Matters of choice: Puerto Rican women's struggle for reproductive freedom

Matters of Choice: Puerto Rican Women's Struggle for Reproductive Freedom

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 1-185

  Lopez, Iris ^a  

^a CITY COLLEGE OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84899310665     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (212)

1. Abramovitz, M. 1988. Regulating the lives of women: Social welfare policy from colonial times to the present. Boston: South End Press.
2. Acuña-Lillo, E. 1988. The reproductive health of Latinas in New York City: Making a difference at the individual level. In A community at risk: The health of Puerto Ricans, 2:4, 7-15.
3. Alvarado, C. R., and C. Tietze. 1947. Birth control in Puerto Rico. Human Fertility 12 (1): 15-18.
4. Arras, J. D., and J. Blustein. 1995. Reproductive responsibility and long-acting contraceptives. Special Supplement, Hastings Center Report, 25, ser. 1, S27-S29.
5. Ayala, C. J., and R. Bernabe. 2007. Puerto Rico in the American century: A history since 1898. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
6. Azize-Vargas, Y. 2000. The Emergence of feminism in Puerto Rico, 1870-1930. In Unequal sisters: A multicultural reader in U.S. women's history, ed. Vicki L. Ruiz and Ellen Carol Dubois, 268-275. New York: Routledge.
7. Azize-Vargas, Y., and L. Aviles. 1997. Abortion in Puerto Rico: The limits of colonial legality. Reproductive Health Matters 5 (9): 56-65.
8. Barnes, J. E. 2000. The two faces of Bushwick. New York Times, February 27.
9. Benjamin, B. C. 2003. Hysterectomy: A primer. http://www.students. haverford.edu/wmbweb/topics/hysterectomy.html.
10. Blendon, R. J., A. Scheck, K. Donelan, C. Hill, M. Smith, D. F. Beatrice, D. Altman. 1995. How whites and African Americans view their health and social problems. Journal of the American Medical Association 272 (4): 341-46.
11. Bonilla, F., and R. Campos. 1986. Industry and idleness. New York: Centro de Estudios Puertorriquenos.
12. Bower, K. 1995. Tubal Ligations: Some questions and answers. http://www.cc/i.org/nfp/tubal.phb.
13. Bowser, R. 2003. Self-Perpetuating mythology: The degenerate black patient. http://academic.udayton.edu/health/03access/bias01.htm.
14. Braveman, P., S. Egerter, F. Edmonston, and M. Verdon. 1995. Racial/ethnic differences in the likelihood of caesarean delivery, California. American Journal of Public Health 85 (May): 625-630.
15. Briggs, L. 2002. Reproducing empire: Race, sex, science, and U.S. imperialism in Puerto Rico. Berkeley: University of California Press.
16. Brown, G. F. 1995. Long-acting contraceptives: Rationale, current development, and ethnical implications. Special Supplement, Hastings Center Report, 25, ser. 1, S12-S15.
17. Browner, C. H. 1993. New feminist scholarship on reproduction and women's health. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 18 (3): 698-703.
18. Browner, C. H., and C. F. Sargent. 1990. Anthropology and human reproduction. In Medical anthropology: A handbook of theory and Research, ed. T. Johnson and C. F. Sargent, 215-29. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
19. Bruni, F. 2002. Persistent drop in fertility reshapes Europe's future. New York Times, December 26.
20. Canino, G. J., M. Rubio-Stipec, R. Shroat, and H. R. Bird. 1987. Sex differences and depression in Puerto Rico. Psychology of Women Quarterly 11:443-459.
21. CARASA. 1979. Women under attack: Abortion, sterilization abuse, and reproductive freedom. New York: Photo Comp Press.
22. Carlson, J., and G. Vickers. 1982. Voluntary sterilization and informed consent: Are guidelines needed? Manuscript available from United Methodist Church, 475 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10115.
23. Caro, F., E. Marshall, A. Carter, D. Kalmuss Darabi, and I. Lopez. 1988. Barriers to prenatal care: An examination of the use of prenatal care among low-income women in New York City. New York: Community Service Society.
24. CDC on Infant and Maternal Mortality in the United States: 1900-49. 1999. Population and Development Review 25 (4): 821-826.
