메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 35, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 355-371

Evidence from tropical raindrop spectra of the origin of rain from stratiform versus convective clouds

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONVECTIVE CLOUD; RAIN; STRATIFORM CLOUD RAIN; SURFACE OBSERVATION; TROPICAL RAINDROP SPECTRA;

EID: 0030471053     PISSN: 08948763     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1996)035<0355:EFTRSO>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (637)

References (52)
  • 1
    • 0001852742 scopus 로고
    • A satellite infrared technique to estimate tropical convective stratiform rainfall
    • Adler, R. F., and A. J. Negri, 1988: A satellite infrared technique to estimate tropical convective stratiform rainfall. J. Appl. Meteor., 27, 30-51.
    • (1988) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.27 , pp. 30-51
    • Adler, R.F.1    Negri, A.J.2
  • 3
    • 0019895165 scopus 로고
    • The multiparameter remote measurement of rainfall
    • Atlas, D., C. W. Ulbrich, and R. Meneghini, 1984: The multiparameter remote measurement of rainfall. Radio Sci., 19, 3-22.
    • (1984) Radio Sci. , vol.19 , pp. 3-22
    • Atlas, D.1    Ulbrich, C.W.2    Meneghini, R.3
  • 4
    • 0025670853 scopus 로고
    • Climatologically tuned reflectivity-rain rate relations and links to area-time integrals
    • _, D. Rosenfeld, and D. B. Wolff, 1990: Climatologically tuned reflectivity-rain rate relations and links to area-time integrals. J. Appl. Meteor., 29, 1120-1135.
    • (1990) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.29 , pp. 1120-1135
    • Rosenfeld, D.1    Wolff, D.B.2
  • 5
    • 0000496286 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of the structure of precipitation patterns in New England
    • Austin, P. M., and R. A. Houze, 1972: Analysis of the structure of precipitation patterns in New England. J. Appl. Meteor., 11, 926-935.
    • (1972) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.11 , pp. 926-935
    • Austin, P.M.1    Houze, R.A.2
  • 6
    • 0024192651 scopus 로고
    • Average vertical motions in the tropical atmosphere observed by a radar wind profiler on Pohnpei (7°N lat, 157°E long)
    • Balsley, B. B., W. L. Ecklund, D. A. Carter, A. C. Riddle, and K. S. Gage, 1988: Average vertical motions in the tropical atmosphere observed by a radar wind profiler on Pohnpei (7°N lat, 157°E long). J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 396-405.
    • (1988) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.45 , pp. 396-405
    • Balsley, B.B.1    Ecklund, W.L.2    Carter, D.A.3    Riddle, A.C.4    Gage, K.S.5
  • 8
    • 0016952798 scopus 로고
    • Terminal velocity and shape of cloud and precipitation drops aloft
    • Beard, K. V., 1976: Terminal velocity and shape of cloud and precipitation drops aloft. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 851-864.
    • (1976) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.33 , pp. 851-864
    • Beard, K.V.1
  • 9
    • 0000481572 scopus 로고
    • Principal modes of variation of rain-rate probability distributions
    • Bell, T. L., and R. Suhasini, 1994: Principal modes of variation of rain-rate probability distributions. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, 1067-1078.
    • (1994) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.33 , pp. 1067-1078
    • Bell, T.L.1    Suhasini, R.2
  • 10
    • 0021641206 scopus 로고
    • Development and structure of winter monsoon cloud clusters on 10 December 1978
    • Churchill, D. D., and R. A. Houze, 1984: Development and structure of winter monsoon cloud clusters on 10 December 1978. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 933-960.
    • (1984) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.41 , pp. 933-960
    • Churchill, D.D.1    Houze, R.A.2
  • 11
    • 0020451574 scopus 로고
    • Observation de deux changements des spectres des gouttes de pluie dans une averse de nuages stratiformes
    • Donnadieu, G., 1982: Observation de deux changements des spectres des gouttes de pluie dans une averse de nuages stratiformes. J. Rech. Atmos., 16, 35-45.
    • (1982) J. Rech. Atmos. , vol.16 , pp. 35-45
    • Donnadieu, G.1
  • 12
    • 0029542806 scopus 로고
    • A double-moment multiple-phase four-class ice scheme. Part II: Simulations of convective storms in different large-scale environments and comparisons with other bulk parameterizations
    • Ferrier, B. S., W. K. Tao, and J. Simpson, 1995: A double-moment multiple-phase four-class ice scheme. Part II: Simulations of convective storms in different large-scale environments and comparisons with other bulk parameterizations. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1001-1033.
    • (1995) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.52 , pp. 1001-1033
    • Ferrier, B.S.1    Tao, W.K.2    Simpson, J.3
  • 13
    • 0000661575 scopus 로고
    • Raindrop-size distribution from individual storms
    • Fujiwara, M., 1965: Raindrop-size distribution from individual storms. J. Atmos. Sci., 22, 585-591.
    • (1965) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.22 , pp. 585-591
    • Fujiwara, M.1
  • 14
    • 0020370215 scopus 로고
    • Mesoscale air motions associated with a tropical squall line
    • Gamache, J. F., and R. A. Houze, 1982: Mesoscale air motions associated with a tropical squall line. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 118-135.
    • (1982) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.110 , pp. 118-135
    • Gamache, J.F.1    Houze, R.A.2
  • 15
    • 0020968201 scopus 로고
    • Water budget of a mesoscale convective system in the Tropics
    • _, and _, 1983: Water budget of a mesoscale convective system in the Tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1835-1850.
    • (1983) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.40 , pp. 1835-1850
  • 17
    • 0001162266 scopus 로고
    • Structure and dynamics of a tropical squall-line system
    • Houze, R. A., 1977: Structure and dynamics of a tropical squall-line system. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 1540-1567.
    • (1977) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.105 , pp. 1540-1567
    • Houze, R.A.1
  • 18
    • 0000216410 scopus 로고
    • Cloud clusters and large-scale vertical motions in the Tropics
    • _, 1982: Cloud clusters and large-scale vertical motions in the Tropics. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 60, 396-410.
    • (1982) J. Meteor. Soc. Japan , vol.60 , pp. 396-410
  • 19
    • 0024849936 scopus 로고
    • Observed structure of mesoscale convective systems and implications for large-scale heating
    • _, 1989: Observed structure of mesoscale convective systems and implications for large-scale heating. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 115, 425-461.
    • (1989) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.115 , pp. 425-461
  • 20
    • 85041146632 scopus 로고
    • Academic Press
    • _, 1993: Cloud Dynamics. Academic Press, 573 pp.
    • (1993) Cloud Dynamics
  • 21
    • 0021639735 scopus 로고
    • Air motions and precipitation structure of an early summer squall line over the eastern tropical Atlantic
    • _, and E. N. Rappaport, 1984: Air motions and precipitation structure of an early summer squall line over the eastern tropical Atlantic. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 553-574.
    • (1984) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.41 , pp. 553-574
    • Rappaport, E.N.1
  • 22
    • 0018720965 scopus 로고
    • Mean rainfall patterns for the three phases of GATE
    • Hudlow, M. D., 1979: Mean rainfall patterns for the three phases of GATE. J. Appl. Meteor., 18, 1656-1669.
    • (1979) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.18 , pp. 1656-1669
    • Hudlow, M.D.1
  • 23
    • 0021641134 scopus 로고
    • Oscillation energies of colliding raindrops
    • Johnson, D. B., and K. V. Beard, 1984: Oscillation energies of colliding raindrops. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1235-1241.
    • (1984) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.41 , pp. 1235-1241
    • Johnson, D.B.1    Beard, K.V.2
  • 24
    • 0024193108 scopus 로고
    • The relationship of surface features to the precipitation and air flow structure of an intense midlatitude squall line
    • Johnson, R. H., and P. J. Hamilton, 1988: The relationship of surface features to the precipitation and air flow structure of an intense midlatitude squall line. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1444-1472.
    • (1988) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.116 , pp. 1444-1472
    • Johnson, R.H.1    Hamilton, P.J.2
  • 26
    • 33749317541 scopus 로고
    • Ein Spektrograph für Niedersclagstropfen mit automatischer Auswertung
    • Joss, J., and A. Waldvogel, 1967: Ein Spektrograph für Niedersclagstropfen mit automatischer Auswertung. Pure Appl. Geophys., 68, 240-246.
    • (1967) Pure Appl. Geophys. , vol.68 , pp. 240-246
    • Joss, J.1    Waldvogel, A.2
  • 27
    • 0000096333 scopus 로고
    • Raindrop size distribution and sampling size errors
    • _, and _, 1969: Raindrop size distribution and sampling size errors. J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 566-569.
    • (1969) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.26 , pp. 566-569
  • 28
    • 0000238470 scopus 로고
    • Rainfall parameter estimation from dual-radar measurements combining reflectivity profile and path-integrated attenuation
    • Kozu, T., and K. Nakamura, 1991: Rainfall parameter estimation from dual-radar measurements combining reflectivity profile and path-integrated attenuation. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 8, 259-271.
    • (1991) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.8 , pp. 259-271
    • Kozu, T.1    Nakamura, K.2
  • 29
    • 0010545977 scopus 로고
    • Determination of precipitation profiles from airborne passive microwave radiometric measurements
    • Kummerow, C., I. M. Hakkarinen, H. F. Pierce, and J. A. Weinman, 1991: Determination of precipitation profiles from airborne passive microwave radiometric measurements. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 8, 148-158.
    • (1991) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.8 , pp. 148-158
    • Kummerow, C.1    Hakkarinen, I.M.2    Pierce, H.F.3    Weinman, J.A.4
  • 30
    • 0021541019 scopus 로고
    • Precipitation structure of the cloud clusters in a tropical easterly wave
    • Leary, C. A., 1984: Precipitation structure of the cloud clusters in a tropical easterly wave. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 313-325.
    • (1984) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.112 , pp. 313-325
    • Leary, C.A.1
  • 31
    • 0027832964 scopus 로고
    • An integrated view of the 1987 Australian monsoon and its mesoscale convective system. Part II: Vertical structure
    • Mapes, B., and R. A. Houze, 1993: An integrated view of the 1987 Australian monsoon and its mesoscale convective system. Part II: Vertical structure. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 119, 733-754.
    • (1993) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.119 , pp. 733-754
    • Mapes, B.1    Houze, R.A.2
  • 32
    • 0001256212 scopus 로고
    • The distribution of raindrops with size
    • Marshall, J. S., and W. M. Palmer, 1948: The distribution of raindrops with size. J. Meteor., 5, 165-166.
    • (1948) J. Meteor. , vol.5 , pp. 165-166
    • Marshall, J.S.1    Palmer, W.M.2
  • 33
    • 0027798992 scopus 로고
    • The effect of curve fits for the disdrometer calibration on raindrop spectra, rainfall rate, and radar reflectivity
    • McFarquhar, G. M., and R. List, 1993: The effect of curve fits for the disdrometer calibration on raindrop spectra, rainfall rate, and radar reflectivity. J. Appl. Meteor., 32, 774-782.
    • (1993) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.32 , pp. 774-782
    • McFarquhar, G.M.1    List, R.2
  • 34
    • 0018672431 scopus 로고
    • A wind tunnel investigation of the rate of evaporation of large water drops falling at terminal velocity in air
    • Pruppacher, H. R., and R. Rasmussen, 1979: A wind tunnel investigation of the rate of evaporation of large water drops falling at terminal velocity in air. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1255-1260.
    • (1979) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.36 , pp. 1255-1260
    • Pruppacher, H.R.1    Rasmussen, R.2
  • 35
    • 0028581811 scopus 로고
    • Rainfall measurement by radar: A review
    • Sauvageot, H., 1994: Rainfall measurement by radar: A review. Atmos. Res., 35, 27-54.
    • (1994) Atmos. Res. , vol.35 , pp. 27-54
    • Sauvageot, H.1
  • 36
    • 0015126469 scopus 로고
    • Doppler radar observations of drop-size distributions in a thunderstorm
    • Sekhon, R. S., and R. C. Srivastava, 1971 : Doppler radar observations of drop-size distributions in a thunderstorm. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 983-994.
    • (1971) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.28 , pp. 983-994
    • Sekhon, R.S.1    Srivastava, R.C.2
  • 37
    • 0000712616 scopus 로고
    • Effect of irregularities in the disdrometer classification of raindrops by the Joss-Waldvogel disdrometer
    • Sheppard, B. E., 1990: Effect of irregularities in the disdrometer classification of raindrops by the Joss-Waldvogel disdrometer. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 7, 180-183.
    • (1990) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.7 , pp. 180-183
    • Sheppard, B.E.1
  • 38
    • 0028581142 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of raindrop size distribution measurements by a Joss-Waldvogel disdrometer, a PMS 2DG spectrometer, and a POSS Doppler radar
    • _, and P. I. Joe, 1994: Comparison of raindrop size distribution measurements by a Joss-Waldvogel disdrometer, a PMS 2DG spectrometer, and a POSS Doppler radar. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 874-887.
    • (1994) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.11 , pp. 874-887
    • Joe, P.I.1
  • 40
    • 0000050289 scopus 로고
    • A proposed Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite
    • Simpson, J., R. F. Adler, and G. R. North, 1988: A proposed Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 69, 278-295.
    • (1988) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.69 , pp. 278-295
    • Simpson, J.1    Adler, R.F.2    North, G.R.3
  • 41
    • 0028580999 scopus 로고
    • The tropical water and energy cycles in a cumulus ensemble model. Part I: Equilibrium climate
    • Sui, C. H., K. M. Lau, W. K. Tao, and J. Simpson, 1994: The tropical water and energy cycles in a cumulus ensemble model. Part I: Equilibrium climate. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 711-728.
