First-line treatment of newly diagnosed elderly patients with chronic myeloid leukemia: Current and emerging strategies

Drugs

Volumn 74, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 627-643

  Gugliotta, Gabriele ^a   Castagnetti, Fausto ^a   Apolinari, Michela ^a   Pirondi, Sara ^a   Cavo, Michele ^a   Baccarani, Michele ^a   Rosti, Gianantonio ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; BOSUTINIB; DASATINIB; HEMOGLOBIN; IMATINIB; NILOTINIB; PONATINIB; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITOR;

ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER SURVIVAL; CANCER THERAPY; CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA; COMORBIDITY; DRUG COST; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; EVENT FREE SURVIVAL; FAILURE FREE SURVIVAL; GERIATRIC PATIENT; HEMOGLOBIN DETERMINATION; HUMAN; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PREVALENCE; REVIEW; SPLENOMEGALY; ADVERSE EFFECTS; AGE; AGED; ALLOTRANSPLANTATION; LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC-PHASE; MIDDLE AGED; PATHOLOGY; PROCEDURES; PROGNOSIS; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION;

AGE FACTORS; AGED; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; HUMANS; LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC-PHASE; MIDDLE AGED; PROGNOSIS; PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITORS; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS;

EID: 84899926783     PISSN: 00126667     EISSN: 11791950     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s40265-014-0207-7     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Hehlmann R, Hochhaus A, Baccarani M. Chronic myeloid leukaemia. Lancet. 2007;370(9584):342-50.
2. Druker BJ, Guilhot F, O'Brien SG, Gathmann I, Kantarjian H, Gattermann N, et al. Five-year follow-up of patients receiving imatinib for chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(23):2408-17.
3. Kantarjian HM, Talpaz M, O'Brien S, Jones D, Giles F, Garcia-Manero G, et al. Survival benefit with imatinib mesylate versus interferon-alpha-based regimens in newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myelogenous leukemia. Blood. 2006;108(6):1835-40.
4. Roy L, Guilhot J, Krahnke T, Guerci-Bresler A, Druker BJ, Larson RA, et al. Survival advantage from imatinib compared with the combination interferon-alpha plus cytarabine in chronic-phase chronic myelogenous leukemia: historical comparison between two phase 3 trials. Blood. 2006;108(5):1478-84.
5. Kantarjian H, O'Brien S, Jabbour E, Garcia-Manero G, Quintas-Cardama A, Shan J, et al. Improved survival in chronic myeloid leukemia since the introduction of imatinib therapy: a single-institution historical experience. Blood. 2012;119(9):1981-7.
6. Saglio G, Kim DW, Issaragrisil S, le Coutre P, Etienne G, Lobo C, et al. Nilotinib versus imatinib for newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(24):2251-9.
7. Kantarjian H, Shah NP, Hochhaus A, Cortes J, Shah S, Ayala M, et al. Dasatinib versus imatinib in newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(24):2260-70.
8. Rohrbacher M, Hasford J. Epidemiology of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2009;22(3):295-302.
9. Phekoo KJ, Richards MA, Moller H, Schey SA. The incidence and outcome of myeloid malignancies in 2,112 adult patients in southeast England. Haematologica. 2006;91(10):1400-4.
10. Xie Y, Davies SM, Xiang Y, Robison LL, Ross JA. Trends in leukemia incidence and survival in the United States (1973-1998). Cancer. 2003;97(9):2229-35.
11. Sokal JE, Cox EB, Baccarani M, Tura S, Gomez GA, Robertson JE, et al. Prognostic discrimination in "good-risk" chronic granulocytic leukemia. Blood. 1984;63(4):789-99.
12. Hasford J, Pfirrmann M, Hehlmann R, Allan NC, Baccarani M, Kluin-Nelemans JC, et al. A new prognostic score for survival of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia treated with interferon alfa. Writing Committee for the Collaborative CML Prognostic Factors Project Group. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90(11):850-8.
13. Gratwohl A, Hermans J, Goldman JM, Arcese W, Carreras E, Devergie A, et al. Risk assessment for patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia before allogeneic blood or marrow transplantation. Chronic Leukemia Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Lancet. 1998;352(9134):1087-92.