25. CESA. 1976. Workshop on sterilization abuse. Bronxville: Sarah Lawerence College.
26. Chancer, L. 1998. Reconcilable differences: Confronting beauty, pornography, and the future of feminism. California: University of California Press.
27. Chandra, A. 1998. Surgical sterilization in the U.S.: Prevalence and characteristics, 1965-95. Department of Health, Vital Statistics 23 (20): 1-33.
28. Chase, A. 1980. The legacy of Malthus: The social costs of the new scientific racism. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
29. Chavkin, W., and E. Chesler, eds. 2005.Where human rights begin: Health, sexuality, and women in the new millennium. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
30. Chesler, E. 1992. Women of valor: Margaret Sanger and the birth control movement in America. New York: Simon and Schuster.
31. Cofresi, E. 1951. Realidad poblacional de Puerto Rico. San Juan: Universidad de Puerto Rico.
32. Cohen, H. 1982. Arson on the Hudson. City Limits (May): 8-10.
33. 1983. What the city arson study said and didn't say. City Limits (October): 11-12.
34. Collins, P. H. 1991. Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. New York: Routledge.
35. Colón, A., A. Dávila, M. D. Fernós, and E. Vicente. 1999. Políticas, visiones y voces en torno al aborto en Puerto Rico. San Juan, Puerto Rico: Universidad de Puerto Rico.
36. Colón-Warren, A. 1991. Reestructuracion industrial, empleo y pobreza en Puerto Rico y el alantico medio de los Estados Unidos: La situation de las mujeres puertorriquenas. Revista De Ciencias Sociales 3 (June): 135-188.
37. 2003a. Mujeres, familias y trabajas en Puerto Rico: Discusiones en la investigacion social. Revista de Ciencias Sociales 12:68-101.
38. 2003b. Puerto Rico: Feminism and feminist studies. Internacional perspectivas on gender research 17 (5): 664-690.
39. Colón-Warren, A., and E. P. Larrinaga, eds. 2001. Silencios, presencias, y debates sobre el aborto en Puerto Rico y el Caribe Hispano. San Juan: Universidad de Puerto Rico.
40. Committee for Abortion Rights and Against Sterilization Abuse. 1979. Women under attack: Abortion, sterilization abuse and reproductive freedom. New York: Committee for Abortion Rights and Against Sterilization Abuse.
41. Cook, R. 1993. International human rights and reproductive health. Studies in Family Planning 24 (2): 73-86.
42. Cook, R., J. Kickens, and M. F. Fathall. 2003. Reproductive health and human rights. New York: Oxford University Press.
43. Cooney, R., and A. Colón-Warren. 1996. Work and the family: The recent struggle of Puerto Rican females. In Historical perspectives on Puerto Rican survival in the United States, ed. Clara E. Rodriguez and Virginia Sanchez-Korral. Princeton: Marcus Wiener.
44. Correa, S., and R. Petchesky. 1994a. Exposing the numbers game: Feminists challenge the population control establishment. Ms. 5 (2): 10, 13, 15-17.
45. Correa, S., and R. Petchesky. 1994b. Reproductive and sexual rights: A feminist perspective. In Population policies reconsidered, ed. G. Sen, A. Germain, and I. C. Chen. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
46. Crespo-Kebler, E. 2001a. Ciudadanía y nación: Debates sobre los derechos reproductivos en Puerto Rico. Revista de Ciencias Sociales 10:57-84.
47. 2001b. Liberación de la mujer: Los feminismos, la justicia social, la nación y la autonomiá en las organizaciones feministas de la decada de 1970-1979. In Documentos del feminismo en Puerto Rico: Facsímiles de la historia. Vol. 1, 1970-1979
48. ed. L. Rivera and E. Crespo-Kebler. San Juan: Editorial de La Universidad de Puerto Rico.
49. Crossette, B. 2002. Population estimates fall as poor women assert control. New York Times, March 10.
50. Dávila, A. 1990, April. Esterilizacion y practica anticonceptiva en Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico Health Sciences Journal 9 (1): 61-67.
51. 1994. Las practicas reproductivas ante las políticas de poblacion: Regulaciones de la fecundidad y tendencias demograficas entre las mujeres Puertorriquenas. Paper presented in October at the Demography Program, School of Public Health, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA.
