Use of earth observation data for applications in public health

Geocarto International

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 3-16

  Weng, Qihao ^a   Xu, Bing ^b,c,d   Hu, Xuefei ^e   Liu, Hua ^f  

^a INDIANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY   (China)

^c BEIJING NORMAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^d UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

^e EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

aerosol optical depth; climate change; earth observation; environmental characteristics; globalisation; HyspIRI; infectious diseases; satellite remote sensing; spatial resolution; spectral resolution; temporal resolution; urban

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL PROPERTY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLIMATE CHANGE; INFECTIOUS DISEASE; INFRARED IMAGERY; LANDSAT; OBSERVATIONAL METHOD; OPTICAL DEPTH; PARTICULATE MATTER; PUBLIC HEALTH; REMOTE SENSING; RESOLUTION; RESPIRATORY DISEASE; SATELLITE DATA; URBANIZATION;

EID: 84899906296     PISSN: 10106049     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10106049.2013.838311     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Anderson JF, Andreadis TG, Main AJ, Ferrandino FJ, Vossbrinck CR. 2006. West Nile Virus from female and male mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in subterranean, ground, and canopy habitats in connecticut. J Med Entomol. 43:1010-1019.
2. Balcan D, Colizza V, Goncalves B, Hu H, Ramasco JJ, Vespignani A. 2009. Multiscale mobility networks and the spatial spreading of infectious diseases. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 106:21484-21489.
3. Balenghien T, Fouque F, Sabatier P, Bicout DJ. 2006. Horse-, bird-, and human-seeking behavior and seasonal abundance of mosquitoes in a West Nile virus focus of southern France. J Med Entomol. 43:936-946.
4. Beck LR, Rodriguez MH, Dister SW, Rodriguez AD, Washino RK, Roberts DR, Spanner MA. 1997. Assessment of a remote sensing based model for predicting malaria transmission risk in villages of Chiapas, Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 56:99-106.
5. Benediktsson JA, Swain PH, Ersoy OK. 1990. Neural network approaches versus statistical methods in classification of multisource remote sensing data. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens. 28:540-552.
6. Bergquist R, Rinaldi L. 2010. Health research based on geospatial tools: a timely approach in a changing environment. J Helminthol. 84:1-11.
7. Bowman C, Gumel AB, Driessche PVD, Wu J, Zhu H. 2005. A mathematical model for assessing control strategies against West Nile virus. Bull Math Biol. 67:1107-1133.
8. Brockmann D, Hufnagel L, Geisel T. 2006. The scaling laws of human travel. Nature. 439:462-465.
9. Brownstein JS, Rosen H, Purdy D, Miller JR, Merlino M, Mostashari F. 2002. Spatial analysis of West Nile virus: rapid risk assessment of an introduced vector-borne zoonosis. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2:157-164.
10. Cauchemez S, Bhattarai A, Marchbanks TL, Fagan RP, Ostroff S, Ferguson NM, Swerdlow D, Pennsylvania HNWG. 2011. Role of social networks in shaping disease transmission during a community outbreak of 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 108:2825-2830.
11. Colizza V, Barrat A, Barthelemy M, Valleron AJ, Vespignani A. 2007. Modeling the worldwide spread of pandemic influenza: baseline case and containment interventions. PLoS Med. 4:e13.
12. 2.5 in beijing. Atmos Environ. 38:3443-3452.
13. David S, Mak S, MacDougall L, Fyfe M. 2007. A bird's eye view: using geographic analysis to evaluate the representativeness of corvid indicators for West Nile virus surveillance. Int J Health Geog. 6:3. doi:10.1186/1476-072X-6-3.
14. Dister SW, Fish D, Bros SM, Frank DH, Wood BL. 1997. Landscape characterization of peridomestic risk for Lyme disease using satellite imagery. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 57:687-692.
15. Diuk-Wasser MA, Brown HE, Andreadis TG, Fish D. 2006. Modeling the spatial distribution of mosquito vectors for West Nile virus in Connecticut, USA. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 6:283-295.