14. Hasford J, Baccarani M, Hoffmann V, Guilhot J, Saussele S, Rosti G, et al. Predicting complete cytogenetic response and subsequent progression-free survival in 2060 patients with CML on imatinib treatment: the EUTOS score. Blood. 2011;118(3):686-92.
15. Harrison SJ, Johnson PR, Holyoake TL. The Scotland Leukaemia Registry audit of incidence, diagnosis and clinical management of new patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia in 1999 and 2000. Scott Med J. 2004;49(3):87-90.
16. Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu J, Ward E. Cancer statistics, 2010. CA Cancer J Clin. 2010;60(5):277-300.
17. Chen Y, Wang H, Kantarjian H, Cortes J. Trends in chronic myeloid leukemia incidence and survival in the United States from 1975 to 2009. Leuk Lymphoma. 2013;54(7):1411-7.
18. Mendizabal AM, Garcia-Gonzalez P, Levine PH. Regional variations in age at diagnosis and overall survival among patients with chronic myeloid leukemia from low and middle income countries. Cancer Epidemiol. 2013;37(3):247-54.
19. Corm S, Micol J, Leroyer A, Daudignon A, Preudhomme C, Poulain S, et al. Kinetic of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) prevalence in Northern France since the introduction of imatinib [abstract no. 7088]. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(15 Suppl).
20. Hochhaus A. Educational session: managing chronic myeloid leukemia as a chronic disease. Hematol Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2011;2011:128-35.
21. Huang X, Cortes J, Kantarjian H. Estimations of the increasing prevalence and plateau prevalence of chronic myeloid leukemia in the era of tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Cancer. 2012;118(12):3123-7.
22. Rohrbacher M, Berger U, Hochhaus A, Metzgeroth G, Adam K, Lahaye T, et al. Clinical trials underestimate the age of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients. Incidence and median age of Ph/BCR-ABL-positive CML and other chronic myeloproliferative disorders in a representative area in Germany. Leukemia. 2009;23(3):602-4.
23. Bjorkholm M, Ohm L, Eloranta S, Derolf A, Hultcrantz M, Sjoberg J, et al. Success story of targeted therapy in chronic myeloid leukemia: a population-based study of patients diagnosed in Sweden from 1973 to 2008. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(18):2514-20.
24. Wiggins CL, Harlan LC, Nelson HE, Stevens JL, Willman CL, Libby EN, et al. Age disparity in the dissemination of imatinib for treating chronic myeloid leukemia. Am J Med. 2010;123(8):764 e1-9.
25. Brenner H, Gondos A, Pulte D. Recent trends in long-term survival of patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia: disclosing the impact of advances in therapy on the population level. Haematologica. 2008;93(10):1544-9.
26. Brunner AM, Campigotto F, Sadrzadeh H, Drapkin BJ, Chen YB, Neuberg DS, et al. Trends in all-cause mortality among patients with chronic myeloid leukemia: a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database analysis. Cancer. 2013;119(14):2620-9.
27. van den Akker M, Buntinx F, Metsemakers JF, Roos S, Knottnerus JA. Multimorbidity in general practice: prevalence, incidence, and determinants of co-occurring chronic and recurrent diseases. J Clin Epidemiol. 1998;51(5):367-75.
28. Karlamangla A, Tinetti M, Guralnik J, Studenski S, Wetle T, Reuben D. Comorbidity in older adults: nosology of impairment, diseases, and conditions. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007;62(3):296-300.
29. Valderas JM, Alonso J. Patient reported outcome measures: a model-based classification system for research and clinical practice. Qual Life Res. 2008;17(9):1125-35.
30. Fried LP, Ferrucci L, Darer J, Williamson JD, Anderson G. Untangling the concepts of disability, frailty, and comorbidity: implications for improved targeting and care. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59(3):255-63.
31. Espallargues M, Philp I, Seymour DG, Campbell SE, Primrose W, Arino S, et al. Measuring case-mix and outcome for older people in acute hospital care across Europe: the development and potential of the ACMEplus instrument. QJM. 2008;101(2):99-109.
32. Jadad AR, To MJ, Emara M, Jones J. Consideration of multiple chronic diseases in randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2011;306(24):2670-2.
33. Van Spall HG, Toren A, Kiss A, Fowler RA. Eligibility criteria of randomized controlled trials published in high-impact general medical journals: a systematic sampling review. JAMA. 2007;297(11):1233-40.
