Cloud and rain liquid water statistics in the CHUVA campaign

Atmospheric Research

Volumn 144, Issue , 2014, Pages 126-140

  Calheiros, Alan J P ^a   Machado, Luiz A T ^a  

^a INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS ESPACIAIS   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Cloud liquid water; Cloud types; Droplet size distribution; Radar; Radiometer

Indexed keywords

LIQUIDS; METEOROLOGICAL RADAR; MICROWAVE DEVICES; OPTICAL RADAR; RADAR; RADIOMETERS; REFLECTION;

CLOUD LIQUID WATERS; CLOUD TYPES; DROPLET SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; DUAL POLARIZATION RADARS; GROUND-BASED RADIOMETERS; MICROWAVE RADIOMETERS; POLARIMETRIC VARIABLE; PRECIPITATION REGIMES;

RAIN;

CLOUD WATER; DROPLET; LIDAR; PRECIPITATION (CLIMATOLOGY); RADAR; RADIOMETER; RAINFALL; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; VERTICAL PROFILE; WATER CONTENT;

AMAZONIA; BRAZIL; CEARA; FORTALEZA;

EID: 84899637645     PISSN: 01698095     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.03.006     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Atlas D. The estimation of cloud parameters by radar. J. Meteorol. 1954, 11:309-317.
2. Awaka J., Iguchi T., Okamoto K. Rain type classification algorithm. Measuring precipitation from space: EURAINSAT and the future 2007, 213-224. (Netherlands). V. Levizzani, P. Bauer, F.J. Turk (Eds.).
3. Battaglia A., Kummerow C., Shin D.B., Williams C. Constraining microwave brightness temperatures by radar brightband observations. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 2003, 20(6):856-871.
4. Battaglia A., Saavedra P., Morales C.A., Simmer C. Understanding three-dimensional effects in polarized observations with the ground-based ADMIRARI radiometer during the CHUVA campaign. J. Geophys. Res. 2011, 116(D9):1-17.
5. Battan L.J. Radar Observation of the Atmosphere 1973, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
6. Beard K.V., Ochs H.T. Warm-rain initiation: an overview of microphysical mechanisms. J. Appl. Meteorol. 1993, 32:608-625.
7. Bourayou R., Calheiros A.J.P., Sakuragi J., Miacci M., Barbosa H.J.M., Angelis C.F., Machado L.A.T. Vertical cloud structure over a north-eastern Brazilian coastal city using LIDAR, a microwave radiometer and a K-band hydrometeor profiler. Workshop on LiDAR measurements in Latin America - VI WLMLA. 6., 2011, La Paz, Bolívia. Proceedings 2011, LFA-UMSA, La Paz.
8. Cadeddu M.P., Liljegren J.C., Turner D.D. The atmospheric radiation measurement (ARM) program network of microwave radiometers: instruments, data, retrievals. Atmos. Meas. Technol. 2013, 6:2359-2372.
9. Campos E., Ware R., Joe P., Hudak D. Monitoring water phase dynamics in winter clouds. Atmos. Res. 2014, (in press).
10. Caracciolo C., Prodi F., Uijlenhoet R. Comparison between Pludix and impact/optical disdrometers during rainfall measurement campaigns. Atmos. Res. 2006, 82(Issues 1-2):137-163.
11. Cimini D., Westwater E.R., Han Y., Keihm S.J. Accuracy of ground-based microwave radiometer and balloon-borne measurements during WVIOP2000 field experiment. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 2003, 41:2605-2615.
12. Cimini D., Campos E., Ware R., Albers S., Giuliani G., Oreamuno J., Joe P., Koch S., Cober S., Westwater E. Thermodynamic atmospheric profiling during the 2010 Winter Olympics using ground-based microwave radiometry. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 2011, 49(12):4959-4969.
13. Cotton W.R., Bryan G.H., Van den Heever S.C. Storm and Cloud Dynamics 2010, 99. Academic Press, Burlington, MA. 2nd ed.
14. Crewell S., Löhnert U. Accuracy of cloud liquid water path from ground-based microwave radiometry: 2. Sensor accuracy and synergy. Radio Sci. 2003, 38(3):8042.
15. Czekala H., Simmer C. Microwave radiative transfer with nonspherical precipitating hydrometeors. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 1998, 60(3):365-374.
16. Czekala H., Crewell S., Simmer C., Thiele A. Discrimination of cloud and rain liquid water path by groundbased polarized microwave radiometry. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2001, 28(2):267-270.
17. Donaldson R.J. The measurement of cloud liquid-water content by radar. J. Meteorol. 1955, 12:238-244.
18. Doviak R.J., Zrnic D.S. Doppler Radar and Weather Observations 1993, Courier Dover Publications, New York. 2nd ed.
19. Ebell K., Löhnert U., Crewell S., Turner D.D. On characterizing the error in a remotely sensed liquid water content profile. Atmos. Res. 2010, 98(Issue 1):57-68.
20. Eccles P.J., Mueller E.A. X-band attenuation and liquid water content estimation by a dual-wavelength radar. J. Appl. Meteorol. 1971, 10:1252-1259.
21. Fabry F., Zawadzki I. Long-term radar observations of the melting layer of precipitation and their interpretation. J. Atmos. Sci. 1995, 52:838-851.
22. Gonzalez R.C., Woods R.E., Eddins S.L. Digital Image Processing Using MATLAB. 2 2009, Gatesmark Publishing, Knoxville.
23. Greene D.R., Clark R.A. Vertically integrated liquid water - a new analysis tool. Mon. Weather Rev. 1972, 100:548-552.
24. Hagen M., Yuter S.E. Relations between radar reflectivity, liquid-water content, and rainfall rate during the MAP SOP. Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 2003, 129:477-493.
25. Han Y., Westwater E.R. Analysis and improvement of tipping calibration for ground-based microwave radiometers. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 2000, 38(Issue 3):1260-1276.
26. Hardy W.N. Precision temperature reference for microwave radiometry. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory 1973, 21:149-150.
27. Hewison T.J. Profiling temperature and humidity by ground-based microwave radiometers 2006, PhD Thesis, University of Reading.
28. Hogan R.J., Gaussiat N., Illingworth A.J. Stratocumulus liquid water content from dual-wavelength radar. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 2005, 22:1207-1218.
29. Houze R.A. Cloud Dynamics 1993, Academic Press, San Diego.
30. Hu Z., Srivastava R.C. Evolution of raindrop size distribution by coalescence, breakup, and evaporation: theory and observations. J. Atmos. Sci. 1995, 52:1761-1783.
31. Ingold T., Peter R., Kämpfer N. Weighted mean tropospheric temperature and transmittance determination at millimeter-wave frequencies for ground-based applications. Radio Sci. 1998, 33:905-918.
32. Islam T., Rico-Ramirez M.A., Thurai M., Han D. Characteristics of raindrop spectra as normalized gamma distribution from a Joss-Waldvogel disdrometer. Atmos. Res. 2012, 108:57-73.
33. Jaffrain J., Berne A. Experimental quantification of the sampling uncertainty associated with measurements from PARSIVEL Disdrometers. J. Hydrometeorol. 2011, 12:352-370.
34. Jonas P.R. Turbulence and cloud microphysics. Atmos. Res. 1996, 40(2):283-306.
35. Joss J., Waldvogel A. Ein Spectrograph fur Niedersclagstropfen mit automatisher Auswertung (A spectrograph for the automatic analysis of (raindrops). Pure and Applied Geophysics 1967, 68:240-246.
36. Karmakar P.K., Maiti M., Sett S., Angelis C.F., Machado L.A.T. Radiometric estimation of water vapor content over Brazil. J. Adv. Space Res. 2011, 28:1506-1514.
37. Kousky V.E., Gan M.A. Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortices in the tropical South Atlantic. Tellus 1981, 36(6):538-551.
38. Lawson R.P., Blyth A.M. A comparison of optical measurements of liquid water content and drop size distribution in adiabatic regions of Florida cumuli. Atmos. Res. 1998, 47-48:671-690.
39. Liljegren J.C., Clothiaux E.E., Mace G.G., Kato S., Dong X. A new retrieval for cloud liquid water path using a ground-based microwave radiometer and measurements of cloud temperature. J. Geophys. Res. 2001, 106(D13):14485-14500.
40. Liu C., Zipser E.J. "Warm Rain" in the tropics: seasonal and regional distributions based on 9year of TRMM Data. J. Clim. 2009, 22:767-779.
41. Löffler-Mang M., Joss J. An optical disdrometer for measuring size and velocity of hydrometeors. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 2000, 17(2):130-139.
42. Löhnert U., Crewell S. Accuracy of cloud liquid water path from ground-based microwave radiometry 1. Dependency on cloud model statistics. Radio Sci. 2003, 38:8041.
43. Löhnert U., Crewell S., Simmer C., Macke A. Profiling cloud liquid water by combining active and passive microwave measurements with cloud model statistics. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 2001, 18:1354-1366.
44. Machado L.A.T., Silva Dias M.A.F., Morales C., Fisch G., Vila D., Albrecht R., Goodman S.J., Calheiros A.J.P., Biscaro T., Kummerow C., Cohen J., Fitzjarrald D., Nascimento E., Sakamoto M., Cunningham C., Chaboureau J.-P., Petersen W.A., Adams D., Baldini L., Angelis C.F., Sapucci L.F., Salio P., Barbosa H.M.J., Landulfo E., Souza R.F., Blakeslee R.J., Bailey J., Freitas S., Lima W.F., Tokay A. The CHUVA Project - how does convection vary across Brazil?. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2014, (in press).
45. Martins C.R., Machado L.A.T., Costa A.A. Characterization of the microphysics of precipitation over Amazon region using radar and disdrometer data. Atmos. Res. 2010, 96(Issues 2-3):388-394.
46. Mätzler C., Morland J. Refined physical retrieval of integrated water vapor and cloud liquid for microwave radiometer data. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 2009, 47(6):1585-1594.
47. Meywerk J., Quante M., Sievers O. Radar based remote sensing of cloud liquid water -application of various techniques - a case study. Atmos. Res. 2005, 75(Issue 3):167-181.
48. Michaelides S., Levizzani V., Anagnostou E., Bauer P., Kasparis T., Lane J.E. Precipitation: measurement, remote sensing, climatology and modeling. Atmos. Res. 2009, 94(Issue 4):512-533.
49. Peter R., Kämpfer N. Radiometric determination of water vapor and liquid water and its validation with other techniques. J. Geophys. Res. 1992, 97(D16):18173-18183.
50. Peters G., Fischer B., Münster H., Clemens M., Wagner A. Profiles of raindrop size distributions as retrieved by microrain radars. J. Appl. Meteorol. 2005, 44:1930-1949.
51. Peters G., Fischer B., Clemens M. Rain attenuation of radar echoes considering finite-range resolution and using drop size distributions. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 2010, 27(5):829-842.
52. Pruppacher H.R., Klett J.D. Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation 1997, Kluwer Acadenic Publishers, Boston. 2nd Edn.
53. Rose T., Crewell S., Löhnert U., Simmer C. A network suitable microwave radiometer for operational monitoring of the cloudy atmosphere. Atmos. Res. 2005, 75:183-200.
54. Rossow W.B., Schiffer R.A. Advances in understanding clouds from ISCCP. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 1999, 80:2261-2287.
55. Saavedra P., Battaglia A., Simmer C. Partitioning of cloud water and rainwater content by ground-based observations with the Advanced Microwave Radiometer for Rain Identification (ADMIRARI) in synergy with a micro rain radar. J. Geophys. Res. 2012, 117:1984-2012.
56. Satyamurty P., Nobre C.A., Silva Dias P.L. South America. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., Meteorol. Monogr. 1998, 27(49):119-139. D.J. Karoly, D.G. Vicent (Eds.).
57. Schneebeli M., Sakuragi J., Biscaro T., Angelis C.F., Carvalho da Costa I., Morales C., Baldini L., Machado L.A.T. Polarimetric X-band weather radar measurements in the tropics: radome and rain attenuation correction. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 2012, 5:2183-2199.
58. Skou N., Vine D. Microwave Radiometer Systems: Design and Analysis 2006, Artech House, Norwood, MA. 2nd ed.
59. Smith E., Asrar G., Furuhama Y., Ginati A., Kummerow C., Levizzani V., Mugnai A., Nakamura K., Adler R., Casse V., Cleave M., Debois M., Durning J., Entin J., Houser P., Iguchi T., Kakar R., Kaye J., Kojima M., Lettenmaier D.P., Luther M., Mehta A., Morel P., Nakazawa T., Neeck S., Okamoto K., Oki R., Raju G., Shepherd M., Stocker E., Testud J., Wood E.F. The international global precipitation measurement (GPM) program and mission: An overview. Measuring precipitation from space: EURAINSAT and the future 2007, 611-653. (Netherlands). V. Levizzani, P. Bauer, F.J. Turk (Eds.).
60. Solheim F., Godwin J., Westwater E.R., Han Y., Keihm S., Marsh K., Ware R. Radiometric profiling of temperature, water vapor, and liquid water using various inversion methods. Radio Sci. 1998, 33:393-404.
61. Stephens G.L., Kummerow C.D. The remote sensing of clouds and precipitation from space: a review. J. Atmos. Sci. 2007, 64:3742-3765.
62. Testud J., Bouar E.Le, Obligis E., Ali-Mehenni M. The rain profiling algorithm applied to polarimetric weather radar. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 2000, 17:322-356.
63. Tokay A., Short D.A. Evidence from tropical raindrop spectra of the origin of rain from stratiform versus convective clouds. J. Appl. Meteorol. 1996, 35:355-371.
64. Tokay A., Kruger A., Krajewski W.F. Comparison of drop size distribution measurements by impact and optical disdrometers. J. Appl. Meteorol. 2001, 40:2083-2097.
65. Tokay A., Petersen W.A., Gatlin P., Wingo M. Comparison of raindrop size distribution measurements by collocated disdrometers. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 2013, 30:1672-1690.
66. Tridon F., Van Baelen J., Pointin Y. Aliasing in Micro Rain Radar data due to strong vertical winds. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2011, 38:L02804.
67. Ware R., Carpenter R., Guldner J., Liljegren J., Nehrkorn T., Solheim F., Vandenberghe F. A multichannel radiometric profiler of temperature, humidity, and cloud liquid. Radio Sci. 2003, 38:8079.
68. Ware R., Cimini D., Campos E., Giuliani G., Albers S., Nelson M., Koch S.E., Joe P., Cober S. Thermodynamic and liquid profiling during the 2010 Winter Olympics. Atmos. Res. 2013, 132-133:278-290.
69. Westwater E.R. Ground-based microwave remote sensing of meteorological variables. Atmospheric Remote Sensing by Microwave Radiometry 1993, 145-213. John Wiley, New York. M. Janssen (Ed.).
70. Westwater E.R., Crewell S., Matzler C., Cimini D. Principles of surface-based microwave and millimeter wave radiometric remote sensing of the troposphere. Quat. Soc. Ital. ElettroMagnetismo 2005, 1(50-90):8041.
71. Won H.Y., Kim Y.-H., Lee H.S. An application of brightness temperature received from a ground-based microwave radiometer to estimation of precipitation occurrence and rainfall intensity. Asian Pac. J. Atmos. Sci. 2009, 45(1):55-69.
72. Xu G., Ware R., Zhang W., Feng G., Liao K., Liu Y. Effect of off-zenith observations on reducing the impact of precipitation on ground-based microwave radiometer measurement accuracy in Wuhan. Atmos. Res. 2013, 2013.
73. Zhao Q., Carr F.H. A prognostic cloud scheme for operational NWP models. Mon. Weather Rev. 1997, 125:1931-1953.
74. Zhao L., Weng F. Retrieval of ice cloud parameters using the advanced microwave sounding unit. J. Appl. Meteorol. 2002, 41:384-395.
75. Zhao G., Chu R., Zhang T., Jia W. Rainwater content estimated using polarimetric radar parameters in the Heihe River Basin. Atmos. Res. 2013, 120-121:155-161.
76. Zrnic D.S., Raghavan R., Chandrasekar V. Observations of copolar correlation coefficient through a bright band at vertical incidence. J. Appl. Meteorol. 1994, 33:45-52.