16. Dockery DW, Speizer FE, Stram DO, Ware JH, Spengler JD, Ferris BG. 1989. Effects of inhalable particles on respiratory health of children. Am Rev Respir Dis. 139:587-594.
17. Dominici F, Peng RD, Bell ML, Pham L, Mcdermott A, Zeger SL, Samet JM. 2006. Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Jama-J Am Med Assoc. 295:1127-1134.
18. Engel-Cox JA, Holloman CH, Coutant BW, Hoff RM. 2004. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of modis satellite sensor data for regional and urban scale air quality. Atmos Environ. 38:2495-2509.
19. EPA. 2006. National ambient air quality standards for particulate matter; final rule. Federal Register. 71:61144-61233.
20. Ferguson NM, Donnelly CA, Anderson RM. 2001. The foot-and-mouth epidemic in Great Britain: pattern of spread and impact of interventions. Science. 292:1155-1160.
21. 2.5 and all-cause and specific-cause mortality in 27 US communities. J Exposure Sci Environ Epidemiol. 17:279-287.
22. Gauderman WJ, Avol E, Gilliland F, Vora H, Thomas D, Berhane K, Mcconnell R, Kuenzli N, Lurmann F, Rappaport E, et al. 2004. The effect of air pollution on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age. New England J Med. 351:1057-1067.
23. Ghosh D, Guha R. 2011. Using a neural network for mining interpretable relationships of West Nile risk factors. Social Sci Med. 72:418-429.
24. Gibbs SEJ, Wimberly MC, Madden M, Masour J, Yabsley MJ, Stallknecht DE. 2006. Factors affecting the geographic distribution of West Nile virus in Georgia, USA: 2002-2004. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 6:73-82.
25. Gold DR, Litonjua A, Schwartz J, Lovett E, Larson A, Nearing B, Allen G, Verrier M, Cherry R, Verrier R. 2000. Ambient pollution and heart rate variability. Circulation. 101:1267-1273.
26. Grenfell B, Harwood J. 1997. (Meta)population dynamics of infectious diseases. Trends Ecol Evol. 12:395-399.
27. Grenfell BT, Bjornstad ON, Kappey J. 2001. Travelling waves and spatial hierarchies in measles epidemics. Nature. 414:716-723.
28. Grenfell BT, Kleczkowski A, Gilligan CA, Bolker BM. 1995. Spatial heterogeneity, nonlinear dynamics and chaos in infectious diseases. Stat Methods Med Res. 4:160-183.
29. Haack BN, Guptill SC, Holz RK, Jampoler SM, Jensen JR, Welch RA. 1997. Urban analysis and planning. In: Philipson W, editor. Manual of photographic interpretation. 2nd ed. Bethesda (MD):American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing; p. 517-554.
30. Haack BN, Solomon EK, Bechdol MA, Herold ND. 2002. Radar and optical data comparison/integration for urban delineation: a case study. Photogrammetric Eng Remote Sens. 68:1289-1296.
31. Hanski I. 1999. Metapopulation ecology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
32. Harvey W, McGlone JC, McKeown DM, Irvine JM. 2004. User-centric evaluation of semi-automated road network extraction. Photogrammetric Eng Remote Sens. 70:1353-1364.
33. Hay SI, Snow RW, Rogers DJ. 1998. From predicting mosquito habitat to malaria seasons using remotely sensed data: practice, problems and perspectives. Parasitol Today. 14:306-313.
34. Hitzenberger R, Berner A, Giebl H, Kromp R, Larson SM, Rouc A, Koch A, Marischka S, Puxbaum H. 1999. Contribution of carbonaceous material to cloud condensation nuclei concentrations in european background (mt. Sonnblick) and urban (vienna) aerosols. Atmos Environ. 33:2647-2659.
35. 2.5, and chronic coronary heart disease. Int J Health Geog. 8:27. doi:10.1186/1476-072X-8-27.
36. 2.5 concentrations in the southeastern US. Using geographically weighted regression. Environ Res. 121:1-10.