52. Davis, A. 1981. Women, peace and class. New York: Random House.
53. Depenbrok v. Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc. 1978. 79 CA3d 167. http://online.ceb. com/CalCases/CA3/79CA3d167.htm.
54. Diniz, S. G., and A. S. Chacham. 2004. "The cut above" and "the cut below": The abuse of caesareans and episiotomy in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Reproductive Health Matters 12 (23): 100-110.
55. Dixon-Mueller, R. 1993. Population policy and women's rights: Transforming reproductive choice. Westport, CT: Praeger.
56. Doescher, M. P., B. G. Saver, and K. Fiscella. 2000. Racial and ethnic disparities in perceptions of physician style and trust. Archives of Family Medicine 2000 (9): 1156-1163.
57. Dresser, R. 1995. Long-term contraceptives in the criminal justice system. Hastings Center Report, Special Supplement, 25, ser. 1, S15-S18.
58. Duany, J. 2002. The Puerto Rican nation on the move: Identities on the island and in the United States. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
59. Earnhardt, K. C. 1982. Development planning and population policy development in Puerto Rico: A case study and a plan for population stabilization. San Juan, Puerto Rico: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico.
60. Egbert, L. D., and I. L. Rothman. 2003. Relation between the race and economic status of patients and who performs their surgery. New England Journal of Medicine. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/297/2/90.
61. Ehlers Bachrach, T. 1991. Debunking marianismo: Economic vulnerability and survival strategies among Guatemalan wives. Ethnology 1 (30): 1-6.
62. Ehrlich, P. R. 1968. The population bomb. New York: Ballantine books.
63. Laraque, F., E. Grahman, and K. Roussillon. 1995. Sterilization in New York City, 1995. New York: New York City Department of Health, Bureau of Maternity Services and Family Planning.
64. Fathalla, M. F. 1996. A woman-centered agenda for the twenty-first century. Advances in Contraception 12 (4) (December): 331-334.
65. Fernos, M. D. 2001. El aborto en la política de control poblacional en Puerto Rico. In Silencios, presencias y debates sobre el aborto en Puerto Rico y el Caribe Hispaño, ed. Alice E. Colón and Elsa Planell Larrinaga. San Juan: Projecto Atlantea, Intercambio Academico Caribe Universidad de Puerto Rico.
66. Foster, R. 1994. The Cairo Conference: The stakes, the players. International News 5 (2): 12-13.
67. Fox Piven, F., and R. Cloward. 1979. Poor people's movements: Why they succeed, how they fail. New York: Random House.
68. Freedman, L. P., and L. S. Isaacs. 1993. Human rights and reproductive choice. Studies in Family Planning 241:18-30.
69. Gaag, N. 1998. Of woman born: A history of reproduction, contraception, and control. New Internationalist (303). http://www.newint.org/issue303/history. htm.
70. Garcia, A. M. 1982. La Operación. Directed and produced by Ana Maria Garcia with Latin America Film Project. New York: Cinema Guild.
71. Gil, R. M., and C. I. Vasquez. 1996. The Maria paradox: How Latinas can merge old world traditions with new world self-esteem. New York: G. P. Putnam Press.
72. Ginsburg, F. D., and R. Rapp 1995. Conceiving the new world order: The global politics of reproduction. Berkeley: University of California Press.
73. Goleman, D. 2007. Social intelligence: The revolutionary new science of human relationships. New York: Bantam.
74. Gonzalez, J. 2000. Harvest of empire: A history of Latinos in America. New York: Penguin Books.
75. Gordon, L. 1990. Women's body, women's right: Birth control in America. New York: Penguin Books.
76. Gould, S. 1996. The mismeasure of man. New York: W. W. Norton and Co.
77. Grady, D. 2004. Trying to avoid second caesarean, many find choice isn't theirs. New York Times, November 29.
78. Groom, K., S. Paterson Brown, L. G. Quadros, K. Eftekhar, P. Steer, M. Pai, N. Sabrine, M. P. O'Connell, W. Lindow, J. M. Belizán, F. Althabe, F. Barros, S. Alexander, and C. Nuttall. 2000. Caesarean section controversy. British Medical Journal 320 (7241): 1072-1074.