34. Boyd CM, Darer J, Boult C, Fried LP, Boult L, Wu AW. Clinical practice guidelines and quality of care for older patients with multiple comorbid diseases: implications for pay for performance. JAMA. 2005;294(6):716-24.
35. Gugliotta G, Castagnetti F, Fogli M, Cavo M, Baccarani M, Rosti G. Impact of comorbidities on the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia with tyrosine-kinase inhibitors. Expert Rev Hematol. 2013;6(5):563-74.
36. Passweg JR, Walker I, Sobocinski KA, Klein JP, Horowitz MM, Giralt SA. Validation and extension of the EBMT Risk Score for patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) receiving allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplants. Br J Haematol. 2004;125(5):613-20.
37. Warlick E, Ahn KW, Pedersen TL, Artz A, de Lima M, Pulsipher M, et al. Reduced intensity conditioning is superior to nonmyeloablative conditioning for older chronic myelogenous leukemia patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplant during the tyrosine kinase inhibitor era. Blood. 2012;119(17):4083- 90.
38. Berger U, Engelich G, Maywald O, Pfirrmann M, Hochhaus A, Reiter A, et al. Chronic myeloid leukemia in the elderly: long-term results from randomized trials with interferon alpha. Leukemia. 2003;17(9):1820-6.
39. Hilbe W, Apfelbeck U, Fridrik M, Bernhart M, Niessner H, Abbrederis K, et al. Interferon-alpha for the treatment of elderly patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia. Leuk Res. 1998;22(10):881-6.
40. Cortes J, Kantarjian H, O'Brien S, Robertson LE, Pierce S, Talpaz M. Result of interferon-alpha therapy in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia 60 years of age and older. Am J Med. 1996;100(4):452-5.
41. Kantarjian HM, Deisseroth A, Kurzrock R, Estrov Z, Talpaz M. Chronic myelogenous leukemia: a concise update. Blood. 1993;82(3):691-703.
42. Quesada JR, Talpaz M, Rios A, Kurzrock R, Gutterman JU. Clinical toxicity of interferons in cancer patients: a review. J Clin Oncol. 1986;4(2):234-43.
43. Preudhomme C, Guilhot J, Nicolini FE, Guerci-Bresler A, Rigal-Huguet F, Maloisel F, et al. Imatinib plus peginterferon alfa-2a in chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(26):2511-21.
44. Hehlmann R, Lauseker M, Jung-Munkwitz S, Leitner A, Muller MC, Pletsch N, et al. Tolerability-adapted imatinib 800 mg/d versus 400 mg/d versus 400 mg/d plus interferon-alpha in newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(12):1634-42.
45. Simonsson B, Gedde-Dahl T, Markevarn B, Remes K, Stentoft J, Almqvist A, et al. Combination of pegylated IFN-alpha2b with imatinib increases molecular response rates in patients with low- or intermediate-risk chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2011;118(12):3228-35.
46. Cortes J, Talpaz M, O'Brien S, Giles F, Beth Rios M, Shan J, et al. Effects of age on prognosis with imatinib mesylate therapy for patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia. Cancer. 2003;98(6):1105-13.
47. Rosti G, Iacobucci I, Bassi S, Castagnetti F, Amabile M, Cilloni D, et al. Impact of age on the outcome of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in late chronic phase: results of a phase II study of the GIMEMA CML Working Party. Haematologica. 2007;92(1):101-5.
48. Baccarani M, Rosti G, Castagnetti F, Haznedaroglu I, Porkka K, Abruzzese E, et al. Comparison of imatinib 400 mg and 800 mg daily in the front-line treatment of high-risk, Philadelphia-positive chronic myeloid leukemia: a European LeukemiaNet Study. Blood. 2009;113(19):4497-504.
49. Castagnetti F, Palandri F, Amabile M, Testoni N, Luatti S, Soverini S, et al. Results of high-dose imatinib mesylate in intermediate Sokal risk chronic myeloid leukemia patients in early chronic phase: a phase 2 trial of the GIMEMA CML Working Party. Blood. 2009;113(15):3428-34.
50. Gugliotta G, Castagnetti F, Palandri F, Breccia M, Intermesoli T, Capucci A, et al. Frontline imatinib treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia: no impact of age on outcome, a survey by the GIMEMA CML Working Party. Blood. 2011;117(21):5591-9.