37. Hufnagel L, Brockmann D, Geisel T. 2004. Forecast and control of epidemics in a globalized world. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 101:15124-15129.
38. Ito K, Thurston GD, Nadas A, Lippmann M. 2001. Monitor-to-monitor temporal correlation of air pollution and weather variables in the north-central us. J Exposure Anal Environ Epidemiol. 11:21-32.
39. Jensen JR, Cowen DC. 1999. Remote sensing of urban/suburban infrastructure and socio-economic attributes. Photogrammetric Eng Remote Sens. 65:611-622.
40. Kahn R, Banerjee P, Mcdonald D, Diner DJ. 1998. Sensitivity of multiangle imaging to aerosol optical depth and to pure-particle size distribution and composition over ocean. J Geophys Res-Atmos. 103, 32195-32213.
41. Keeling MJ, Gilligan CA. 2000a. Bubonic plague: a metapopulation model of a zoonosis. Proc R Soc B: Biol Sci. 267:2219-2230.
42. Keeling MJ, Gilligan CA. 2000b. Metapopulation dynamics of bubonic plague. Nature. 407:903-906.
43. Kilpatrick AM, Chmura AA, Gibbons DW, Fleischer RC, Marra PP, Daszak P. 2006. Predicting the global spread of H5N1 avian influenza. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 103:19368-19373.
44. Kitron U, Kazmierczak JJ. 1997. Spatial analysis of the distribution of Lyme disease in Wisconsin. Am J Epidemiol. 145:558-566.
45. Kitron U, Otieno LH, Hungerford LL, Odulaja A, Brigham WU, Okello OO, Joselyn M, MohamedAhmed MM, Cook E. 1996. Spatial analysis of the distribution of tsetse flies in the Lambwe Valley, Kenya, using Landsat TM satellite imagery and GIS. J Anim Ecol. 65:371-380.
46. 2.5 exposures for epidemiological studies using satellite aerosol optical depth measurements. Atmos Environ. 45:6267-6275.
47. 2.5 and aerosol optical depth in delhi metropolitan. Atmos Environ. 41:4492-4503.
48. Kunkel KE, Novak R, Lampman R, Gu W. 2006. Modeling the impact of variable climatic factors on the crossover of Culex Restuans and Culex Pipiens (Diptera Culicidae) vectors of West Nile virus in Illinois. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 74:168-172.
49. 2.5 concentrations. Atmos Chem Phys. 11:7991-8002.
50. Lee DS, Shan J, Bethel JS. 2003. Class-guided building extraction from IKONOS imagery. Photogrammetric Eng Remote Sens. 69:143-150.
51. Lian M, Warner R, Alexander J, Dixon K. 2007. Using geographic information systems and spatial and space-time scan statistics for a population-based risk analysis of the 2002 equine West Nile epidemic in six contiguous regions of Texas. Int J Health Geog. 6:42. doi:10.1186/1476-072X-6-42.
52. Liang L, Xu B, Chen Y, Liu Y, Cao W, Fang L, Feng L, Goodchild MF, Gong P. 2010. Combining spatial-temporal and phylogenetic analysis approaches for improved understanding on global H5N1 transmission. PLoS One. 5:e13575.
53. Liang S, Yang C, Zhong B, Qiu D. 2006. Re-emerging schistosomiasis in hilly and mountainous areas of Sichuan, China. Bull World Health Organiz. 84:139-144.
54. Linthicum KJ, Anyamba A, Tucker CJ, Kelley PW, Myers MF, Peters CJ. 1999. Climate and satellite indicators to forecast Rift Valley Fever epidemics in Kenya. Science. 285:397-400.
55. Linthicum KJ, Bailey CL, Davies FG, Tucker CJ. 1987. Detection of Rift-Valley Fever viral activity in Kenya by satellite remote sensing imagery. Science. 235:1656-1659.
56. 2.5 concentrations in the st. Louis area: A comparison between misr and modis. Remote Sens Environ. 107:33-44.
57. Liu Y, Koutrakis P, Kahn R. 2007. Estimating fine particulate matter component concentrations and size distributions using satellite-retrieved fractional aerosol optical depth: part 1 - method development. J Air Waste Manage Assoc. 57:1351-1359.
