An affordable open-source turbidimeter

Sensors (Switzerland)

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 7142-7155

  Kelley, Christopher D ^a   Krolick, Alexander ^b   Brunner, Logan ^a   Burklund, Alison ^a   Kahn, Daniel ^a   Ball, William P ^a   Weber Shirk, Monroe ^b  

^a The Johns Hopkins University   (United States)

^b Cornell University   (United States)

Author keywords

Affordable water treatment monitoring; Arduino; Open source hardware; Turbidity

Indexed keywords

COLLOIDS; TURBIDITY;

ARDUINO; COLLOIDAL PARTICLE; FURTHER DEVELOPMENT; OPEN-SOURCE HARDWARES; SANITATION MONITORING; TREATMENT MONITORING; TURBID WATER; WATER SAMPLES;

TURBIDIMETERS;

EID: 84899150706     PISSN: 14248220     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/s140407142     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. American Public Health Association, and American Water Works Association. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 9th ed.; American Public Health Association: Washington, DC, USA, 1995.
2. Letterman, R.D. Water Quality and Treatment: A Handbook of Community Water Supplies, 5th ed.; American Water Works Association: Denver, CO, USA, 1999.
3. O'Melia, C.R. ES and T Features: Aquasols: The Behavior of Small Particles in Aquatic Systems. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1980, 14, 1052-1060.
4. Richardson, S.D.; Plewa, M.J.; Wagner, E.D.; Schoeny, R.; DeMarini, D.M. Occurrence, Genotoxicity, and Carcinogenicity of Regulated and Emerging Disinfection By-Products in Drinking Water: A Review and Roadmap for Research. Mutat. Res. Rev. Mutat. Res. 2007, 636, 178-242.
5. LeChevallier, M.W.; Evans, T.M.; Seidler, R.J. Effect of Turbidity on Chlorination Efficiency and Bacterial Persistence in Drinking Water. J. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1981, 42, 159-167.
6. LeChevallier, M.W.; Norton, W.D.; Lee, R.G. Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. in Filtered Drinking Water Supplies. J. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1991, 57, 2617-2621.
7. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Guidance Manual; Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, DC, USA, 1999; Turbidity Provisions April 1999, Chapter 7-1.
8. Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, EPA. Method 180.1: Determination of Turbidity by Nephelometry; Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory Office of Research and Development Cincinnati: Cincinnati, OH, USA, 1993.
9. Importance of Turbidity. EPA Guidance Manual: Turbidity Provisions. Available online: http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw000/mdbp/pdf/turbidity/chap_07.pdf (accessed on 10 April 2014).
10. World Health Organization. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, 3rd ed.; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2008.
11. ISO/IEC. ISO/IEC 7027:1999 Water Quality-Determination of Turbidity. Online Browsing Platform (OBP), 1999.
12. Dongare, M.L.; Buchade, P.B.; Awatade, M.N.; Shaligram, A.D. On-line Turbidity Measurement of Clear Juice. J. Opt. 2013, 42, 1-4.
13. Novo, C.; Bilro, L.; Ferreira, R.; Alberto, N.; Antunes, P.; Leitão, C.; Pinto, J.L. Plastic Optical Fibre Sensor for Quality Control in Food Industry. In Proceedings of the Fifth European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors, Krakow, Poland, 20 May 2013.
14. Bilro, L.; Prats, S.; Pinto, J.L.; Keizer, J.J.; Nogueira, R.N. Turbidity Sensor for Determination of Concentration, Ash Presence and Particle Diameter of Sediment Suspensions. In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Optical Fibre Sensors, Ottawa, Canada, 15 May 2011.