    • (1994) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.51 , pp. 711-728
    • Sui, C.H.1    Lau, K.M.2    Tao, W.K.3    Simpson, J.4
  • 42
    • 0025526905 scopus 로고
    • An algorithm to estimate the heating budget from vertical hydrometer profiles
    • Tao, W. K., J. Simpson, S. Lang, M. McCumber, R. Adler, and R. Penc, 1990: An algorithm to estimate the heating budget from vertical hydrometer profiles. J. Appl. Meteor., 29, 1232-1244.
    • (1990) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.29 , pp. 1232-1244
    • Tao, W.K.1    Simpson, J.2    Lang, S.3    McCumber, M.4    Adler, R.5    Penc, R.6
  • 43
    • 0027460974 scopus 로고
    • Heating, moisture, and water budgets of tropical and mid-latitude squall lines: Comparison and sensitivity to longwave radiation
    • _, _, C. H. Sui, S. Lang, J. Scala, B. Ferrier, M. D. Chou, and K. Pickering, 1993: Heating, moisture, and water budgets of tropical and mid-latitude squall lines: Comparison and sensitivity to longwave radiation. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 673-690.
    • (1993) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.50 , pp. 673-690
    • Sui, C.H.1    Lang, S.2    Scala, J.3    Ferrier, B.4    Chou, M.D.5    Pickering, K.6
  • 45
    • 6244287986 scopus 로고
    • On the consistency of radar Z-R relations with parameterizations of the raindrop size distribution
    • Preprints, Dallas, TX, Amer. Meteor. Soc.
    • Tokay, A., D. A. Short, P. A. Kucera, and O. W. Thiele, 1995: On the consistency of radar Z-R relations with parameterizations of the raindrop size distribution. Preprints, Conf. on Hydrology, Dallas, TX, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 62-67.
    • (1995) Conf. on Hydrology , pp. 62-67
    • Tokay, A.1    Short, D.A.2    Kucera, P.A.3    Thiele, O.W.4
  • 46
    • 0000508872 scopus 로고
    • The effects of drop size distribution truncation on rainfall integral parameters and empirical relations
    • Ulbrich, C. A., 1985: The effects of drop size distribution truncation on rainfall integral parameters and empirical relations. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 24, 580-590.
    • (1985) J. Climate Appl. Meteor. , vol.24 , pp. 580-590
    • Ulbrich, C.A.1
  • 47
    • 0016057578 scopus 로고
    • 0 jump of raindrop spectra
    • 0 jump of raindrop spectra. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1068-1078.
    • (1974) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.31 , pp. 1068-1078
    • Waldvogel, A.1
  • 48
    • 0027151553 scopus 로고
    • New insight into the coupling between snow spectra and raindrop size distributions
    • Preprints, Norman, OK, Amer. Meteor. Soc.
    • _, W. Henrich, and L. Mosimann, 1993: New insight into the coupling between snow spectra and raindrop size distributions. Preprints, 26th Int. Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Norman, OK, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 602-604.
    • (1993) 26th Int. Conf. on Radar Meteorology , pp. 602-604
    • Henrich, W.1    Mosimann, L.2
  • 49
    • 0001022994 scopus 로고
    • Classification of precipitating clouds in the Tropics using 915-MHz wind profiler
    • Williams, C. R., W. L. Ecklund, and K. S. Gage, 1995: Classification of precipitating clouds in the Tropics using 915-MHz wind profiler. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 996-1012.
    • (1995) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.12 , pp. 996-1012
    • Williams, C.R.1    Ecklund, W.L.2    Gage, K.S.3
  • 50
    • 0021640380 scopus 로고
    • Functional fits to some observed drop size distributions and parameterization of rain
    • Willis, P. T., 1984: Functional fits to some observed drop size distributions and parameterization of rain. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1648-1661.
    • (1984) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.41 , pp. 1648-1661
    • Willis, P.T.1
  • 51
    • 0000371647 scopus 로고
    • Three-dimensional kinematic and microphysical evolution of Florida cumulonimbus. Part II: Frequency distributions of vertical velocity, reflectivity, and differential reflectivity
    • Yuter, S. E., and R. A. Houze, 1995: Three-dimensional kinematic and microphysical evolution of Florida cumulonimbus. Part II: Frequency distributions of vertical velocity, reflectivity, and differential reflectivity. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 1941-1963.
    • (1995) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.123 , pp. 1941-1963
    • Yuter, S.E.1    Houze, R.A.2
  • 52
    • 0024192092 scopus 로고
    • Equilibrium raindrop size distributions in tropical rain
    • Zawadski, I., and M. de Agostinho Antonio, 1988: Equilibrium raindrop size distributions in tropical rain. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3452-3459.
    • (1988) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.45 , pp. 3452-3459
    • Zawadski, I.1    De Agostinho Antonio, M.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.