51. Proetel U, Pletsch N, Lauseker M, Kalmanti L, Schreiber A, Müller MC, et al. Elderly CML patients on early applied high dose imatinib achieve molecular remissions as fast as younger patients in contrast to patients on standard dose imatinib: a subanalysis of The German CML-Study IV [abstract no. 96]. Blood. 2013;122(21).
52. Cross NC, White HE, Muller MC, Saglio G, Hochhaus A. Standardized definitions of molecular response in chronic myeloid leukemia. Leukemia. 2012;26(10):2172-5.
53. Latagliata R, Breccia M, Carmosino I, Cannella L, De Cuia R, Diverio D, et al. "Real-life" results of front-line treatment with Imatinib in older patients (>/= 65 years) with newly diagnosed chronic myelogenous leukemia. Leuk Res. 2010;34(11):1472-5.
54. Rousselot P, Cony-Makhoul P, Nicolini F, Mahon FX, Berthou C, Rea D, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of imatinib mesylate (Gleevec(R)) in elderly patients with chronic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia: Results of the AFR04 study. Am J Hematol. 2013;88(1):1-4.
55. Sanchez-Guijo FM, Duran S, Galende J, Boque C, Nieto JB, Balanzat J, et al. Evaluation of tolerability and efficacy of imatinib mesylate in elderly patients with chronic phase CML: ELDERGLI study. Leuk Res. 2011;35(9):1184-7.
56. Latagliata R, Ferrero D, Iurlo A, Cavazzini F, Castagnetti F, Abruzzese E, et al. Imatinib in very elderly patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase: a retrospective study. Drugs Aging. 2013;30(8):629-37.
57. Khoury HJ, Cortes JE, Kantarjian H, Baccarani M, Shah NP, Bradley-Garelik MB, et al. Safety and efficacy of dasatinib (DAS) vs. imatinib (IM) by baseline comorbidity in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase (CML-CP): analysis of the DASISION trial [abstract no. 3421]. Blood. 2010;116(21).
58. Latagliata R, Breccia M, Castagnetti F, Stagno F, Luciano L, Gozzini A, et al. Dasatinib is safe and effective in unselected chronic myeloid leukaemia elderly patients resistant/intolerant to imatinib. Leuk Res. 2011;35(9):1164-9.
59. Hochhaus A, Kantarjian HM, Baccarani M, Lipton JH, Apperley JF, Druker BJ, et al. Dasatinib induces notable hematologic and cytogenetic responses in chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia after failure of imatinib therapy. Blood. 2007;109(6):2303-9.
60. Hochhaus A, Baccarani M, Deininger M, Apperley JF, Lipton JH, Goldberg SL, et al. Dasatinib induces durable cytogenetic responses in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in chronic phase with resistance or intolerance to imatinib. Leukemia. 2008;22(6):1200-6.
61. Kantarjian H, Pasquini R, Levy V, Jootar S, Holowiecki J, Hamerschlak N, et al. Dasatinib or high-dose imatinib for chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia resistant to imatinib at a dose of 400 to 600 milligrams daily: two-year follow-up of a randomized phase 2 study (START-R). Cancer. 2009;115(18):4136-47.
62. Shah NP, Kantarjian HM, Kim DW, Rea D, Dorlhiac-Llacer PE, Milone JH, et al. Intermittent target inhibition with dasatinib 100 mg once daily preserves efficacy and improves tolerability in imatinib-resistant and -intolerant chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(19):3204-12.
63. Porrini R, Montefusco E, Latagliata R, Breccia M, Vigneri P, Luciano L, et al. Low-dose dasatinib as front-line therapy for elderly (> 60 years) patients with CML [abstract no. 2293]. Blood. 2010;116(21).
64. Breccia M, Latagliata R, Stagno F, Luciano L, Gozzini A, Castagnetti F, et al. Charlson comorbidity index and adult comorbidity evaluation-27 scores might predict treatment compliance and development of pleural effusions in elderly patients with chronic myeloid leukemia treated with second-line dasatinib. Haematologica. 2011;96(10):1457-61.
65. Latagliata R, Breccia M, Fava C, Stagno F, Tiribelli M, Luciano L, et al. Incidence, risk factors and management of pleural effusions during dasatinib treatment in unselected elderly patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia. Hematol Oncol. 2013;31(2):363-9.
