, and Risk Assessment Study of Hawaii's Healthy Start Program. Chicago: National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse, 1996.
40. Clarke, S. H. "Getting 'Em Out of Circulation: Does Incarceration of Juvenile Offenders Reduce Crime?" Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 65, no. 4 (1974): 528-535.
41. Clockwork Orange, A. Produced and directed by Stanley Kubrick. 137 min. Warner Brothers, 1991. Videocassette.
42. Code of Hammurabi, The. Translated by Theophile J. Meeks. In Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. Edited by J. B. Pritchard. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969.
43. Cohen, Jacqueline, and Jose A. Canela-Cacho. "Incarceration and Violent Crime, 1965-1988." In Understanding and Preventing Violence: Consequence and Control, vol. 4. Edited by Albert J. Reiss, Jr., and Jeffrey A. Roth. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1994.
44. Cohen, L. E., and M. Felson. "Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach." American Sociological Review 44 (1979): 588-608.
45. Cohen, Mark A. "Measuring the Costs and Benefits of Crime and Justice." In Criminal Justice 2000, vol. 4: Measurement and Analysis of Crime and Justice, 263-315. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, 2000.
46. Corlett, J. Angelo. "Foundations of a Kantian Theory of Punishment." Southern Journal of Philosophy 31 (1993): 263-283.
47. Currie, Elliott. "Crime and Punishment in the United States: Myths, Realities, and Possibilities." In The Politics of Law: A Progressive Critique. 3rd ed. Edited by David Kairys. New York: Basic Books, 1998.
48. Dagger, Richard. "Playing Fair with Punishment." Ethics 103 (1993): 473-488.
49. Daly, Kathleen. "Restorative Justice: The Real Story." Punishment and Society 4, no. 1 (2002): 55-79. Also available online at http://www.gu.edu.au/school/ccj/kdaly_docs/kdpaper12.pdf; Internet; accessed January 11, 2004.
50. De Haan, Willem. The Politics of Redress. London: Unwin Hyman, 1990.
51. De Sousa, Ronald. The Rationality of Emotion. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987.
52. Descartes, René. The Passions of the Soul. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1989. First published in 1649.
53. DiIulio, John, and Anne Morrison Piehl. "'Does Prison Pay?' Revisited: Returning to the Crime Scene." Brookings Review (Spring 1995).
54. Dimock, Susan. "Retributivism and Trust." Law and Philosophy 16 (1997): 37-62.
55. Dolinko, David. "Thoughts about Retributivism." Ethics 101 (April 1991): 537-559.
56. Doyle, James. "A Radical Critique of Punishment." Presented at AMINTAPHIL, Allentown, Pennsylvania, 1992.
57. Duff, R.A. Trials and Punishments. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
58. Duff, R.A. Punishment, Communication, and Culture. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
59. Duff, R. A., and David Garland, eds. A Reader on Punishment. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
60. Durham, Alexis M., III. Crisis and Reform: Current Issues in American Punishment. Boston: Little, Brown, 1994.
61. Durkheim, Emile. The Division of Labor in Society. New York: Macmillan, 1933.
62. Ewing, A.C. The Morality of Punishment. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith, 1970. First published in 1929.
63. Farrell, Daniel M. "The Justification of Deterrent Violence." Ethics 100, no. 2 (1990): 301-317.
64. Farrell, Daniel M. "The Justification of General Deterrence." Philosophical Review 94, no. 3 (July 1985): 367-394.
65. Farrell, Daniel M. "On Threats and Punishments." Social Theory and Practice 15 (1989): 125-154.
66. Fattah, Ezzat A. Criminology: Past, Present and Future. London: Macmillan, 1997.
67. Feeney, Floyd. German and American Prosecutions: An Approach to Statistical Comparison. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1998.
68. Feinberg, Joel. Doing and Deserving. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970.
69. Feinberg, Joel. Harm to Self. Vol. 3 of The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
70. Fields, Charles B., and Richard H. Moore, Jr., eds. Comparative Criminal Justice: Traditional and Nontraditional Systems of Law and Control. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1996.
71. Fingarette, Herbert. "Punishment and Suffering." Presidential Address, Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Association, 1977.