79. Hansen, K. V. 2005. Not-so-nuclear families: Class, gender, and networks of care. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
80. Hartmann, B. 1995. Reproductive rights and wrongs: The global politics of population control. Boston: South End Press.
81. Hayt, E. 2003. Surprise, mom: I'm against abortion: Parents expecting young people to take the liberal view, as in the past, learn otherwise. New York Times, March 30.
82. Henderson, P. M. 1976. Population policy, social structure and health system in Puerto Rico: The case of female sterilization. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International.
83. Hernandez-Alvarez, J. 1976. Return migration. New York: Greenwood Press.
84. Herrnstein, R. C. M., and C. Murray. 1994. The bell curve: The shaping of American life by difference in intelligence. New York: Free Press.
85. History Task Force/Centro de Estudios Puertorriquenos. 1979. Labor migration under Capitalism: The Puerto Rican experience. New York: Monthly Review Press.
86. 1982. Sources for the study of Puerto Rican migration. New York City: Hunter College.
87. Hopkin, K. 2000. Are Brazilian women really choosing to deliver by caesarean? Social Science and Medicine 51 (5): 725-740.
88. Jukelevics, N. 2004. Once a cesarean, always a cesarean: The sorry state of birth choices in America 123 (March/April): 1-10. http://www.mothering.com.
89. Kaufman, J., Z. Zhirong, Q. Xinjianj, and Z. Yang. 1992. The quality of family planning services in rural China. Studies in Family Planning 23 (2): 73-84.
90. Kasarda, J. D. 1993. Inner-city concentrated poverty and neighborhood distress: 1970-1990. Housing Policy Debate 4 (3): 271. http://www. fanniemaefoundation.org/program/hpd/pdf/hpd-0403-Kasarda.pdf.
91. Kent, M. 1987. Survey report: Puerto Rico. Population Today 15 (2): 4.
92. Kevles, D. J. 1985. In the name of eugenics: Genetics and the uses of human heredity. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
93. Kjerulff, K. H., G. M. Guzinsi, P. W. Langenberg, P. D. Stolley, N. E. Moye, and V. A. Kazabjijian. 1993. Hysterectomy and race. Obstetrics Gynecology 82 (5): 757-764.
94. Kjerulff, K. H., P. Langenberg, and G. Guzinski. 1993. The socioeconomic correlates of hysterectomies in the United States. American Journal of Health 83 (1): 106-108.
95. Krase, K. 1996. Sterilization abuse: The policies behind the practice. National Women's Health Network, Network News 1 (4).
96. Lai Y. M., J. D. Lee, C. L. Lee, T. C. Chen, Y. K. Soong. 1995. An ectopic pregnancy embedded in the myometrium of a previous cesarean section scar. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 74 (7): 573-576.
97. Laraque, F., E. Graham, and K. Roussillon. 1995. Sterilization in New York City 1995. New York: Bureau of Maternity Services, New York City Department of Health.
98. Laureano-Cartagena, S. M. 1994. Sterilization in Puerto Rico: From massive and imposed to wanted and not available. In We speak for ourselves: Population and development, 100-105. Washington, DC: Panos Institute.
99. Leacock, E. 1971. The culture of poverty: A critique. New York: Simon and Schuster.
100. Leon, L. E. 1996. Sterilization and depression: A study of Puerto Rican Women living in New York. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International.
101. Lewis, O. 1966. La vida: A Puerto Rican family in the culture of poverty. New York: Random House.
102. Lewontin, R. C., S. Rose, and Kamin L. J. 1984. Not in our genes: Biology, ideology, and human nature. New York: Pantheon.
103. Linder, F. E., and R. D. Grove. 1943. Vital statistics in the United States, 1900-1940. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
104. Lindemann Nelson, H., and J. Lindemann. 1995. Feminism, social policy, and longacting contraception. Hastings Center Report, 25, ser. 1, S30-S32.
105. Loaiza, E. 1995. Sterilization regret in the Dominican Republic: Looking for quality-ofcare issues. Studies in Family Planning 26 (1): 39-48.
106. Lock, M., and A. P. Kaufert, eds. 1998. Pragmatic women and body politics. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.