15. Orwin, J.F.; Smart, C.C. An Inexpensive Turbidimeter for Monitoring Suspended Sediment. Geomorphology 2005, 68, 3-15.
16. Smith, J.M.; Schneider, D.A.; Dausch, M.E.; Whipple, W., III. Dishwasher with turbidity sensing mechanism. U.S. Patent No. 5586567, 1996.
17. Taylor, R.E.; Bull, D.W. Turbidity sensor. U.S. Patent No. 5828458, 1998.
18. Bilro, L.; Alberto, N.; Pinto, J.L.; Nogueira, R. Optical Sensors Based on Plastic Fibers. Sensors 2012, 12, 12184-12207.
19. Omar, A.F.; MatJafri, M.Z. The Swift Turbidity Marker. Phys. Educ. 2011, 46, 90.
20. Lambrou, T.P.; Panayiotou, C.G.; Anastasiou, C.C. A Low-Cost System for Real Time Monitoring and Assessment of Potable Water Quality at Consumer Sites. In Proceedings of the Sensors IEEE, Taipei, Taiwan, 28 October 2012; pp. 1-4.
21. Lambrou, T.P.; Anastasiou, C.C.; Panayiotou, C.G. A Nephelometric Turbidity System for Monitoring Residential Drinking Water Quality. Sensor Applications, Experimentation, and Logistics; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany/ New York, NY, USA, 2010; pp. 43-55.
22. Liu, Y.; Xu, H. Design of a MCU-controlled Laser Liquid Turbidimeter Based on OPT101. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Optical Instrumentation and Technology, International Society for Optics and Photonics, Shanghai, China, 20 November 2009.
23. Pereira, J.D.; Postolache, O.; Girao, P.S.; Ramos, H. SDI-12 Based Turbidity Measurement System with Field Calibration Capability. In Proceedings of the IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, Niagara Falls, Canada, 3 May 2004; Volume 4, pp. 1975-1979.
24. Garcia, A.; Pérez, M.A.; Ortega, G.J.G.; Dizy, J.T. A New Design of Low-Cost Four-Beam Turbidimeter by Using Optical Fibers. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 2007, 56, 907-912.
25. Ranasinghe, D.M.A.; Ariyaratne, T.R. Design and Construction of Cost Effective Turbidimeter to be Used in Water Purification Plants in Sri Lanka. Proc. Tech. Session. 2012, 28, 65-70.
26. Sun, M.J.; Sun, X.H.; Zhou, J.; Song, X.C.; Zhang, T.; Zhang, X.J. Design of Portable Turbidimeter Based on Cygnal Microcomputer. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 2006, 48, 1152.
27. Tai, H.; Li, D.; Wang, C.; Ding, Q.; Wang, C.; Liu, S. Design and Characterization of a Smart Turbidity Transducer for Distributed Measurement System. Sens. Actuators A: Phys. 2012, 175, 1-8.
28. Wijenayake, N.A.J.; Alahakoon, P.M.K. Development of a Cost-Effective Turbidimeter. In Proceedings of the Water Professionals' Day Symposium, Kandy, Sri Lanka, 01 October 2005.
29. TAOS. TSL230, TSL230A, TSL230B Programmable Light-To-Frequency Converters: Texas Instrument, Dallas, Texas, October 1992.
30. Badami, V.V.; Chbat, N.W. Home appliances get smart. Spectrum IEEE 1998, 35, 36-43.
31. Anzalone, G.C.; Glover, A.G.; Pearce, J.M. Open-Source Colorimeter. Sensors 2013, 13, 5338-5346.
32. WASH For All. The Open Turbidimeter Project. Available online: https://github.com/wash4all/open-turbidimeter-project (accessed on 1 April 2014).
33. Bureau of Indian Standards. Indian Standards: Drinking Water Specifications, 2nd ed.; Bureau of Indian Standard: Delhi, India, 2012.
34. Republic of Honduras Regulatory Authority for Drinking Water and Sanitation. Service Quality Regulations; Regulatory Authority for Drinking Water and Sanitation: Tegucigalpa, Honduras, 2005.
35. Zhang, C.L.; Anzalone, N.C.; Faria, R.P.; Pearce, J.M. Open-Source 3D-Printable Optics Equipment. PLoS One 2013, 8, e59840.
36. Kitson, P.J.; Symes, M.D.; Dragone, V.; Cronin, L. