Fetal imaging: Executive Summary of a Joint Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American College of Radiology, Society for Pediatric Radiology, and Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Fetal Imaging Workshop

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Volumn 210, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 387-397

  Reddy, Uma M ^a   Abuhamad, Alfred Z ^a   Levine, Deborah ^a   Saade, George R ^a  

^a EUNICE KENNEDY SHRIVER NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

AMNION FLUID; CONFERENCE PAPER; FETUS ECHOGRAPHY; FIRST TRIMESTER PREGNANCY; GESTATION PERIOD; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HUMAN; MEDICAL SOCIETY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OBESITY; PLACENTA ACCRETA; PLACENTA PREVIA; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SAFETY; SECOND TRIMESTER PREGNANCY; TWINS;

ANEUPLOIDY; FEMALE; FETAL DISEASES; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; NUCHAL TRANSLUCENCY MEASUREMENT; OBESITY; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; PREGNANCY TRIMESTER, FIRST; PREGNANCY TRIMESTER, SECOND; PREGNANCY, MULTIPLE; SOCIETIES, MEDICAL; ULTRASONOGRAPHY, PRENATAL;

EID: 84899980459     PISSN: 00029378     EISSN: 10976868     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.02.028     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (118)

1. American College of Radiology. ACR-ACOG-AIUM-SRU practice guideline for the performance of obstetrical ultrasound. Revised 2013 (Resolution 17). Available at: http://www.acr.org/∼/media/F7BC35BD59264E7CBE648F6D1BB8B8E2. pdf. Accessed Feb. 19, 2014.
2. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Ultrasonography in pregnancy. ACOG Practice Bulletin no. 101 Obstet Gynecol 113 2009 451 461
3. Society for Maternal Fetal Medicine White paper on ultrasound code 76811 2012 SMFM Washington, DC
4. National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health Antenatal care: routine care for the healthy pregnant woman 2008 RCOG Press London
5. Y. Cargill, L. Morin, and S. Bly et al. Content of a complete routine second trimester obstetrical ultrasound examination and report J Obstet Gynaecol Can 31 2009 272 280
6. A.J. Wilcox, D.D. Baird, and C.R. Weinberg Time of implantation of the conceptus and loss of pregnancy N Engl J Med 340 1999 1796 1799
7. G. Wegienka, and D.D. Baird A comparison of recalled date of last menstrual period with prospectively recorded dates J Womens Health 14 2005 248 252
8. B.O. Verburg, E.A. Steegers, and M. De Ridder et al. New charts for ultrasound dating of pregnancy and assessment of fetal growth: longitudinal data from a population-based cohort study Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 31 2008 388 396
9. M. Whitworth, L. Bricker, J.P. Neilson, and T. Dowswell Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4 2010 CD007058
10. P. Taipale, and V. Hiilesmaa Predicting delivery date by ultrasound and last menstrual period in early gestation Obstet Gynecol 97 2001 189 194
11. H.P. Robinson, and J.E. Fleming A critical evaluation of sonar "crown-rump length" measurements BJOG 82 1975 702 710
12. K. Tunon, S.H. Eik-Ness, P. Grottum, V. Von During, and J.A. Kahn Gestational age in pregnancies conceived after in vitro fertilization: a comparison between age assessed from oocyte retrieval, crown-rump length and biparietal diameter Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 15 2000 41 46
13. P. Sladkevicius, S. Saltvedt, H. Almstrom, M. Kublickas, C. Grunewald, and L. Valentin Ultrasound dating at 12-14 weeks of gestation: a prospective cross-validation of established dating formulae in in-vitro fertilized pregnancies Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 26 2005 504 511
14. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Screening for fetal chromosomal abnormalities. ACOG Practice Bulletin no. 77 Obstet Gynecol 109 2007 217 227
15. I.E. Timor-Tritsch, A. Bashiri, A. Monteagudo, and A.A. Arsland Qualified and trained sonographers in the US can perform early fetal anatomy scans between 11 and 14 weeks Am J Obstet Gynecol 191 2004 1247 1252
16. A.P. Souka, A. Pilalis, Y. Kavalakis, Y. Kosmas, P. Antsaklis, and A. Antsaklis Assessment of fetal anatomy at the 11-14-week ultrasound examination Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 24 2004 730 734
17. A. Syngelaki, T. Chelemen, T. Dagklis, L. Allan, and K.H. Nicolaides Challenges in the diagnosis of fetal non-chromosomal abnormalities at 11-13 weeks Prenat Diagn 31 2011 90 102
18. N.S. den Hollander, M.W. Wessels, M.F. Niermeijer, F.J. Los, and J.W. Wladimiroff Early fetal anomaly scanning in a population at increased risk of abnormalities Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 19 2002 570 574
19. B.J. Whitlow, and D.L. Economides The optimal gestational age to examine fetal anatomy and measure nuchal translucency in the first trimester Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 11 1998 258 261
20. P.M. Doubilet, and C.B. Benson Improved prediction of gestational age in the late third trimester J Ultrasound Med 12 1993 647 653
21. C.B. Benson, and P.M. Doubilet Sonographic prediction of gestational age: accuracy of second- and third-trimester fetal measurements AJR Am J Roentgenol 157 1991 1275 1277
22. F.A. Chervenak, D.W. Skupski, and R. Romero et al. How accurate is fetal biometry in the assessment of fetal age? Am J Obstet Gynecol 178 1998 678 687
23. F.P. Hadlock, R.L. Deter, R.B. Harrist, and S.K. Park Estimating fetal age: computer-assisted analysis of multiple fetal growth parameters Radiology 152 1984 497 501
24. H. Rosendahl, and S. Kivenen Antenatal detection of congenital malformations by routine ultrasonography Obstet Gynecol 73 1989 947 951
25. H. Grandjean, D. Larroque, and S. Levi The performance of routine ultrasonographic screening of pregnancies in the Eurofetus Study Am J Obstet Gynecol 181 1999 446 454
26. American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine AIUM practice guideline for the performance of obstetric ultrasound examinations J Ultrasound Med 32 2013 1083 1101
27. D.A. Nyberg, D.A. Luthy, R.G. Resta, B.C. Nyberg, and M.A. Williams Age-adjusted ultrasound risk assessment for fetal Down's syndrome during the second trimester: description of the method and analysis of 142 cases Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 12 1998 8 14
28. M. Agathokleous, P. Chaveeva, L.C. Poon, P. Kosinski, and K.H. Nicolaides Meta-analysis of second-trimester markers for trisomy 21 Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 41 2013 247 261
29. D.W. Bianchi, L.D. Platt, and J.D. Goldberg et al. Genome-wide fetal aneuploidy detection by maternal plasma DNA sequencing Obstet Gynecol 119 2012 890 901
30. M.E. Norton, H. Brar, and J. Weiss et al. Non-Invasive Chromosomal Evaluation (NICE) Study: results of a multicenter prospective cohort study for detection of fetal trisomy 21 and trisomy 18 Am J Obstet Gynecol 207 2012 137.e1 137.e8
31. G.E. Palomaki, E.M. Kloza, and G.M. Lambert-Messerlian et al. DNA sequencing of maternal plasma to detect Down syndrome: an international clinical validation study Genet Med 13 2011 913 920
32. W. Sepulveda, and J. Lopez-Tenorio The value of minor ultrasound markers for fetal aneuploidy Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 13 2001 183 191
33. M.C. Van den Hof, R.D. Wilson Diagnostic Imaging Committee, Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada; Genetics Committee, Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada Fetal soft markers in obstetric ultrasound J Obstet Gynaecol Can 27 2005 592 636
34. L.M. Digiovanni, M.P. Quinlan, and M.S. Verp Choroid plexus cysts: infant and early childhood developmental outcome Obstet Gynecol 90 1997 191 194
35. F.P. Bernier, S.G. Crawford, and D. Dewey Developmental outcome of children who had choroid plexus cysts detected prenatally Prenat Diagn 25 2005 322 326
36. C. Coco, and P. Jeanty Karyotyping of fetuses with isolated choroid plexus cysts is not justified in an unselected population J Ultrasound Med 23 2004 899 906
37. R. Bronsteen, W. Lee, I.M. Vettraino, R. Huang, and C.H. Comstock Second-trimester sonography and trisomy 18: the significance of isolated choroid plexus cysts after an examination that includes the fetal hands J Ultrasound Med 23 2004 241 245
38. K. Demasio, J. Canterino, C. Ananth, C. Fernandez, J. Smulian, and A. Vintxileos Isolated choroid plexus cyst in low-risk women less than 35 years old Am J Obstet Gynecol 187 2002 1246 1249
39. M. Rochon, and K. Eddleman Controversial ultrasound findings Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 31 2004 61 99
40. T. Dagklis, W. Plasencia, N. Maiz, L. Duarte, and K.H. Nicolaides Choroid plexus cyst, intracardiac echogenic focus, hyperechogenic bowel and hydronephrosis in screening for trisomy 21 at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 31 2008 132 135
41. A. Sotiriadis, G. Makrydimas, and J.P. Ioannidis Diagnostic performance of intracardiac echogenic foci for Down syndrome: a meta-analysis Obstet Gynecol 101 2003 1009 1016
42. D.A. Nyberg, V.L. Souter, A. El-Bastawissi, S. Young, F. Luthhardt, and D.A. Luthy Isolated sonographic markers for detection of fetal Down syndrome in the second trimester of pregnancy J Ultrasound Med 20 2001 1053 1063
43. C. Coco, P. Jeanty, and C. Jeanty An isolated echogenic heart focus is not an indication for amniocentesis in 12,672 unselected patients J Ultrasound Med 23 2004 489 496
44. B. Bromley, E. Lieberman, T.D. Shipp, and B.R. Benacerraf The genetic sonogram: a method of risk assessment for Down syndrome in the second trimester J Ultrasound Med 21 2002 1087 1096
45. R. Achiron, S. Lipitz, U. Gabbay, and S. Yagel Prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of fetal heart echogenic foci: no correlation with Down syndrome Obstet Gynecol 89 1997 945 948
46. G.A. Dildy, V.E. Judd, and S.L. Clark Prospective evaluation of the antenatal incidence and postnatal significance of the fetal echogenic cardiac focus: a case-control study Am J Obstet Gynecol 175 1996 1008 1012
47. J.R. Wax, J. Donnelly, and M. Carpenter et al. Childhood cardiac function after prenatal diagnosis of intracardiac echogenic foci J Ultrasound Med 22 2003 783 787
48. K.M. Aagaard-Tillery, F.D. Malone, and D.A. Nyberg et al. Role of second trimester genetic sonography after Down syndrome screening Obstet Gynecol 114 2009 1189 1196
49. J.E. Corteville, D.L. Gray, and J.P. Crane Congenital hydronephrosis: correlation of fetal ultrasonographic findings with infant outcome Am J Obstet Gynecol 165 1991 384 388
50. J.F. Carbone, M.G. Tuuli, J.M. Dicke, G.A. Macones, and A.O. Odibo Revisiting the risk for aneuploidy in fetuses with isolated pyelectasis Prenat Diagn 31 2011 566 570
51. M. Signorelli, V. Cerri, F. Taddei, C. Groli, and U.A. Bianchi Prenatal diagnosis and management of mild fetal pyelectasis: implications for neonatal outcome and follow-up Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 118 2005 154 159
52. M. Mallik, and A.R. Watson Antenatally detected urinary tract abnormalities: more detection but less action Pediatr Nephrol 23 2008 897 904
53. K. Ismaili, M. Hall, and C. Donner et al. Results of systematic screening for minor degrees of fetal renal pelvis dilatation in an unselected population Am J Obstet Gynecol 188 2003 242 246
54. K.R. Goetzinger, A.G. Cahill, G.A. Macones, and A.O. Odibo Isolated short femur length on second-trimester sonography: a marker for fetal growth restriction and other adverse perinatal outcomes J Ultrasound Med 31 2012 1935 1941
55. B. Weisz, A.L. David, and L. Chitty et al. Association of isolated short femur in the mid-trimester fetus with perinatal outcome Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 31 2008 512 516