72. Finnis, J. "The Restoration of Retribution." Analysis 32 (1971-72): 131-135.
73. Flaten, Caren. "Victim-Offender Mediation." In Restorative Justice: International Perspectives. Edited by Burt Galaway and Joe Hudson. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press, 1996.
74. Fletcher, George P. Rethinking Criminal Law. Boston: Little, Brown, 1978.
75. Foucault, Michel. Histoire de la Sexualité. Vol. 1: La Volonté de Savoir. Paris: Gallimard, 1976.
76. Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by Alan Sheridan. New York: Vintage Books, 1995.
77. Frankfort, Henri, and H. A. Gronewegen-Frankfort. Before Philosophy: The Intellectual Adventure of Ancient Man. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1946.
78. Frase, Richard S. "Sentencing in Germany and the United States: Comparing Aepfel with Apples." Freiburg, Germany: Max Planck Institute, 2001. Available online at http://www.iuscrim.mpg.de/verlag/Forschaktuell/Frase-Endausdruck.pdf; accessed November 4, 2003.
79. Friedman, David. Law's Order: What Economics Has to Do with Law and Why It Matters. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.
80. Gaes, Gerald G., Timothy J. Flanagan, Larry Motiuk, and Lynn Stewart. "Adult Correctional Treatment." In Prisons, ed. Michael Tonry and Joan Petersilia. Vol. 26 in Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.
81. Galaway, Burt, and Joe Hudson, eds. Restorative Justice: International Perspectives. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press, 1996.
82. Garland, David. Punishment and Modern Society. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985.
83. Garland, David, and Peter Young. The Power to Punish. London: Heinemann Educational Books, 1983.
84. Gibbs, Jack P. Crime, Punishment and Deterrence. New York: Elsevier, 1975.
85. Ginott, Haim G. Between Parent and Child: New Solutions to Old Problems. New York: Macmillan, 1965.
86. Glover, M. R. "Mr. Mabbott on Punishment." Mind, n.s. 48, no. 192 (October 1939): 498-501.
87. Goldman, Alan. "The Paradox of Punishment." Philosophy and Public Affairs 9 (1979): 42-58.
88. Goldman, Alan. "Toward a New Theory of Punishment." Law and Philosophy 1 (1982): 57-76.
89. Gorczyk, John F. "If We Were Serious about Public Safety, What Would It Look Like?" Paper presented at Building Strong Partnerships for Restorative Practices Conference, August 5-7, 1999, Burlington, Vermont. Available online at http://www.iirp.org/Pages/vt/vt_gorczyk.html; accessed November 15, 2003.
90. Gottfredson, Stephen D., and Don M. Gottfredson. "Behavioral Prediction and the Problem of Incapacitation." Criminology 32, no. 3 (1994): 441-474.
91. Green, T.H. Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation. London, New York: Longmans, Green, 1931. First published in 1882.
92. Greenberg, David, and Ronald C. Kessler. "The Effects of Arrest on Crime: A Multivariate Panel Analysis." Social Forces 60 (1982): 771-790.
93. Greenwood, Peter W. Selective Incapacitation. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1982.
94. Greenwood, Peter W., Karyn E. Model, C. Peter Rydell, and James Chiesa. Diverting Children from a Life of Crime: Measuring Costs and Benefits. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1996.
95. Gross, Hyman. A Theory of Criminal Justice. New York: Oxford University Press, 1979.
96. Habermas, Jürgen. Between Facts and Norms. Translated by William Rehg. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996.
97. Hagan, John, and Ronit Dinovitzer. "Collateral Consequences of Imprisonment for Children, Communities and Prisoners." In Prisons, ed. Michael Tonry and Joan Petersilia. Vol. 26 of Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.
98. Hagan, John, and Ruth D. Peterson, eds. Crime and Inequality. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995.
99. Hampton, Jean. "The Moral Education Theory of Punishment." Philosophy and Public Affairs 13, no. 3 (Summer 1984): 208-238.
100. Harlow, Caroline Wolf. Prior Abuse Reported by Inmates and Probationers. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, April 1999.
101. Hart, H. L. A. Punishment and Responsibility. New York: Oxford University Press, 1968.
102. Hawkins, Richard, and Geoffrey Alpert. American Prison Systems: Punishment and Justice. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1989.
