Of collapsed, dysfunctional and disoriented states: Challenges to international law

Netherlands International Law Review

Volumn 47, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 53-73

  Wallace Bruce, Nii Lante ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84899633035     PISSN: 0165070X     EISSN: 17416191     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0165070X00000759     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (55)

1. E.g., T.D. Grant, 'Defining Statehood: The Montevideo Convention and its Discontents', 37 Col. J Trans. L (1999) p. 403; J. Crawford, The Creation of States in International Law (Oxford, Clarendon Press 1979); N.L. Wallace-Bruce, Claims to Statehood in International Law (New York, Carlton Press 1994) chs. 3 and 4.
2. A. Anghie, 'Finding the Peripheries: Sovereignty and Colonialism in Nineteen-Century International Law', 40 Harvard ILJ (1999) p. 1.
3. B. Davidson, The Black Man's Burden, Africa and the Curse of the Nation-State (London, James Currey 1992) ch. 7.
4. Ibid.; Makau wa Mutua, 'Why Redraw the Map of Africa: A Moral and Legal Inquiry', 16 Mich. JIL (1995) p. 1113; Wallace-Bruce, op. cit. n. 2, at ch. 2.
5. J. Duursma, Fragmentation and the International Relations of Micro-States, Self-determination and Statehood (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 1996) p. 386.
6. N.L. Wallace-Bruce, 'Taiwan and Somalia: International Legal Curiosities', 22 Queen's LJ (1997) p. 453.
7. R. Baker, Challenges to Traditional Concepts of Sovereignty (Occasional Paper No. 37; Readings in Comparative and International Affairs; School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, July 1999); O. Schachter, 'The Decline of the Nation-State and its Implications for International Law', 36 Col. J Trans. L (1997) p. 7.
8. See 'Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons', ICJ Rep. (1996) p. 226 and' Legality of the Use by a State of Nuclear Weapons in Armed Conflict', ICJ Rep. (1996) p. 66.
9. N.L. Wallace-Bruce, The Settlement of International Disputes, The Contribution of Australia and New Zealand (The Hague, Kluwer 1998) pp. 112-116; J.G. Merrills, International Dispute Settlement, 3rd edn. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 1998) pp. 121-123.
10. Art. XII of the Agreement establishing the WTO.
11. Art. 2(7) of the UN Charter.
12. M.J. Peterson, Recognition of Governments, Legal Doctrine and State Practice 1815-1995 (Basingstoke, Macmillan Press 1997); B.R Roth, Governmental Illegitimacy in International Law (Oxford, Clarendon Press 1999), esp. chs. 5 and 7.
13. See generally, Roth, op. cit. n. 13, at pp. 30-35; R. Gordon, 'United Nations Intervention in Internal Conflicts: Iraq, Somalia, and Beyond', 15 Mich. JIL (1994) p. 519.
14. G.B. Helman and S.R. Ratner, 'Saving Failed States', 89 Foreign Policy (1992-1993) p. 3.
15. A.P. Mutharika, 'A Symposium on Reevisioning the Security Council: Essay: The Role of the United Nations Security Council in African Peace Management: Some Proposals', 17 Mich. JIL (1996) p. 537 at p. 561.
16. Idem, at p. 542.
17. A.P. Mutharika, 'Some Thoughts on Rebuilding African State Capability', 76 Washington University Law Quarterly (1998) p. 281 at p. 285.
18. I.W. Zartman, 'Introduction: Posing the Problem of State Collapse', in I.W. Zartman, ed., Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority (Boulder, Col., Lynne Rienner 1995) ch. 1.
19. W.J. Foltz, 'Reconstructing the State of Chad', in Idem, at ch 2.
20. B. Schutz, 'The Heritage of Revolution and the Struggle for Governmental Legitimacy in Mozambique', in Idem, at ch. 7.
21. E. Keller,' Remaking the Ethiopian State', in Idem, at ch. 8.
22. E.g., M.B. Bongartz, 'The United Nations Intervention in Somalia', in H.M. Adam and R Ford, eds., Mending Rips in the Sky, Options for Somali Communities in the 21st Century (Laurenceville, NJ., The Red Sea Press 1997) ch. 36; J. Chopra, A. Eknes and T. Nordbo, Fighting for Hope in Somalia (Oslo, NUPI 1995) chs. V and VI.