107. Lombard, P. 2006. Eugenic sterilization laws. Image archive on the American eugenics movement. http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/html/eugenics/ essaysandtext.html.
108. Lopez, I. 1980. Sterilization in Puerto Rico: Coercion or personal choice? Genes and Gender 2:84-98.
109. 1983. Extended views: Social coercion and sterilization among Puerto Rican women. Sage Relations 8 (3): 27-40.
110. 1985. Sterilization among Puerto Rican women: A case study in New York City. Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, New York.
111. 1988. Barriers to the timely use of prenatal care among non-white women in New York City. Special Health Issue, Estudios Puertorriquenos Bulletin (Fall): 72-77.
112. 1993. Agency and constraint: Sterilization and reproductive freedom among Puerto Rican women in New York City. Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems 22 (3-4): 299-343.
113. 1998. An ethnography of the medicalization of Puerto Rican women's reproduction. In Pragmatic women and body politics, ed. M. Lock and P. A. Kaufert, 240-259. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
114. Lowe, N. K. 2003. Amazed or appalled, apathy or action? Journal of obstetric, gynecological, and neonatal nursing 32 (3): 281-282.
115. Lykes, B. M., A. Banuazizi, L. Ramsay, and M. Morris, eds. 1996.Myths about the powerless: Contesting social inequalities. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
116. Marks, J. 2003. What it means to be 98% chimpanzee: Apes, people, and their genes. Berkeley: University of California Press.
117. Marreo, S. A. 1977. Puerto Rico: The kept woman of the United States. Master's thesis, Columbia University.
118. Mass, B. 1976. Emigration and sterilization in Puerto Rico. Population target: The political economy of population in Latin America. Toronto: Latin America Working Group.
119. May, E. T. 1995. Barren in the promised land: Childless Americans and the pursuit of happiness. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
120. Moaveni, A. 2006. Iran's Caesarean Section Craze. http://www.time.com/ time/printout/0,8816,1537543.html
121. Mooney, J. 2004. Neighborhood on the verge? New York Times, January 25.
122. Morgan, L. A. 1981. The Hispanic female headed households. MS. Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund.
123. Moskowitz, E. H., B. Jennings, and D. Callahan. 1995. Long-acting contraceptives: Ethical guidance for policymakers and health care providers. Hastings Center Report, Special Supplement, 25, ser. 1, S1-S8.
124. Moynihan P. 1965. The Negro family: The case for national action. Washington, D.C.: Office of Policy Planning and Research, United States Department of Labor.
125. Mullings, L. 1978. The new ethnicity: Old wine in new bottles? Reviews in Anthropology 4:614-624.
126. Nash, J., and H. Safa, eds. 1986. Women and change in Latin America: New directions in the study of sex and class. South Hadley, MA: Bergin and Garvey Publishers.
127. Navarro, M. 2004. For younger Latinos, a shift to smaller families. New York Times, December 5.
128. Negro-Muntaner, F., and R. Grosfoguel, eds. 1997. Puerto Rican jam: Essays on culture and politics. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
129. New York City Department of City Planning. 1981. Proposed seventh year community development program: Application and budget. Unpublished report. May.
130. New York City Department of Health. 1982. Sterilizations reported in New York City in 1978. Department of Biostatistics, unpublished data.
131. Ortiz, A. 1996. En la aguja y el pedal eche la hiel: Puerto Rican women in the garment industry in New York City, 1920-1980. In Puerto Rican women and work: Bridges in transnational labor, ed. Altagracia Ortiz. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 55-81.
132. Paniagua, M. E., M. E. Tayback, J. L. Janer, and J. L. Vasquez. 1973. Medical and psychological sequelae of surgical sterilization of women. In Foolproof birth control: Male and female sterilization. Boston: Beacon Press.
133. Pantelides, E. A., and S. Bott, eds. 2000. Reproducción, salud, y sexualidad en America Latina. Buenos Aires: Editorial Biblos.
134. Parrilla-Bonilla, A. 1975. Puerto Rico: Un caso de genocidio por la manipulación poblacional imperalista. Desarrolla Indoamericano 9 (28): 19-22.