103. Hayek, Friedrich. Law, Legislation, and Liberty. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. First published in 1973.
104. "A Healing Circle in the Innu Community of Sheshashit." Justice as Healing 2, no. 2 (Spring 1997). Available online at http://www.usask.ca/nativelaw/jah _sellon.html; Internet; accessed October 20, 2003.
105. Hegel, G. W. F. Philosophy of Right. Translated by T. M. Knox. London: Clarendon Press, 1942. First published in 1821.
106. Henberg, Martin. Retribution: Evil for Evil in Ethics, Law, and Literature. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990.
107. Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. Edited by Edwin Curley. New York: Washington Square Press, 1964. First published in 1651.
108. Homer. Iliad, Book 6. Quoted in What Is Justice? ed. Robert J. Solomon and Mark C. Murphy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.
109. Honderich, Ted. Punishment: The Supposed Justifications. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, UK: Penguin, 1971.
110. Hsieh, C., and Pugh, M. D. "Poverty, Income Inequality, and Violent Crime: A Meta-Analysis of Recent Aggregate Data Studies." Criminal Justice Review 18, no. 2 (1993): 182-202.
111. Hudson, Barbara A. "Restorative Justice: The Challenge of Racial and Sexual Violence." Presented at Law and Society Association annual meeting, St. Louis, Missouri, May 1997.
112. Human Rights Watch. "No Escape: Male Rape in U.S. Prisons." Available online at http://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/prison/report.html; Internet; accessed June 11, 2002.
113. Hume, David. Treatise of Human Nature. Book 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1888.
114. Ignatieff, Michael. A Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution, 1750-1780. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978.
115. James, William. What Is an Emotion? Excerpted in Calhoun and Solomon, What Is an Emotion? 127-141. First published in 1890.
116. Johnson, Robert. Hard Time: Understanding and Reforming the Prison. 3rd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2002.
117. Johnson, Robert, and Hans Toch, eds. Introduction to The Pains of Imprisonment. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1982.
118. Johnstone, Gerry. Restorative Justice: Ideas, Values, Debates. Cullompton, Devon, UK: Willan, 2002.
119. Jones, Peter R., Philip W. Harris, and Jamie Fader. "Identifying Chronic Offenders." Research Paper for the Council of Juvenile Correctional Administrators Conference, Crime and Justice Research Institute, Philadelphia. Philadelphia Department of Human Services, January 1999.
120. Justice as Healing: A Newsletter on Aboriginal Concepts of Justice. Native Law Centre of Canada. Available online at http://www.usask.ca/nativelaw/jah_ross.html; Internet; accessed October 20, 2003.
121. Kafka, Franz. In the Penal Colony: Stories and Short Pieces. Translated by Willa and Edwin Muir. New York: Schocken Books, 1995.
122. Kahan, Dan M., and Martha C. Nussbaum. "Two Conceptions of Emotion in Criminal Law." Columbia Law Review 96 (1996): 269-374.
123. Kairys, David, ed. The Politics of Law: A Progressive Critique. 3rd ed. New York: Basic Books, 1998.
124. Kant, Immanuel. Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals. Translated by Lewis White Beck. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1959. First published in 1785.
125. Kant, Immanuel. The Metaphysical Elements of Justice. Translated by John Ladd. New York: Macmillan, 1965. First published in 1797.
126. Katz, Jack. Seductions of Crime: Moral and Sensual Attractions in Doing Evil. New York: Basic Books, 1988.
127. Kelly, Morgan. "Inequality and Crime." Review of Economics and Statistics 82, no. 4 (November 2000): 530-539.
128. Kennedy, B. P., I. Kawachi, D. Prothrow-Stith, K. Lochner, and B. Gibbs. "Social Capital, Income Inequality, and Firearm Violent Crime." Social Science and Medicine 47, no. 1 (1998): 7-17.
129. Klepper, Steven, and Daniel Nagin. "Tax Compliance and Perceptions of the Risks of Detection and Criminal Prosecution." Law and Society Review 23, no. 2 (1989): 204-240.
130. Klepper, Steven, and Daniel Nagin. "The Deterrent Effect of Perceived Certainty and Severity of Punishment Revisited." Criminology 27 (1989): 721.