56. L.J. Salomon, J.P. Bernard, P. Taupin, C. Benard, and Y. Ville Relationship between nuchal translucency at 11-14 weeks and nuchal fold at 20-24 weeks of gestation Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 18 2001 636 637
57. R. Maymon, A.L. Zimerman, Z. Weinraub, A. Herman, and H. Cuckle Correlation between nuchal translucency and nuchal skin-fold measurements in Down syndrome and unaffected fetuses Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 32 2008 501 505
58. M. Mailath-Pokorny, K. Klein, K. Klembermass-Schrehof, N. Hachemian, and D. Bettelheim Are fetuses with isolated echogenic bowel at higher risk for an adverse pregnancy outcome? Experiences from a tertiary referral center Prenat Diagn 32 2012 1295 1299
59. K.R. Goetzinger, A.G. Cahill, G.A. Macones, and A.O. Odibo Echogenic bowel on second-trimester ultrasonography: evaluating the risk of adverse pregnancy outcome Obstet Gynecol 117 2011 1341 1348
60. W. Sepulveda, and N.J. Sebire Fetal echogenic bowel: a complex scenario Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 16 2000 510 514
61. W. Sepulveda, K.Y. Leung, M.E. Robertson, E. Kay, E.S. Mayall, and N.M. Fisk Prevalence of cystic fibrosis mutations in pregnancies with fetal echogenic bowel Obstet Gynecol 87 1996 103 106
62. D.A. Nyberg, T. Dubinsky, R.G. Resta, B.S. Mahony, D.E. Hickok, and D.A. Luthy Echogenic fetal bowel during the second trimester: clinical importance Radiology 188 1993 527 531
63. J.D. Sonek, S. Cicero, R. Neiger, and K.H. Nicolaides Nasal bone assessment in prenatal screening for trisomy 21 Am J Obstet Gynecol 195 2006 1219 1230
64. S. Cicero, J.D. Sonek, D.S. McKenna, C.S. Croom, L. Johnson, and K.H. Nicolaides Nasal bone hypoplasia in trisomy 21 at 15-22 weeks gestation Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 21 2003 15 18
65. B. Bromley, E. Lieberman, T.D. Shipp, and B.R. Benacerraf Fetal nose bone length: a marker for Down syndrome in the second trimester J Ultrasound Med 21 2002 1387 1394
66. A.O. Odibo, H.M. Sehdev, D.M. Stamilio, A. Cahill, L. Dunn, and G.A. Macones Defining nasal bone hypoplasia in second-trimester Down syndrome screening: does the use of multiples of the median improve screening efficacy? Am J Obstet Gynecol 197 2007 361.e1 361.e4
67. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Obesity in pregnancy. Committee Opinion no. 549 Obstet Gynecol 121 2013 213 217
68. K.J. Stothard, P.W. Tennant, R. Bell, and J. Rankin Maternal overweight and obesity and the risk of congenital anomalies: a systematic review and meta-analysis JAMA 301 2009 636 650
69. J.S. Dashe, D.D. McIntire, and D.M. Twickler Effect of maternal obesity on the ultrasound detection of anomalous fetuses Obstet Gynecol 113 2009 1001 1007
70. K.M. Aagaard-Tillery, T. Flint Porter, and F.D. Malone et al. Influence of maternal BMI on genetic sonography in the FaSTER trial Prenat Diagn 30 2010 14 22
71. I. Hendler, S.C. Blackwell, and E. Bujold et al. Suboptimal second-trimester ultrasonographic visualization of the fetal heart in obese women: should we repeat the examination? J Ultrasound Med 24 2005 1205 1209
72. L.J. Tsai, M. Ho, E.K. Pressman, and L.L. Thornburg Ultrasound screening for fetal aneuploidy using soft markers in the overweight and obese gravida Prenatal Diagn 30 2010 821 826
73. D. Paladini Sonography in obese and overweight pregnant women: clinical, medicolegal and technical issues Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 33 2009 720 729
74. I. Hendler, S.C. Blackwell, and E. Bujold et al. The impact of maternal obesity on midtrimester sonographic visualization of fetal cardiac and craniospinal structures Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 28 2004 1607 1611
75. F. Fuchs, M. Houllier, and A. Voulgaropoulos et al. Factors affecting feasibility and quality of second-trimester ultrasound scans in obese pregnant women Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 41 2013 40 46
