The role of business in Russian foreign and security relations

Russian Business Power: The Role of Russian Business in Foreign and Security Relations

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 22-44

  Orttung, Robert W ^a,b  

^a AMERICAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84899348176     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203099728     Document Type: Chapter

References (54)

1. This influence is by no means unique to Russia. Recent research found that the most significant actors influencing US foreign policy were business elites. See Lawrence R. Jacobs and Benjamin I. Page, "Who Influences U.S. Foreign Policy?" American Political Science Review 99, no. 1, February 2005, pp. 107-123.
2. See Peter Rutland, "Business and Civil Society in Russia," in Alfred B. Evans, Laura A. Henry, and Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom, eds., Russian Civil Society, Armonk, NY:M. E. Sharpe, 2005.
3. Guy Faulconbridge, "Putin Defends Small Business," Moscow Times, 15 March 2005.
4. Federico Varese, The Russian Mafia: Private Protection in a New Market Economy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
5. Vladimir Kontorovich, "Small Business and Putin's Federal Reform," in Peter Reddaway and Robert W. Orttung, eds., The Dynamics of Russian Politics: Putin's Reform of Federal-Regional Relations, vol. 2, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005.
6. Peter Rutland, "Russian Small Business: Staying Small," Eurasia Daily Monitor, 15 March 2005.
7. Dmitry Zhdannikov, "Russia Backs BP-TNK Oil Merger," Reuters News, www. tnk-bp.com/press/media/2003/8/15/.
8. Elina Pelto, Peeter Vahtra, and Kari Liuhto, "Cyp-Rus Investment Flows to Central and Eastern Europe: Russia's Direct and Indirect Investments via Cyprus to CEE," Electronic Publications of Pan-European Institute, 2/2003, www.tukkk.fi/pei/verkkojulkaisut/Pelto_Vahtra_Liuhto_22003.pdf.
9. Vadim Volkov describes this process in the Tambov group in St. Petersburg, but it is common throughout Russia. See Vadim Volkov, Violent Entrepreneurs: The Use of Force in the Making of Russian Capitalism, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002, p. 112.
10. Robert Klitgaard, Controlling Corruption, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.
11. V. V. Luneev, "Tenevaya ekonomika: kriminologicheskii aspect," Obshestvo i ekonomika, 23 February 2004. For the GDP, see the Economist country profile for Russia, www.economist.com/countries/Russia/profile.cfm?folder=Profile-FactSheet.
12. Friedrich Schneider, "The Size and Development of the Shadow Economies of 22 Transition and 21 OECD Countries," Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Discussion Paper 514, June 2002, www.iza.org/index_html?lang=en&mainframe= http%3A//www.iza.org/iza/en/webcontent/personnel/photos/index_html%3Fkey%3D 206&topSelect=personnel&subSelect=fellows.
13. Ksenia Nechaeva, "Tenevaya ekonomika otrazhaet rezervy rosta," Kommersant, 11 November 2002.
14. James B. Jacobs, Coleen Friel, and Robert Radick, Gotham Unbound: How New York City Was Liberated from the Grip of Organized Crime, New York: New York University Press, 2001.
15. Kari Liuhto and Jari Jumpponen, "International Activities of Russian Corporations:Where Does Russian Business Expansion Lead?" Russian Economic Trends 10, no. 3-4, 2001, pp. 19-29.
16. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), World Investment Report, 2004, p. 74, www.unctad.org/en/docs/wir2004ch2_en.pdf.
17. UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2004, pp. 72-74, 385.
18. For a discussion of these issues, see Willem H. Buiter and Ivan Szegvari, "Capital Flight and Capital Outflows from Russia: Symptom, Cause and Cure," European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Working Paper 73, June 2002, www.ebrd.com/pubs/econo/wp0073.pdf.
19. A. A. Mukhin, Rossiiskaya organizovannaya prestupnost' i vlast': Istoriya vzaimootnoshenii, Moscow: Tsentr politicheskoi informatsii, 2003, p. 32.
20. William H. Webster et al., Russian Organized Crime, Center for Strategic and International Studies Task Force Report, Washington: CSIS, 1997, p. 10.
21. Sergei Golunov, "Narkotorgovlya kak vyzov bezopastnosti v Russko-Kazakhstanskom zagranich'e," 2004, www.american.edu/traccc/overseascenters/russia. html.
22. Thane Gustafson, Capitalism Russian-Style, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 136.
23. See Tatiana Popova, "Financial-Industrial Groups (FIGs) and Their Roles in the Russian Economy," Review of Economies in Transition 7, 30 December 1998, pp. 5-28.
