Debating the little ice age

Journal of Interdisciplinary History

Volumn 45, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 57-68

  Kelly, Morgan ^a   Gráda, Cormac O ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84899658194     PISSN: 00221953     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/JINH_a_00650     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Kelly and Ó Gráda, "The Waning of the Little Ice Age," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, XLIV(2013), 301-325 (hereinafter the documentary article, cited in text);
2. Sam White, "The Real Little Ice Age," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, XLIV (2013), 327-352 (hereinafter cited in text);
3. Rüdiger Glaser and Dirk Riemann, "A Thousand Year Record of Climate Variation for Central Europe at a Monthly Resolution," Journal of Quartenary Science, XXIV (2009), 437-449.
4. See Hubert H. Lamb, Climate, History and the Modern World (London, 1995; orig. pub. 1982); idem, "The Early Medieval Warm Epoch and Its Sequel," Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, and Palaeoecology, I (1965), 13-37;
5. idem, "Britain's Changing Climate," Geographical Journal, CXXXIII (1967), 445-466.
6. Jette Arneborg, Niels Lynnerup, and Jan Heinemeier, "Human Diet and Subsistence Patterns in Norse Greenland ad c. 980-ad c. 1450: Archaeological Interpretations," Journal of the North Atlantic, III (2011-2012), 119-133;
7. Günther Stockinger, "Abandoned Colony in Greenland: Archaeologists Find Clues to Viking Mystery," Der Spiegel Online, January 10, 2013, available at http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/archaeologistsuncover-clues-to-why-vikings-abandoned-greenland-a-876626.html (accessed October 1, 2013).
8. Andrew J. Dugmore et al., "Cultural Adaptation, Compounding Vulnerabilities and Conjunctures in Norse Greenland," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, CIX (2012), 3658-3663, available at http://www.pnas.org/content/109/10/3658.
9. Dugmore et al. is evidently stationary between c. 1150 and c. 1400, whatever it is thereafter. See Michael E. Mann et al., "Global Signatures and Dynamical Origins of the Little Ice Age and the Medieval Climate Anomaly," Science, CCCXXVI (2009), 1256-1260
10. Dugmore, Christian Keller, and Thomas H. McGovern, "Norse Greenland Settlement: Reflections on Climate Change, Trade, and the Contrasting Fates or Human Settlements in the North Atlantic Islands," Arctic Anthropology, XL(2007), 30.
11. Wolfgang Behringer, A Cultural History of Climate (London, 2010), 90-91;
12. Maurice Jorda and Jean-Christophe Roditis, "Les épisodes de gel du Rhône depuis l'an mil: périodisation, interpretation paléoclimatique," Méditerranée, LXXVIII (1993), 19-30.
13. Lamb, "Britain's Changing Climate," 461-462;
14. Iain Buchanan, "The Collection of Niclaes Jongelinck: II The 'Months' by Pieter Bruegel the Elder," Burlington Magazine, 132[1049] (1990), 544;
15. Timothy Foote, The World of Bruegel (New York, 1971), 176, 178, as cited in Philip McCouat, "The Emergence of the Winter Landscape: Bruegel and His Predecessors," Journal of Art in Society (2013), available at http://www.artinsociety.com/theemergence-of-the-winter-landscape.html.
16. Peter J. Robinson, "Ice and Snow in Paintings of Little Ice Age Winters," Weather, LX (2005), 38;
17. John Walsh, "Skies and Reality in Dutch Landscape," in David Freedberg and Jan de Vries (eds.), Art in History: History in Art: Studies in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Culture (Chicago, 1991), 95-117;
18. Franz Ossing, "Bilder als Klima-Archive?" System Erde, II (2012), 90-95.
19. Michael O'Sullivan, "National Gallery of Art's 'Hendrick Avercamp: The Little Ice Age': A Frozen Gem," Washington Post, 26 March 2010; Franz Ossing and Pieter Roelofs, "Avercamp's Skies," contribution to the symposium "IJspret: De winters van Hendrick Avercamp," Amsterdam, January 14, 2012 (see ebooks.gfz-potsdam.de/pubman/item/escidoc...1/.../AvercampH_e.pdf).
20. Lamb, "Britain's Changing Climate," 455. The claim regarding wheat cultivation in Denmark is completely beside the point, since wheat was not grown there during the Middle Ages. See Peter Hambro Mikkelsen and Lars Christian Nørbach, Drengsted: Bebyggelse, jernproduktion og agerbrug I yngre romersk og ældre germansk jernalder (Højbjerg, 2003), 156-157
21. (citing H. A. Jensen, "Macrofossils and Their Contribution to the History of Spermatophyte Flora in Southern Scandinavia from 13000 BP to 1536 AD," Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab Biologiske Skrifter, XXIX [1987], 1-64). We are grateful to Peter Sandholt Jensen for these references.
22. Alex J. Robertson, The Bleak Midwinter 1947 (Manchester, 1987), 14; Andrew French, "So You Think This Is Cold?" Oxford Mail, 7 Jan. 2010;
23. Kevin C. Kearns, Ireland's Arctic Siege: The Big Freeze of 1947 (Dublin, 2012).
24. Lamb, "Britain's Changing Climate," 455-457;
25. idem, Climate, History, and the Modern World, 185. See also Brian M. Fagan, The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History, 1300-1850 (New York, 2001), 84;
26. Gregory McNamee, "Little Ice Ages," Encyclopedia Britannica blog, February 2007, available at http://www.britannica.com/blogs/2007/02/little-ice-ages/;
27. Marco Evers, "A Fine Drop: Global Warming Brightens the Outlook for British Wine," Der Spiegel Online, 13 Nov. 2009.
28. Samuel U. Nussbaumer and Heinz J. Zumbuehl, "The Little Ice Age History of the Glacier des Bossons (Mont Blanc Massif ): A New High Resolution Glacier Length Curve Based on Historical Documents," Climatic Change, CXI (2012), 301-334; Jean Grove, Little Ice Ages: Ancient and Modern (London, 2004; orig. pub. 1988), II, 562 (as cited in White, 343);
29. Atle Nesje and Svein Olaf Dahl, "The 'Little Ice Age'-Only Temperature?" The Holocene, XIII (2003), 171-177;
30. Nesje et al., "The 'Little Ice Age' Glacial Expansion inWestern Scandinavia: Summer Temperature or Winter Precipitation?" Climate Dynamics, XXX (2008), 789-801.
31. Blakeley B. McShane and Abraham J. Wyner, "A Statistical Analysis of Multiple Temperature Proxies: Are Reconstructions of Surface Temperatures over the Last 1000 Years Reliable?" Annals of Applied Statistics, V (2011), 5-44.
32. PAGES 2k Consortium, "Continental-scale Temperature Variability during the Past Two Millennia," Nature Geoscience, VI (2013), 339-346.