131. Kübler-Ross, Elizabeth. Living with Death and Dying. New York: Macmillan, 1981.
132. Latimer, Jeff, Craig Dowden, and Danielle Muise. The Effectiveness of Restorative Justice Practices: A Meta-Analysis. Ottowa: Department of Justice, Canada, 2001. Available online at http://canada.justice.gc.ca/en/ps/rs/rep/meta-e.pdf; Internet; accessed November 15, 2003.
133. "Laws of the Twelve Tables." Translated by S. P. Scott. In The Civil Law. Edited by S. P. Scott, 57-77. New York: AMS Press, 1973.
134. Levitt, Steven D. "The Effect of Prison Population Size on Crime Rates: Evidence from Prison Overcrowding Litigation." Quarterly Journal of Economics 111, no. 2 (May 1996): 319-351.
135. Lipsey, M. W. "What Do We Learn from 400 Research Studies on the Effectiveness of Treatment with Juvenile Delinquents?" In What Works: Reducing Reoffending. Edited by J. McGuire. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1995.
136. Locke, John. Second Treatise of Government. Edited by Thomas P. Peardon. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1952. First published in 1690.
137. Lutz, Catherine. Unnatural Emotions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.
138. Lynch, James P. "Does Punishment Pay?" Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 1997.
139. Lynch, James P. "Crime in International Perspective." In Crime: Public Policies for Crime Control. Edited by James Q. Wilson and Joan Petersilia, 5-42. Oakland, CA: Institute for Contemporary Studies, 2002.
140. Lyons, William. Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980.
141. Mabbott, J. D. "Punishment." Mind, n.s. 48, no. 190 (April 1939): 152-167.
142. MacKenzie, Doris L. "Criminal Justice and Crime Prevention." In Lawrence W. Sherman et al., Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising: A Report to the United States Congress. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, 1997. Available online at http://www.ncjrs.org/works/htm; Internet; accessed June 20, 2002.
143. Mackenzie, Mary Margaret. Plato on Punishment. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.
144. Maitland, Angela S., and Richard D. Sluder. "Victimization in Prisons: A Study of Factors Related to the General Well-Being of Youthful Inmates." Federal Probation 60, no. 2 (June 1996) 24-31.
145. Mariner, Joanne. No Escape: Male Rape in U.S. Prisons. New York: Human Rights Watch, April 2001.
146. Mark, Vernon H., and Frank R. Ervin. Violence and the Brain. New York: Harper and Row, 1970.
147. Martinson, Robert. "What Works? Questions and Answers about Prison Reform." Public Interest 35 (Spring 1974): 22-56.
148. Marvell, Thomas, and Carlisle Moody. "Prison Population Growth and Crime Reduction." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 10 (1994): 109-140.
149. Matravers, Matt. Justice and Punishment: The Rationale of Coercion. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
150. McCloskey, H. J. "The Complexity of the Concepts of Punishment." Philosophy 37 (1962): 307-325.
151. McCloskey, H. J. "Utilitarian and Retributive Punishment." Journal of Philosophy 64 (1967): 91-110.
152. McCloskey, H. J. "A Non-Utilitarian Approach to Punishment." In Contemporary Utilitarianism. Edited by Michael D. Bayles, 239-259. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1968.
153. McCourt, Frank. Angela's Ashes. New York: Scribner, 1996.
154. McGuire, J., ed. What Works: Reducing Reoffending. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1995.
155. Menninger, Karl. The Crime of Punishment. New York: Viking Press, 1968.
156. Messner, S., and R. Rosenfeld. Crime and the American Dream. 3rd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2000.
157. Mill, J. S. "An Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy." Vol. 9 of Collected Works of John Stuart Mill. Edited by J. M. Robson. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1979.
158. Mill, J.S. Utilitarianism. Edited by George Sher. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1979. First published in 1861.
159. Montague, Philip. Punishment as Societal-Defense. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1995.
160. Moore, Michael. "The Moral Worth of Retribution." In Responsibility, Character and the Emotions. Edited by F. Schoeman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
161. Morris, Herbert. "Persons and Punishment." Monist 52, no. 4 (October 1968): 475-501.
162. Morris, Herbert. "A Paternalistic Theory of Punishment." American Philosophical Quarterly 18 (October 1981): 211-263.
163. Morris, Norval, and David J. Rothman, eds. The Oxford History of the Prison. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
164. Morris, Norval, and David J. Rothman, eds. "Marxism and Retribution." Philosophy and Public Affairs 2, no. 3 (Spring 1973): 217-243.
165. Morris, Norval, and David J. Rothman, eds. Retribution, Justice, and Therapy. Dordrecht, Holland; Boston: D. Reidel, 1979.
166. Morris, Norval, and David J. Rothman, eds. "Getting Even: The Role of the Victim." In Crime, Culpability and Remedy. Edited by Ellen Frankel Paul et al., 209-225. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990. Originally published in Jeffrie Murphy and Jean Hampton, Forgiveness and Mercy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
167. Morris, Norval, and David J. Rothman, eds. "Retributivism and the State's Interest in Punishment." In Nomos 28: Criminal Justice. Edited by J. R. Pennock and J. Chapman, 156-164. New York: NYU Press, 1985.
168. Murphy, Jeffrie, ed. Punishment and Rehabilitation. 3rd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1995.
169. Murphy, Jeffrie, and Jules Coleman. The Philosophy of Law: An Introduction to Jurisprudence. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1990.
170. Murphy, Jeffrie, and Jean Hampton. Forgiveness and Mercy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
171. Nagin, Daniel. "Criminal Deterrence Research at the Outset of the 21st Century." In Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 23. Edited by Michael Tonry, 1-42. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.
172. Narayan, Uma. "Appropriate Responses and Preventive Benefits: Justifying Censure and Hard Treatment in Legal Punishment." Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 13 (1993): 166-181.
173. Nathanson, Stephen. "Is the Death Penalty What Murderers Deserve?" In Living Well: Introductory Readings in Ethics. Edited by Steven Luper, 543-553. New York: Harcourt Brace, 2000.
174. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. "Leading Causes of Death." Available online at http://webapp.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/leadcaus.html; Internet; accessed August 10, 2001.
175. Newman, Graeme. Just and Painful. New York: Macmillan, 1983.
176. Nietzsche, Friedrich. On the Genealogy of Morals. Translated by Walter Kaufman. New York: Vintage Books, 1967. First published in 1887.
177. Nino, C. S. "A Consensual Theory of Punishment." Philosophy and Public Affairs 12 (1983): 289-306.
178. Nozick, Robert. Philosophical Explanations. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981.
179. Oakley, Justin. Morality and the Emotions. London: Routledge, 1992.
180. O'Connell, Terry. "From Wagga Wagga to Minnesota." Paper presented at the First North American Conference on Conferencing, Minneapolis, August 6-8, 1998. Available online at http://www.restorativepractices.org/Pages/nacc/nacc_oco.html; Internet; accessed November 15, 2003.
181. Oldenquist, Andrew. "An Explanation of Retribution." Journal of Philosophy 85 (1988): 464-478.
182. O'Neill, Onora. Constructions of Reason: Explorations of Kant's Practical Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
183. Owen, Robert. "A New View of Society: Second Essay." The Avalon Project at Yale Law School (1813). Available online at http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/Avalon/econ/ow02.htm; Internet; accessed May 15, 2003.
184. Packer, Herbert. The Limits of the Criminal Sanction. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1968.
185. Paul, Ellen Frankel, Fred D. Miller, Jr., and Jeffrey Paul, eds. Crime, Culpability and Remedy. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990.
186. Pepinsky, Harold E. The Geometry of Violence and Democracy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991.
187. Pincoffs, Edmund. The Rationale of Legal Punishment. New York: Humanities Press, 1966.
188. Plato. Protageras. Translated by Stanley Lombardo and Karen Bell. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1992.
189. Plato. The Trial and Death of Socrates. Translated by G. M. A. Grube. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1975.
190. Plato. Gorgias. Translated by Donald J. Zeyl. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1987.
191. Posner, Richard. "Criminal Law." Chap. 7 in Economic Analysis of Law. New York: Aspen Law and Business, 1998.
192. Quine, Willard Van Orman. "Two Dogmas of Empiricism." In From a Logical Point of View. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1961.
193. Quinn, Warren. "The Right to Threaten and the Right to Punish." Philosophy and Public Affairs 14, no. 4 (Fall 1985): 327-373.