23. NGA Resolution 1746 (XVI). See also R. Higgins, The Development of International Law through the Political Organs of the United Nations (London, Oxford University Press 1963) p. 22.
24. Mutharika, loc. cit. n. 16, at pp. 547-548; Makau wa Mutua, loc. cit. n. 5, at p. 1118.
25. See, e.g., N.L. Wallace-Bruce, 'A Comparative Look at the International Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda and Weir Contribution to the Development of International Criminal Law', 2 Journal of Chinese and Comparative Law (1996) p. 36.
26. M. Lowenkopf, 'Liberia: Putting the State Back Together', in Zartman, op. cit. n. 19, at ch. 6.
27. J. Levitt, 'Humanitarian Intervention by Regional Actors in Internal Conflicts: The Cases of ECOWAS in Liberia and Sierra Leone', 12 Temp. Int. & Comp. LJ (1998) p. 333 at pp. 343-344.
28. Idem, at p. 333, fn. 54.
29. Idem, at p. 350; Roth, op. cit. n. 13, at pp. 395-396.
30. Lowenkopf, op. cit. n. 27, at ch. 6.
31. Levitt, loc. cit. n. 28, at p. 365.
32. 'International: The Darkest Comer of Africa', The Economist, 9 January 1999, p. 41.
33. K. Nowrott and E.W. Schabacker, 'The Use of Force to Restore Democracy: International Legal Implications of the ECOMOG Intervention in Sierra Leone', 14 Am. UILR (1998) p. 321 at p. 326.
34. Under the deal, the rebel leaders have returned to Sierra Leone and joined the government. See The West Australian, Wednesday, 20 October 1999, p. 24.
35. 'International: Waking from Sierra Leone's Long Nightmare', The Economist, 3 July 1999, p. 35; E. Barnes, 'The Heart of Darkness',Time, 25 January 1999, p. 3; The Australian, 29 September 1999, p. 13.
36. Roth, op. cit. n. 13, at p. 406.
37. Generally, H. Beemelmans, 'State Succession in International Law: Remarks on Recent Theory and State Praxis', 15 Boston UIIJ (1997) p. 71
38. See, e.g., I. Janev, 'Legal Aspects of the Use of a Provisional Name for Macedonia in the United Nations System', 93 AJIL (1999) p. 155; M.P. Scharf, 'Musical Chairs: The Dissolution of States and Membership in the United Nations', 28 Cornell III (1995) p. 29; V.-D. Degan, et al.,' Correspondents' Agora: UN Membership of the Former Yugoslavia', 87 AJIL (1993) pp. 240-248.
39. Wallace-Bruce, loc. cit. n. 7, at p. 453.
40. I.M. Samater, 'Light at the End of the Tunnel: Some Reflections on the Struggle of the Somali National Movement', in Adam and Ford, op. cit. n. 23, at ch. 3; H.M. Adam,' Somalia: A Terrible Beauty being Bom?', in Zartman, op. cit. n. 19, at p. 88.
41. M. Bryden, 'New Hope for Somalia? The Building Block Approach', 26 Review of African Political Economy (1999) p. 134.
42. A.I. Carroll and B. Rajagopal, 'The Case for the Independent State of Somaliland', 8 Am. UJIL & Poly (1993) p. 653; Samater, op. cit. n. 43, at p. 47.
43. 'International: A Nomad's Life is Hard', The Economist, 7 August 1999, p. 35.
44. See Bryden, loc. cit. n. 44, at p. 134.
45. 'International: A Failed State that is Succeeding in Parts', The Economist, 28 August 1999, p. 33.
46. Bryden, loc. cit. n. 44, at p. 136.
47. E.g., Makau wa Mutua, loc. cit. n. 5, at p. 1113.
48. Generally, RA. Mortimer, 'ECOMOG, Liberia, and Regional Security in West Africa', in EJ. Keller and D. Rothchild, eds., Africa in the New International Order, Rethinking State Sovereignty and Regional Security (Boulder, Col., Lynne Rienner 1996) ch. 10; M.A. Vogt,' The Involvement of ECOWAS in Liberia's Peacekeeping', in Idem, at ch. 11.
49. ECOWAS Communiqu6 of 7 August 1990 reprinted in Roth, op. cit. n. 13, at p. 396.
50. Levitt, loc. cit. n. 28, at p. 333.
51. Ibid..
52. Ibid., at p. 335; Nowrot and Schabacker, loc. cit. n. 34, at pp. 330-331.
53. Levitt, loc. cit. n. 28, at p. 373.
54. E.W. Schabacker, 'The Use of Force to Restore Democracy: International Legal Implications of the ECOMOG Intervention in Sierra Leone', 14 Am. UILR (1998) Nowrot and Schabacker, loc. cit. n. 34, at p. 400.
55. Ibid., at pp. 397 and 399; S.D. Murphy, 'Democratic Legitimacy and the Recognition of States and Governments', 48 I & CLQ (1999) p. 545 at p. 580; Roth, op. cit. n. 13, at p. 412.