58. Liu Y, Koutrakis P, Kahn R, Turquety S, Yantosca RM. 2007. Estimating fine particulate matter component concentrations and size distributions using satellite-retrieved fractional aerosol optical depth: part 2 - a case study. J Air Waste Manage Assoc. 57:1360-1369.
59. 2.5 concentrations using satellite data, meteorology, and land use information. Environ Health Perspect. 117:886-892.
60. 2.5 in the eastern united states using satellite remote sensing. Environ Sci Technol. 39:3269-3278.
61. Liu H, Weng Q. 2009. An examination of the effect of landscape pattern, land surface temperature, and socioeconomic conditions on WNV dissemination in Chicago. Environ Monit Assess. 159:143-161.
62. Liu H, Weng Q. 2012. Enhancing temporal resolution of satellite imagery for public health studies: a study of West Nile Virus outbreak in Los Angeles in 2007. Remote Sens Environ. 117:57-71.
63. Liu H, Weng. Q, Gaines D. 2008. Multi-temporal analysis of the relationship between WNV dissemination and environmental variables in Indianapolis, USA. Int J Health Geog. 7. doi: 10.1186/1476-072X-7-66.
64. Liu H, Weng Q, Gaines D. 2011. Geographic incidence of human West Nile Virus in northern Virginia, USA, in relation to incidence in birds and variations in urban environment. Sci Total Environ. 409:4235-4241.
65. 2.5 samples in milan (italy). Atmos Environ. 41:4599-4610.
66. Malone JB, AbdelRahman MS, ElBahy MM, Huh OK, Shafik M, Bavia M. 1997. Geographic information systems and the distribution of Schistosoma mansoni in the Nile delta. Parasitol Today. 13:112-199.
67. Miliaresis G, Kokkas N. 2007. Segmentation and object-based classification for the extraction of the building class from LiDAR DEMs. Comput Geosci. 33:1076-1087.
68. Mongoh MN, Khaitsa ML, Dyer NW. 2007. Environmental and ecological determinants of West Nile virus occurrence in horses in North Dakota, 2002. Epidemiol Infection. 135:57-66.
69. Na K, Sawant AA, Song C, Cocker Iii DR. 2004. Primary and secondary carbonaceous species in the atmosphere of western riverside county, california. Atmos Environ. 38:1345-1355.
70. National Research Council. 2007. Earth science and applications from space: national imperatives for the next decade and beyond. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
71. 2.5. Environ Sci Technol. 42:5800-5806.
72. Pan LL, Qin LX, Yang SX, Shuai JP. 2008. A neural network-based method for risk factor analysis of West Nile virus. Risk Anal. 28:487-496.
73. Peters A, Dockery DW, Muller JE, Mittleman MA. 2001. Increased particulate air pollution and the triggering of myocardial infarction. Circulation. 103:2810-2815.
74. Pitzer VE, Viboud C, Simonsen L, Steiner C, Panozzo CA, Alonso WJ, Miller MA, Glass RI, Glasser JW, Parashar UD, Grenfell BT. 2009. Demographic variability, vaccination, and the spatiotemporal dynamics of rotavirus epidemics. Science. 325:290-294.
75. Pope CA, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Ito K, Thurston GD. 2002. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. Jama-J Am Med Assoc. 287:1132-1141.
76. Reisen WK, Fang Y, Martinez VM. 2006. Effects of temperature on the transmission of West Nile Virus by Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 43:309-317.
77. Reuters T. 2013. H7N9 avian influenza causes Chinese poultry industry lost more than 10 billion. Beijing (China): Thomson Reuters.
78. Rodriguez DJ, Torres-Sorando L. 2001. Models of infectious diseases in spatially heterogeneous environments. Bull Math Biol. 63:547-571.
79. Rogers DJ, Hay SI, J PM, W WGR. 1997. Mapping land-cover over large areas using multispectral data derived from the NOAA-AVHRR: a case study of Nigeria. Int J Remote Sens. 18:3297-3303.