194. Quinn, Warren. "Actions, Intentions, and Consequences: The Doctrine of Double Effect." Philosophy and Public Affairs 18, no. 4 (Autumn 1989): 334-351.
195. Radin, Margaret. "Capital Punishment and Respect for Persons: Super Due Process for Death." Southern California Law Review 55 (1980): 1143-1189.
196. Rawls, John. "Two Concepts of Rules." Philosophical Review 64, no. 1 (January 1955): 3-32. Reprinted in The Philosophy of Punishment. Edited by H. B. Acton, 105-114. London: Macmillan, 1969.
197. Rawls, John. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971.
198. Reiss, Jr., Albert J., and Jeffrey Roth, eds. Understanding and Preventing Violence, vol. 4: Consequence and Control. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1994.
199. Rorty, Amelie, ed. Explaining Emotions. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980.
200. Ross, Rupert. "Duelling Paradigms? Western Criminal Justice versus Aboriginal Community Healing." In Justice as Healing: A Newsletter on Aboriginal Concepts of Justice. Native Law Centre of Canada, Spring 1995. Excerpt available online at http://www.usask.ca/nativelaw/jah_ross.html; Internet; accessed October 20, 2003.
201. Ross, W.D. The Right and the Good. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1930.
202. Rotman, Edgardo. Beyond Punishment. New York: Greenwood Press, 1990.
203. Rubin, Edward L., ed. Minimizing Harm: A New Crime Policy for Modern America. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999.
204. Rusche, Georg, and Otto Kirchheimer. Punishment and Social Structure. New York: Columbia University Press, 1968. First published in 1939.
205. Rutherford, Andrew. Prisons and the Process of Justice. London: Heinemann Educational Books, 1984.
206. Ryle, Gilbert. The Concept of Mind. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1969. First published in 1949.
207. Sabol, William, and James Lynch. Crime Policy Report: Did Getting Tough on Crime Pay? Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 1997.
208. Sadurski, Wojciech. "Theory of Punishment, Social Justice, and Liberal Neutrality." Law and Philosophy 7 (1989): 351-373.
209. Sampson, Robert J., and William Julius Wilson. "Toward a Theory of Race, Crime, and Urban Inequality." In Crime and Inequality. Edited by John Hagan and Ruth D. Peterson. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995.
210. Sayre-McCord, Geoffrey. "Criminal Justice and Legal Reparations as an Alternative to Punishment." Philosophical Issues 11 (2001): 502-529.
211. Schachter, Stanley. "The Interaction of Cognitive, Social, and Physiological Determinants of Emotional State." Psychological Review 69 (1962): 379-399.
212. Schlick, Moritz. "When Is a Man Responsible?" In Problems of Ethics. Translated by David Rynin, 143-156. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1939.
213. Schoemann, Frederick, ed. Responsibility, Character and the Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
214. Scull, Andrew. "Community Corrections: Panacea, Progress, or Pretence?" In The Power to Punish. Edited by David Garland and Peter Young, 146-169. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1983.
215. Sher, George. Desert. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.
216. Sher, George. "An Unsolved Problem about Punishment." Social Theory and Practice 4 (1977): 149-165.
217. Sherman, Lawrence W., Denise Gottfredson, Doris MacKenzie, John Eck, Peter Reuter, and Shawn Bushway. Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising: A Report to the United States Congress. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, 1997. Available online at http://www.ncjrs.org/works/; Internet; accessed June 20, 2002.
218. Simpson, William Kelly, ed. The Literature of Ancient Egypt. 2nd ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973.
219. Smith, Carolyn, and Terence Thornberry. "The Relationship between Childhood Maltreatment and Adolescent Involvement in Delinquency." Criminology 33, no. 4 (1995): 451-477.
220. Solomon, Robert J., and Mark C. Murphy, eds. What Is Justice? Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.
221. Spelman, William. Criminal Incapacitation. New York: Plenum, 1994.
222. Sprigge, T. L. S. "A Utilitarian Reply to Dr. McCloskey." In Contemporary Utilitarianism. Edited by M. D. Bayles, 261-299. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1968.
223. Stearns, Carol Z., and Peter N. Stearns, eds. Emotion and Social Change: Toward a New Psychohistory. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1988.