66. Montani D, Seferian A, Savale L, Simonneau G, Humbert M. Drug-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension: a recent outbreak. Eur Respir Rev. 2013;22(129):244-50.
67. Montani D, Bergot E, Gunther S, Savale L, Bergeron A, Bourdin A, et al. Pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients treated by dasatinib. Circulation. 2012;125(17):2128-37.
68. Larson RA, Bunworasate U, Turkina AG, Goldberg SL, Dorlhiac-Llacer P, Lopez JL, et al. Nilotinib shows safety and efficacy in older patients (>=65 years) with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase comparable with that in younger patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase: results from ENESTnd [abstract no. 3768]. Blood. 2011;118(21).
69. Nicolini FE, Turkina A, Shen ZX, Gallagher N, Jootar S, Powell BL, et al. Expanding Nilotinib Access in Clinical Trials (ENACT): an open-label, multicenter study of oral nilotinib in adult patients with imatinib-resistant or imatinib-intolerant Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia in the chronic phase. Cancer. 2012;118(1):118-26.
70. le Coutre PD, Turkina A, Kim D-W, Ceglarek B, Alimena G, Al-Ali HK, et al. Efficacy and safety of nilotinib in elderly patients with imatinib-resistant or -;intolerant chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in chronic phase (CP): a sub-analysis of the ENACT (Expanding Nilotinib Access in Clinical Trials) Study [abstract no. 3286]. Blood. 2009;114(22).
71. Lipton JH, le Coutre PD, Wang J, Yang M, Szczudlo T, Giles F. Nilotinib in elderly chronic myeloid leukemia patients in chronic phase (CML-CP) with imatinib resistance or intolerance: efficacy and safety analysis [abstract no. 3233]. Blood. 2008;112(11).
72. Hooi JD, Kester AD, Stoffers HE, Overdijk MM, van Ree JW, Knottnerus JA. Incidence of and risk factors for asymptomatic peripheral arterial occlusive disease: a longitudinal study. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;153(7):666-72.
73. Selvin E, Erlinger TP. Prevalence of and risk factors for peripheral arterial disease in the United States: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2000. Circulation. 2004;110(6):738-43.
74. Kim TD, Rea D, Schwarz M, Grille P, Nicolini FE, Rosti G, et al. Peripheral artery occlusive disease in chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with nilotinib or imatinib. Leukemia. 2013;27(6):1316-21.
75. Giles FJ, Mauro MJ, Hong F, Ortmann CE, McNeill C, Woodman RC, et al. Rates of peripheral arterial occlusive disease in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in the chronic phase treated with imatinib, nilotinib, or non-tyrosine kinase therapy: a retrospective cohort analysis. Leukemia. 2013;27(6):1310-5.
76. Cortes JE, Kim DW, Kantarjian HM, Brummendorf TH, Dyagil I, Griskevicius L, et al. Bosutinib versus imatinib in newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia: results from the BELA trial. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(28):3486-92.
77. Gambacorti-Passerini C, Brummendorf TH, Kim D-W, Dyagil I, Kantarjian HM, Pavlov D, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of bosutinib and imatinib in older versus younger patients with newly diagnosed chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia-BELA trial [abstract no. 4442]. Blood. 2012;120(21).
78. Cortes JE, Kim DW, Pinilla-Ibarz J, le Coutre P, Paquette R, Chuah C, et al. A phase 2 trial of ponatinib in Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(19):1783-96.
79. Cortes JE, Kantarjian H, Shah NP, Bixby D, Mauro MJ, Flinn I, et al. Ponatinib in refractory Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(22):2075-88.
80. Gagnieu M-C, Heiblig M, Blond E, Legros L, Guillermin Y, Morisset S, et al. Cardio-vascular events occurring on ponatinib in chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia patients, preliminary analysis of a multicenter cohort [abstract no. 4020]. Blood. 2013;122(21).
81. Kantarjian HM, Romo CG, Quintas-Cardama A, Jabbour E, Cardenas-Turanzas M, Pierce S, et al. Patterns of non-hematological adverse effects in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase (CML-CP) treated with ponatinib - experience at a single institution [abstract no. 4019]. Blood. 2013;122(21).
82. Efficace F, Baccarani M, Breccia M, Alimena G, Rosti G, Cottone F, et al. Health-related quality of life in chronic myeloid leukemia patients receiving long-term therapy with imatinib compared with the general population. Blood. 2011;118(17):4554-60.
83. Cerreta F, Eichler HG, Rasi G. Drug policy for an aging population - the European Medicines Agency's geriatric medicines strategy. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(21):1972-4.
84. Fentiman IS, Tirelli U, Monfardini S, Schneider M, Festen J, Cognetti F, et al. Cancer in the elderly: why so badly treated? Lancet. 1990;335(8696):1020- 2.
85. Townsley CA, Chan KK, Pond GR, Marquez C, Siu LL, Straus SE. Understanding the attitudes of the elderly towards enrolment into cancer clinical trials. BMC Cancer. 2006;6:34.
86. Carreca I, Balducci L, Extermann M. Cancer in the older person. Cancer Treat Rev. 2005;31(5):380-402.
87. Chen H, Cantor A, Meyer J, Beth Corcoran M, Grendys E, Cavanaugh D, et al. Can older cancer patients tolerate chemotherapy? A prospective pilot study. Cancer. 2003;97(4):1107-14.
88. Repetto L, Fratino L, Audisio RA, Venturino A, Gianni W, Vercelli M, et al. Comprehensive geriatric assessment adds information to Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status in elderly cancer patients: an Italian Group for Geriatric Oncology Study. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(2):494-502.
89. Repetto L, Balducci L. A case for geriatric oncology. Lancet Oncol. 2002;3(5):289-97.
90. Balducci L. Guidelines for the management of the older cancer patient. Cancer Treat Res. 2005;124:233-56.
91. Jabbour E, Kantarjian HM, Saglio G, Steegmann JL, Shah NP, Boque C, et al. Early response with dasatinib or imatinib in chronic myeloid leukemia: 3-year follow-up from a randomized phase 3 trial (DASISION). Blood. 2014;123(4):494-500.
92. Larson RA, Hochhaus A, Hughes TP, Clark RE, Etienne G, Kim DW, et al. Nilotinib vs imatinib in patients with newly diagnosed Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase: ENESTnd 3-year follow-up. Leukemia. 2012;26(10):2197-203.
93. Marin D, Ibrahim AR, Lucas C, Gerrard G, Wang L, Szydlo RM, et al. Assessment of BCR-ABL1 transcript levels at 3 months is the only requirement for predicting outcome for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(3):232-8.
94. Hughes TP, Saglio G, Kantarjian HM, Guilhot F, Niederwieser D, Rosti G, et al. Early molecular response predicts outcomes in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase treated with frontline nilotinib or imatinib. Blood. 2014;123:1353-60.
95. Hanfstein B, Muller MC, Hehlmann R, Erben P, Lauseker M, Fabarius A, et al. Early molecular and cytogenetic response is predictive for long-term progression-free and overall survival in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Leukemia. 2012;26(9):2096-102.
96. Kantarjian HM, Hochhaus A, Saglio G, De Souza C, Flinn IW, Stenke L, et al. Nilotinib versus imatinib for the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed chronic phase, Philadelphia chromosome-positive, chronic myeloid leukaemia: 24-month minimum follow-up of the phase 3 randomised ENESTnd trial. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12(9):841-51.
97. Porkka K, Khoury HJ, Paquette RL, Matloub Y, Sinha R, Cortes JE. Dasatinib 100 mg once daily minimizes the occurrence of pleural effusion in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase and efficacy is unaffected in patients who develop pleural effusion. Cancer. 2010;116(2):377-86.
98. de Lavallade H, Punnialingam S, Milojkovic D, Bua M, Khorashad JS, Gabriel IH, et al. Pleural effusions in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia treated with dasatinib may have an immune-mediated pathogenesis. Br J Haematol. 2008;141(5):745-7.
99. Quintas-Cardama A, Kantarjian H, O'Brien S, Borthakur G, Bruzzi J, Munden R, et al. Pleural effusion in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia treated with dasatinib after imatinib failure. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(25):3908-14.
100. Baccarani M, Castagnetti F, Gugliotta G, Palandri F, Rosti G. Treatment recommendations for chronic myeloid leukemia. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2014;6(1):e2014005.