80. Rogers DJ, Randolph SE. 1991. Mortality rates and population density of tsetse flies correlated with satellite imagery. Nature. 351:739-741.
81. Ruiz MO, Tedesco C, McTighe TJ, Austin C, Kitron U. 2004. Environmental and social determinants of human risk during a West Nile virus outbreak in the greater Chicago area, 2002. Int J Health Geog. 3:8-18.
82. Ruiz MO, Walker ED, Foster ES, Haramis LD, Kitron UD. 2007. Association of west Nile virus illness and urban landscapes in Chicago and Detroit. Int J Health Geog. 6:1-11.
83. Savage HM, Anderson M, Gordon E, McMillen L, Colton L, Charnetzky D, Delorey M, Aspen S, Burkhalter K, Biggerstaff BJ, Godsey M. 2006. Oviposition activity patterns and West Nile virus infection rates for members of the Culex pipiens complex at different habitat types within the hybrid zone, Shelby County, TN, 2002 (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 43:1227-1238.
84. 2.5 at cabauw, the netherlands. Atmos Chem Phys. 9:909-925.
85. Schafer K, Harbusch A, Emeis S, Koepke P, Wiegner M. 2008. Correlation of aerosol mass near the ground with aerosol optical depth during two seasons in munich. Atmos Environ. 42:4036-4046.
86. Schwartz J, Dockery DW, Neas LM. 1996. Is daily mortality associated specifically with fine particles? J Air Waste Manage Assoc. 46:927-939.
87. Seto E, Xu B, Liang S, Gong P, Wu WP, Davis G, Qiu DC, Gu XG, R S. 2002. The use of remote sensing for predictive modeling of schistosomiasis in China. Photogrammetric Eng Remote Sens. 68:167-174.
88. Shoval N, Isaacson M. 2007. Sequence alignment as a method for human activity analysis in space and time. Ann Assoc Am Geog. 97:282-297.
89. Smith DL, Lucey B, Waller LA, Childs JE, Real LA. 2002. Predicting the spatial dynamics of rabies epidemics on heterogeneous landscapes. Proc Nat Academy Sci USA. 99: 3668-3672.
90. Song M, Civco D. 2004. Road extraction using SVM and image segmentation. Photogrammetric Eng Remote Sens. 70:1365-1372.
91. Thomson MC, Connor SJ, Milligan PJM, Flasse SP. 1997. Mapping malaria risk in Africa: what can satellite data contribute? Parsitol Today. 13:313-318.
92. 2.5) concentration in southern ontario from satellite remote sensing and ground-based meteorological measurements. Remote Sens Environ. 114:221-229.
93. Treitz PM, Howard PJ, Gong P. 1992. Application of satellite and GIS technologies for land-cover and land-use mapping at the rural-urban fringe: a case study. Photogrammetric Eng Remote Sens. 58:439-448.
94. U.S. Climate Change Science Program (CCSP). 2008. A report by the US climate change science program and the subcommittee on global change research. In: Gamble JL, Ebi KL, Sussman FG, Wilbanks TJ, editors. Analyses of the effects of global change on human health, welfare, and human systems. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency.
95. 2.5 using aerosol optical depth determined from satellite remote sensing. J Geophys Res-Atmos. 111: D21201. doi:10.1029/2005JD006996.
96. Viboud C, Bjornstad ON, Smith DL, Simonsen L, Miller MA, Grenfell BT. 2006. Synchrony, waves, and spatial hierarchies in the spread of influenza. Science. 312:447-451.
97. Wallace J, Kanaroglou P, IEE P. 2007. An investigation of air pollution in southern ontario, canada, with modis and misr aerosol data. IGARSS. IEEE international geoscience and remote sensing symposium, Vols. 1-12 - sensing and understanding our planet. New York, NY: IEEE; p. 4311-4314.
98. Wang Y, Jiang Z, Jin Z, Tan H, Xu B. 2013. Risk factors for infectious diseases in backyard poultry farms in the poyang lake area, china. PLoS ONE. 8:e67366. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067366.