135. Pessar, P. 1995. A visa for a dream: Dominicans in the United States. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
136. Petchesky, R. P. 1981. "Reproductive choice" in the contemporary United States: A social analysis of female sterilization. In And the poor get children: Radical perspectives on population dynamics, ed. K. L. Michaelson, 50-87. New York: Monthly Review Press.
137. 1984. Abortion and woman's choice: The state, sexuality, and reproductive freedom. New York: Longman.
138. 1995. From population control to reproductive rights: Feminist fault lines. Reproductive Health Matters 6:152-161.
139. 2003. Global prescriptions: Gendering health and human rights. New York: Zed Books.
140. Petchesky, R. P., and K. Judd, eds. 1998. Negotiating reproductive rights: Women's perspectives across countries and cultures. London and New York: Zed Books.
141. Petersen, Herbert B., X. Zhisen, and J. Hughes. 1996. The risk of ectopic pregnancy after tubal sterilization. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 174 (4): 1161-1168.
142. Physicians for Human Rights. 2003. The right to equal treatment: An action plan to end racial and ethnic disparities in clinical diagnosis and treatment in the United States. A report by the Panel on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Medical Care convened by Physicians for Human Rights, Boston.
143. Potter, J., E. Berquo, H. O. Ignez, I. H. Perpetuo, L. Fachel Ondina, and K. Hopkins. 2001. Unwanted caesarean sections among public and private patients in Brazil. Prospective study 323 (November): 1155-1158.
144. Powderly, K. E. 1995. Illustrations from American history. Hastings Center Report, Special Supplement 25, ser. 1, S9-S11.
145. Presser, H. B. 1973. Sterilization and fertility decline in Puerto Rico. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
146. 1978. Contraceptive sterilization as a grassroots response: A comparative view of the Puerto Rican and United States experience. In Behavioral-Social aspects of contraceptive sterilization, ed. S. H. Newman and Z. E. Klein, 25-48. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
147. Price, A. 2008. Do I Really Need That Hysterectomy? http://www. beckysingleton.com/doctor5.htm.
148. Puerto Rico Health. N.d. http://www.city-data.com/states/PuertoRico- Health.html.
149. Ramirez de Arellano, A., and C. Seipp. 1983. Colonialism, Catholicism, and contraception: A history of birth control in Puerto Rico. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
150. Ramos-Bellido, C. G. 1977. The politics of birth control in Puerto Rico. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilm International.
151. Rauh, G. Bloomberg attempts to redefine poverty. New York Sun, July 14, 2008. http://www.nysun.com/new-york/bloomberg-attempts-to-redefine-poverty/ 81790/
152. Ringheim, K. 1993. Factors that determine prevalence of use of contraceptive methods for men. Studies for Family Planning 24 (2): 87-99.
153. Rivera-Batiz, F. L., and Santiago, C. E. 1996. Island Paradox: Puerto Rico in the 1990s. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
154. Roberts, D. 1997. Killing the black body: Race, reproduction, and the meaning of liberty. New York: Pantheon.
155. Robertson, J. A. 1995. Norplant and irresponsible reproduction. Hastings Center Report, Special Supplement, 25, ser. 1, S23-S26.
156. Robles, R. R., R. E. Martinez, M. Vera, and M. Allegra. 1987. Health care Services and sterilization among Puerto Rican Women. Paper presented at the 115th annual meeting of the American Public Health Association, New Orleans, October 18-22.
157. Rodriguez, C. 1989. Puerto Ricans: Born in the USA. Boston: Unwin and Hyman.
158. 2005. Commentary: Forging a new, New York: The Puerto Rican community, post-1945. In Boricuas in Gotham: Puerto Ricans in the making of modern New York City, ed. G. Haslip-Viera, A. Falcon, and F. Matos Rodriguez, 195-218. Princeton: Markus Wiener.
159. Ross, L. 1994. Sterilization and 'de facto' sterilization. AMICUS Journal 29 (Winter). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?
160. Rothberg, D., and S. Kelly, eds. 1998. Ken Wilber in dialogue: Conversations with leading transpersonal thinkers. Wheaton, IL: Quest Books.