76. J.A. Martin, B.E. Hamilton, and M.J. Osterman Three decades of twin births in the United States, 1980-2009 NCHS Data Brief 80 2012 1 8
77. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine L.L. Simpson Twin-twin transfusion syndrome Am J Obstet Gynecol 208 2013 3 18
78. S.W. Wen, K.F. Fung, and L. Huang et al. Fetal and neonatal mortality among twin gestations in a Canadian population: the effect of intrapair birthweight discordance Am J Perinatol 22 2005 279 286
79. F.M. Breathnach, F.M. McAuliffe, and M. Geary et al. Definition of intertwin birth weight discordance Obstet Gynecol 118 2011 94 103
80. J.C. Kingdom, O. Nevo, and K.E. Murphy Discordant growth in twins Prenat Diagn 25 2005 759 765
81. A.S. Faiz, and C.V. Anath Etiology and risk factors for placenta previa: an overview and meta-analysis of observational studies J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 13 2003 175 190
82. M.C. Frederiksen, R. Glassenberg, and C.S. Stika Placenta previa: a 22-year analysis Am J Obstet Gynecol 180 1999 1432 1437
83. S. Iyasu, A.K. Saftlas, D.L. Rowley, L.M. Koonin, H.W. Lawson, and H.K. Atrash The epidemiology of placenta previa in the United States, 1979 through 1987 Am J Obstet Gynecol 168 1993 1424 1429
84. I.E. Timor-Tritsch, and R.A. Yunis Confirming the safety of transvaginal sonography in patients suspected of placenta previa Obstet Gynecol 81 1993 742 744
85. R.H. Becker, R. Vonk, B.C. Mende, V. Ragosch, and M. Entezami The relevance of placental location at 20-23 gestational weeks for prediction of placenta previa at delivery: evaluation of 8650 cases Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 17 2001 496 501
86. M.R. Lauria, R.S. Smith, and M.C. Treadwell et al. The use of second-trimester transvaginal sonography to predict placenta previa Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 8 1996 337 340
87. J.S. Dashe, D.D. McIntire, R.M. Ramus, R. Santos-Ramos, and D.M. Twickler Persistence of placenta previa according to gestational age at ultrasound detection Obstet Gynecol 99 2002 692 697
88. A. Bhide, F. Prefumo, J. Moore, B. Hollis, and B. Thilaganathan Placental edge to internal os distance in the late third trimester and mode of delivery in placenta praevia BJOG 110 2003 860 864
89. S. Matsubara, A. Ohkuchi, and M. Kikkawa et al. Blood loss in low-lying placenta: placental edge to cervical internal os distance of less vs. more than 2 cm J Perinat Med 36 2008 507 512
90. R. Bronsteen, R. Valice, W. Lee, S. Blackwell, M. Balasubramaniam, and C. Comstock Effect of a low-lying placenta on delivery outcome Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 33 2009 204 208
91. P. Vergani, S. Ornaghi, and I. Pozzi et al. Placenta previa: distance to internal os and mode of delivery Am J Obstet Gynecol 201 2009 266.e1 266.e5
92. L.W. Oppenheimer, D. Farine, J.W. Ritchie, R.M. Lewinsky, J. Tellford, and L.A. Fairbanks What is a low-lying placenta? Am J Obstet Gynecol 165 1991 1036 1038
93. R. Bronsteen, A. Whitten, and M. Balasubramanian et al. Vasa previa: clinical presentations, outcomes, and implications for management Obstet Gynecol 122 2013 352 357
94. Y. Oyelese, V. Catanzarite, and F. Prefumo et al. Vasa previa: the impact of prenatal diagnosis on outcomes Obstet Gynecol 103 2004 937 942
95. A. Bhide, and B. Thilaganathan Recent advances in the management of placenta previa Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 16 2004 447 451
96. Publications Committee, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine M.A. Belfort Placenta accreta Am J Obstet Gynecol 203 2010 430 439
97. R.M. Silver, M.B. Landon, and D.J. Rouse et al. Maternal morbidity associated with multiple repeat cesarean deliveries Obstet Gynecol 107 2006 1226 1232
98. C.H. Comstock, W. Lee, I.M. Vettraino, and R.A. Bronsteen The early sonographic appearance of placenta accreta J Ultrasound Med 22 2003 19 23 quiz 24-6