99. Warner RD, Kimbrough RC, Pierce JR, Ward T, Martinelli LP. 2006. Human West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease in Texas, 2003 epidemic: regional differences. Ann Epidemiol. 16:749-755.
100. Weng Q. 2002. Land use change analysis in the Zhujiang Delta of China using satellite remote sensing, GIS, and stochastic modeling. J Environ Manage. 64:273-284.
101. Weng Q. 2009. Thermal infrared remote sensing for urban climate and environmental studies: methods, applications, and trends. ISPRS J Photogrammetry Remote Sens. 64:335-344.
102. Weng Q. 2011. Remote sensing of urban biophysical environments. In: Weng Q, editor. Advances in environmental remote sesning: sensors, algorithms, applications. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; p. 503-523.
103. Weng Q. 2012. Remote sensing of impervious surfaces in the urban areas: requirements, methods, and trends. Remote Sens Environ. 117:34-49.
104. Weng Q, Esch T, Gamba P, Quattrochi DA, Xian G. 2013. Global urban observation and information: GEO's effort to address the impacts of human settlements. In: Weng Q, editor. Global urban monitoring and assessment through earth observation. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
105. Weng Q, Hu X. 2008. Medium spatial resolution satellite imagery for estimating and mapping urban impervious surfaces using LSMA and ANN. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens. 46: 2397-2406.
106. Weng Q, Lu D, Liang B. 2006. Urban surface biophysical descriptors and land surface temperature variations. Photogrammetric Eng Remote Sens. 72:1275-1286.
107. WHO. 2013. Cumulative number of confirmed human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) reported to WHO. Avalaible from: http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/H5N1_cumulative_table_archives/en/index.html.
108. Wontroba P. 2003. Weather conditions and West Nile virus. Bull Am Meteorol Soc. 84:560-561.
109. Wu X, Tian H, Zhou S, Chen L, Xu B. 2013. Impact of global change on transmission of human infectious diseases. Sci Chin Earth Sci. doi:10.1007/s11430-013-4635-0.
110. Xu B, Gong P. 2009. Spatial temporal modeling of endemic diseases: schistosomiasis transmission and control as an example. In: Madden M, editor. Manual of geographic information systems. Bethesda (MA): ASPRS; p. 413-426.
111. Xu B, Gong P, Biging G, Liang S, Seto E, Robert S. 2004. Snail density prediction for schistosomiasis control using IKONOS and ASTER images. Photogrammetric Eng Remote Sens. 70:1285-1294.
112. Xu B, Gong P, Seto E, Liang S, Yang C, Wen S, Qiu D, Gu X, Spear R. 2006. A spatial temporal model for assessing the effects of inter-village connectivity in schistosomiasis transmission. Ann Assoc Am Geog. 96:31-46.
113. Xu B, Jin Z, Jiang Z, Guo J, Timberlake M, Ma X. 2013. Climatological and geographical impacts on global pandemic of influenza A (H1N1). In: Weng Q, editor. Global urban monitoring and assessment through earth observation. Boca Raton (FL): Taylor & Francis.
114. Xu X, Subbarao, Cox NJ, Guo Y. 1999. Genetic characterization of the pathogenic influenza A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 (H5N1) virus: similarity of its hemagglutinin gene to those of H5N1 viruses from the 1997 outbreaks in Hong Kong. Virology. 261:15-19.
115. Yeh AGO, Li X. 1997. An integrated remote sensing and GIS approach in the monitoring and evaluation of rapid urban growth for sustainable development in the Pearl River Delta, China. Int Planning Stud. 2:193-210.
116. 2.5 over the united states: a geographical comparison by us environmental protection agency regions. J Air Waste Manage Assoc. 59:1358-1369.
117. Zhou XN, Lin DD, Yang HM, Chen HG, Sun LP, Yang GJ, Hong QB, Brown L, Malone JB. 2002. Use of Landsat TM satellite surveillance data to measure the impact of the 1998 flood on snail intermediate host dispersal in the lower Yangtze River Basin. Acta Tropica. 82:193-198.