161. Saidi, M. H., and C. M. Zainie. 1980. Female sterilization: A handbook for women. New York: Garland Press.
162. Salvo, J., M. G. Powers, and R. S. Cooney. 1992. Contraceptive use and sterilization among Puerto Rican women. Family Planning Perspectives 24 (5): 219-223.
163. Sanabria, C. 2000. The Puerto Rican organized workers' movement and the American Federation of Labor, 1901 to 1934. Ph.D. diss., City University of New York.
164. Sanchez-Korral, V. 1994. From colonia to community: The history of Puerto Ricans in New York City. Berkeley: University of California Press.
165. 2005. Building the New York Puerto Rican community, 1945-1965: A historical interpretation. In Boricuas in Gotham: Puerto Ricans in the making of modern New York City, ed. G. Haslip-Viera, F. Matos-Rodriguez, and A. Falcon, 1-20. Princeton: Markus Wiener.
166. Sanhueza, H. and R. Jaimes. 1975. Contraceptives Progress in Latin America and the Caribbean. Proceedings of the IPPF/WHR Second Regional Medical Seminar held in Medellin, Columbia, November 25-26. International Planned Parenthood Federation, Western Hemisphere Region.
167. Santana-Cooney, R., and Colón-Warren, A. 1996. Work and family: The recent struggles of Puerto Rican women. In Historical perspectives on Puerto Ricans' survival in the United States, C. E. Rodriguez and V. Sanchez Korral, 69-85. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers.
168. Sassen, S. 1988. The mobility of labor and capital: A study of international investment and labor flow. New York: Praeger.
169. Satterhwaite, A. P. 1965. Experience with oral and intrauterine contraception in rural Puerto Rico. In Public Health and Population Change, ed. M. C. Scieps and J. C. Ridley, 474-480. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
170. Schoen, J. 2005. Choice and coercion: Birth control, sterilization, and abortion in public health and welfare. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
171. Scrimshaw, S. C. 1970. The demand for female sterilization in Spanish Harlem: Experiences of Puerto Ricans in New York City. Paper presented at the 69th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, San Diego, November 19.
172. Shah, M. A. 2003. Soaring caesarean section rates: A cause for alarm. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecological, and Neonatal Nursing 32 (3): 283-284.
173. Sidel, R. 1978. Urban survival: The world of working-class women. Boston: Beacon Press.
174. Silvestrini-Pachecho, B. 1986. Women as workers: The experience of the Puerto Rican women in the 1930s. In The Puerto Rican woman: Perspectives on culture, history, and society, ed. Edna Acosta-Belén. New York: Praeger.
175. Smedley, B. D., A. Y. Stith, and A. R. Nelson. 2003. Unequal treatment: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
176. Solinger, R. 2001. Beggars and choosers: How the politics of choice shaped adoption, abortion, and welfare in the United States. New York: Hill and Wang.
177. Stack, C. 1997. All our kin: Survival in a black community. New York: Harper and Row.
178. Starr, P. 1984. The social transformation of American medicine. New York: Basic Books.
179. Stead, L., and S. R. Behera. 2007. Ectopic pregnancy. Journal of Emergency Medicine 32 (2): 205-206.
180. Steinbeck, B. 1995. Coercion and long-term contraceptives. Hastings Center Report, Special Supplement, 25, ser. 1, S19-S22.
181. Stevens, E. 1973. Marianismo: The other face of machismo. In Female and male in Latin America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
182. Stroup-Benham, C. A., and F. M. Trevino. 1991. Reproductive characteristics of Mexican-American, mainland Puerto Rican, and Cuban-American women: Data from the Hispanic health and nutrition examination survey. Journal of the American Medical Association 265 (2): 222-226.
183. Stycos, J. M. 1954 Female sterilization in Puerto Rico. Eugenics Quarterly 1 (June): 3-9.
184. 1955. Family and fertility in Puerto Rico: A study of the lower income group. New York: Columbia University Press.
185. Stycos, J. M., R. Hill, and K. Back. 1959. The family and population control: A Puerto Rican experiment in social change. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
186. Toro-Morn, M. 2005. Boricuas en Chicago: Gender and class in the migration and settlement of Puerto Ricans. In Puerto Rican diaspora: Historical Perspectives, ed. C. T. Whalen and V. Vasquez-Hernandez, 125-150. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
187. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2007. Local area unemployment statistics: Puerto Rico. http://data.bls.gov.