224. Stephen, James Fitzjames. A History of the Criminal Law in England. 1883. Reprint, Buffalo, New York: Wm. S. Hein, 1993.
225. Strang, Heather, and John Braithwaite, eds. Restorative Justice: Philosophy to Practice. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate/Dartmouth, 2000.
226. Strang, Heather, Geoffrey C. Barnes, John Braithwaite, and Lawrence W. Sherman. "Long-Term Effects of Court and Conference." Chap. 6 in Experiments in Restorative Policing: A Progress Report on the Canberra Reintegrative Shaming Experiments (RISE). July 1999. Available online at http://www.aic.gov.au/rjustice/rise/progress/1999-6.pdf; Internet; accessed December 4, 2003.
227. Styron, William. Sophie's Choice. New York: Modern Library, 1998.
228. Ten, C. L. "Positive Retributivism." In Crime, Culpability and Remedy. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 1990.
229. Thomas, Laurence. Living Morally. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989.
230. Tonry, Michael, ed. Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Vol. 23. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.
231. Tonry, Michael, and Joan Petersilia. "Prisons Research at the Beginning of the 21st Century." In Prisons. Vol. 26 of Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Edited by Tonry and Petersilia, 1-16. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. Available online at http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/nij/184478.pdf; Internet; accessed October 16, 2003.
232. Treston, Hubert J. Poine: A Study in Ancient Greek Blood-Vengeance. London: Longmans, 1923.
233. Tuchman, Barbara. A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous Fourteenth Century. New York: Knopf, 1979.
234. Tyler, Tom R., and Fay Lenore Cook. "The Mass Media and Judgments of Risk: Distinguishing Impact on Personal and Societal Level Judgments." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 47: 693-708.
235. United States Sentencing Commission. Federal Sentencing Guidelines Manual. Washington, DC, 1987.
236. Visher, Christy A. "The Rand Inmate Survey: A Reanalysis." In Criminal Careers and "Career Criminals." Edited by Alfred Blumstein, Jacqueline Cohen, Jeffrey A. Roth, and Christy Visher, 2: 161-211. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1986.
237. Walker, Samuel. Sense and Nonsense about Crime and Drugs, 4th. ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1948.
238. Walker, Samuel. Why Punish? Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991.
239. Walmsley, Roy. "World Prison Populations: Facts, Trends and Solutions." Presented at the United Nations Programme Network Institutes Technical Assistance Workshop, Vienna, Austria, May 10, 2001.
240. Warner, Sue. Making Amends: Justice for Victims and Offenders. Aldershot, UK: Avebury, 1992.
241. Wasserstrom, Richard. "Why Punish the Guilty?" Princeton University Magazine 20 (Spring 1964): 14-19.
242. Wenk, Ernst A., James O. Robison, and Gerald W. Smith. "Can Violence Be Predicted?" Crime and Delinquency 18 (October 1972): 393-402.
243. Wertheimer, Roger. "Understanding Retribution." Criminal Justice Ethics 3 (Summer/Fall 1983): 19-38.
244. Western, Bruce, Meredith Kleykamp, and Jake Rosenfeld. "Crime, Punishment and American Inequality." Unpublished manuscript, June 2003. Available online at http://www.princeton.edu/~western/ineq2.pdf; Internet; accessed November 4, 2003.
245. Widom, Cathy Spatz. The Cycle of Violence Revisited. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, 1996.
246. Wilson, James Q. Thinking about Crime. New York: Basic Books, 1975.
247. Wilson, James Q., and Joan Petersilia, eds. Crime: Public Policies for Crime Control. Oakland, CA: Institute for Contemporary Studies, 2002.
248. Wilson, John. The Culture of Ancient Egypt. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951.
249. Wilson, William Julius. The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
250. Wolfgang, Marvin, Robert M. Figlio, and Thorsten Sellin. Delinquency in a Birth Cohort. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972.
251. Wolgast, Elizabeth. The Grammar of Justice. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987.
252. Zimring, Franklin E., and Gordon J. Hawkins. Deterrence: The Legal Threat in Crime Control. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973.
253. Zimring, Franklin E., and Gordon J. Hawkins. Incapacitation: Penal Confinement and Restraint of Crime. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.