99. I.E. Timor-Tritsch, and A. Monteagudo Unforeseen consequences of the increasing rate of cesarean deliveries: early placenta accreta and cesarean scar pregnancy. A review Am J Obstet Gynecol 207 2012 14 29
100. G.P. Guy, D.B. Peisner, and I.E. Timor-Tritsch Ultrasonographic evaluation of uteroplacental blood flow patterns of abnormally located and adherent placentas Am J Obstet Gynecol 163 1990 723 727
101. C.R. Warshak, R. Eskander, and A.D. Hull et al. Accuracy of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of placenta accreta Obstet Gynecol 108 2006 573 581
102. L.A. McLean, M.E. Heilbrun, A.G. Eller, A.M. Kennedy, and P.J. Woodward Assessing the role of magnetic resonance imaging in the management of gravid patients at risk for placenta accreta Acad Radiol 18 2011 1175 1180
103. G.A. Dildy 3rd, N. Lira, K.J. Moise Jr., G.D. Riddle, and R.L. Deter Amniotic fluid volume assessment: comparison of ultrasonographic estimates versus direct measurements with a dye-dilution technique in human pregnancy Am J Obstet Gynecol 167 1992 986 994
104. E.F. Magann, S.P. Chauhan, M.J. Kinsella, M.F. McNamara, N.S. Whitworth, and J.C. Morrison Antenatal testing among 1001 patients at high risk: the role of ultrasonographic estimate of amniotic fluid volume Am J Obstet Gynecol 180 1999 1330 1336
105. E.F. Magann, M. Sanderson, J.N. Martin, and S. Chauhan The amniotic fluid index, single deepest pocket, and two-diameter pocket in normal human pregnancy Am J Obstet Gynecol 182 2000 1581 1588
106. A.F. Nabhan, and Y.A. Abdelmoula Amniotic fluid index versus single deepest vertical pocket as a screening test for preventing adverse pregnancy outcome Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 2008 CD006593
107. L.M. Hill, R. Breckle, M.L. Thomas, and J.K. Fries Polyhydramnios: ultrasonically detected prevalence and neonatal outcome Obstet Gynecol 69 1987 21 25
108. D.E. Carlson, L.D. Platt, A.L. Medearis, and J. Horenstein Quantifiable polyhydramnios: diagnosis and management Obstet Gynecol 75 1990 989 993
109. E.F. Magann, D.A. Doherty, and C.S. Ennen et al. The ultrasound estimation of amniotic fluid volume in diamniotic twin pregnancies and prediction of peripartum outcomes Am J Obstet Gynecol 196 2007 570.e1 570.e6
110. J.G. Abbott Rationale and derivation of MI and TI: a review Ultrasound Med Biol 25 1999 431 441
111. J.S. Abramowicz, S.B. Barnett, F.A. Duck, P.D. Edmonds, K.H. Hynynen, and M.C. Ziskin Fetal thermal effects of diagnostic ultrasound J Ultrasound Med 27 2008 541 559
112. J.S. Abramowicz Fetal Doppler: how to keep it safe? Clin Obstet Gynecol 53 2010 842 850
113. American College of Radiology. ACR-SPR practice guideline for the safe and optimal performance of fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Revised 2010 (Resolution 13). Available at: http://www.acr.org/∼/media/ACR/Documents/ PGTS/guidelines/MRI-Fetal.pdf. Accessed Feb.19, 2014.
114. D. Levine, P.D. Barnes, J.R. Madsen, W. Li, and R.R. Edelman Fetal central nervous system anomalies: MR imaging augments sonographic diagnosis Radiology 204 1997 635 642
115. E. Whitby, M.N. Paley, N. Davies, A. Sprigg, and P.D. Griffiths Ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging of central nervous system abnormalities in utero in the second and third trimester of pregnancy: comparison with ultrasound BJOG 108 2001 519 526
116. N. Kathary, D.I. Bulas, K.D. Newman, and R.L. Schonberg MRI imaging of fetal neck masses with airway compromise: utility in delivery planning Pediatr Radiol 31 2001 727 731
117. B.M. Kline-Fath, M.A. Calvo-Garcia, S.M. O'Hara, T.M. Crombleholme, and J.M. Racadio Twin-twin transfusion syndrome: cerebral ischemia is not the only fetal MR imaging finding Pediatr Radiol 37 2007 47 56
118. D.M. Twickler, K.P. Magee, J. Caire, M. Zaretsky, J.L. Fleckenstein, and R.M. Ramus Second-opinion magnetic resonance imaging for suspected fetal central nervous system abnormalities Am J Obstet Gynecol 188 2003 492 496