188. U.S. Census Bureau. 2006. Percent of people below poverty level in the past 12 months for whom poverty status is determined: 2006. http://factfinder. census.gov.
189. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2006. Fibroid tumor fact sheet. http://womenshealth.gov.
190. Valentine, C. A. 1968. Culture and poverty: Critique and counterproposals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
191. Vazquez-Calzada, J. L. 1973. La esterilización femenina en Puerto Rico. Revista de ciencias sociales 173 (September): 281-308.
192. 1982. Female sterilization in Puerto Rico and its demographic effectiveness. Puerto Rico Health Sciences Journal 1 (2): 68-79.
193. 1988. La población de Puerto Rico y su trayectoria historica. San Juan: Universidad de Puerto Rico, Escuela Graduada de Salud Pública.
194. Vazquez-Calzada, J. L., and J. Carnivali. 1982. El uso de métodos anticonceptivos en Puerto Rico: Tendencias recientes. Centro de Investigaciones Demográficas, Escuela de Salud Publica, Recinto de Ciencias Médicas, Monografí a número III. San Juan: Universidad de Puerto Rico.
195. Vazquez-Calzada, J. L., and Z. Morales del Valle. 1981. La esterilización feminina y su efectividad demografica: El caso de Puerto Rico. Escuela de Salud Publica, Recinto de Ciencias Medicas. San Juan: Universidad de Puerto Rico.
196. Velez, C. G. 1978. Se me acabó la canción: An ethnography of non-consenting sterilizations among Mexican women in Los Angeles. In Mexican women in the United States: Struggles past and present, ed. L. Castillo. Berkeley: University of California Press.
197. Wajcman, J. 1994. Delivered into men's hands? The social construction of reproductive technology. In Power and decision: The social control of reproduction, ed. Gita Sen and Rachel C. Snow, 153-175. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
198. Waldinger, R. 1996. Still the promised city? African Americans and the new immigrants in postindustrial New York. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
199. Wallach, E., and N. Vlahos. 2004. Uterine myomas: An overview of development, clinical features and management. Obstetric Gynecology 104:393.
200. Warren, C. W. 1986. Contaceptive sterilization in Puerto Rico. Demography 23 (3): 351-365.
201. 1988. Tubal sterilization: Questioning the decision. Population Studies 42 (3): 407-418.
202. Westhoff, C., and A. Davis. 2000. Tubal sterilization: Focus on the U.S. experience. Fertility and Sterility 735 (May): 913-22.
203. White E. C., ed. 1993. The black women's health book: Speaking for ourselves. Seattle: Seal Press.
204. Wilber, K. 2000. Integral psychology: Consciousness, spirit, psychology, therapy. Boston: Shambhala.
205. Wilson, W. J. 1987. The truly disadvantaged: The inner city, the underclass, and public policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
206. Zambrana, R. E. 1982.Work, family and health: Latina women in transition. Monograph No. 7. New York: Fordham University Hispanic Research Center.
207. Zavella, P. 1996. Feminist insider dilemmas: Constructing identity with "Chicana" informants. In Feminist Dilemmas in Fieldwork, ed. D. L. Wolfe, 138-169. Boulder, CO: Westview.
208. 1997. "Playing with Fire": The gendered construction of Chicana/Mexicana sexuality. In The gendered/sexuality reader: Culture, history, political economy, ed. R. N. Lancaster and M. di Leonardo, 402-418. New York: Routledge.
209. 2003. Talking sex: Chicanas and Mexicanas theorize about silences and sexual pleasures. In Chicana feminisms: A critical reader, ed. G. Arredondo, A. Hurtado, N. Klahn, O. Najera Ramirez, and P. Zavella, 228-253. Durham: Duke University Press.
210. Zavella, P., and X. Castañeda. 2003. Changing constructions of sexuality and risk: Migrant Mexican women farmworkers in California. Journal of Latin American Anthropology 8 (2): 126-150.
211. Zuberi T. 2003. Thicker than blood: How statistics lie. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
212. Zurawin, R. K. 2006. Tubal sterilization. http://www.emedicine.com/med/ topic3313.htm.