24. Andrei Grigor'ev, "Biurokraticheskaia revolyutsiia," Kompaniia, 15 November 2004, p. 27.
25. William Tompson, "Putin and the 'Oligarchs': A Two-Sided Commitment Problem," www.bbk.ac.uk/polsoc/download/bill_tompson/Putin%20and%20the%20'oligarchs'. pdf, p. 11, and in Alex Pravda (ed.), Leading Russia: Putin in Perspective: Essays in Honour of Archie Brown, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 179-202.
26. Ben Ross Schneider, Business Politics and the State in Twentieth-Century Latin America, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 5.
27. Keith C. Smith, "Russian Energy Politics in the Baltics, Poland, and Ukraine: A New Stealth Imperialism?" unpublished manuscript, p. 39.
28. Peter Zashev, "Russian Investments in Lithuania: Politics, Business, Corporate Culture," Electronic Publication of the Pan-European Institute, October 2004, pp. 15-16, www.tukkk.fi/pei/e.
29. Vladimir Ivanov, "Lithuania Govt Not to Buy YUKOS Stocks in Baltic Refinery," ITAR-TASS, 21 December 2004.
30. Konstantin Sonin, "When Businessmen Go Governor," Moscow Times, 15 February 2005.
31. Dmitry Dokuchayev, "Kremlin Cronies Seeking Control over Big Business," Moscow News, 29 September-5 October 2004.
32. Roy Allison, "Central Asia and Afghanistan," in National Intelligence Council, Old and New Drivers in Russian Foreign Policy: Conference Report, 3-5 June 2003, Washington, DC: National Intelligence Council, May 2004, p. 63.
33. Galina Bazina and Anastasiya Lokteva, "Rossiiskii gaz: Za nezavisimost' Pridnestrov'ya," www.gazeta.ru, 5 March 2005.
34. Jeffrey W. Legro and Andrew Moravsik, "Is Anybody Still a Realist?" International Security 24, 1999, pp. 5-55.
35. George J. Tenet, "The Worldwide Threat 2004: Challenges in a Changing Global Context," Testimony of Director of Central Intelligence George J. Tenet before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, 24 February 2004.
36. "Russia to ensure 12.5% of world oil and 35% of world gas deliveries," Alexander's Oil and Gas Connections, 11 November 2004, www.gasandoil.com/goc/history/welcome.html.
37. Alexander Zemlianichenko, "Putin Signs Historic Uzbekistan Gas Deal," Moscow Times, 17 June 2004.
38. Gregory Gleason, "The Politics of Integration in Eurasia" (pre-presentation draft), presented at a meeting of the Project on Systemic Change in Russia and the New States of Eurasia at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, 12 November 2004.
39. Antonio Sanchez-Andres, "Arms Exports and Restructuring in the Russian Defense Industry," Europe-Asia Studies 56, no. 5, July 2004, p. 689.
40. "Expansion of Large Russian Raw Material Companies in Africa May Serve as One of the Locomotives for Economic Development of Russia," Ekspert, 29 November 2004.
41. Vera Sitnina, "The Rich Are Human Too," Vremya novostei, 24 June 2004.
42. Vasily Zubkov, "The Politics of Pipelines: Economics Takes a Back Seat in Project Decisions," Russia Profile, 29 November 2004, wwwrussiaprofile.org.
43. Peeter Vahtra and Kari Liuhto, "Expansion or Exodus? Foreign Operations of the Russia's Largest Corporations," Electronic Publication of the Pan-European Institute, August 2004, www.tukkk.fi/pei/e, p. 41.
44. Renaissance Capital, "Capital Outflow Rises to $7.8 Billion in 2004," 17 January 2005.
45. Marshall Goldman, "Putin and the Oligarchs," Foreign Affairs, November-December 2004, www.foreignaffairs.org/20041101faessay83604-p20/marshall-i-goldman/putinand- the-oligarchs.html.
46. Benjamin Klein, Robert G. Crawford, and Armen A. Alchian, "Vertical Integration, Appropriable Rents, and the Competitive Contracting Process," Journal of Law and Economics 21, no. 2, October 1978, pp. 297-326.
47. Andrei Vin'kov, "Gavan' dlya magnata," Ekspert, 15 April 2002.
48. Alexander Sutyagin, "British Petroleum States That Russian Oil Reserves Equal to 60 Billion Barrels," pravda.ru, 29 April 2004, http://english.pravda.ru/main/18/89/357/12652_oil.html;
49. Alexander Sutyagin, "Classified Oil," 6 May 2004, www.bellona.no/en/international/russia/envirorights/33716.html.
50. Peter Baker, "Kansan in the Land of Kremlin Hardball: U.S. Oilman Finds Himself at Helm of Besieged Yukos Empire," Washington Post, 30 July 2004.
51. World Bank, "From Transition to Development: A Country Economic Memorandum for the Russian Federation," April 2004, pp. 8-9.
52. Gregory L. White, "Latest Move Seals Gazprom's Role as Energy Giant, but Growing Clout, Ties to Kremlin Stir Concern," Wall Street Journal, 24 December 2004.
53. Tat'yana Yegorova, "Gde den'gi?" Vedomosti, 14 July 2004;
54. Catherine Belton, "Gazprom Leaking Billions, Report Says," Moscow Times, 8 June 2004.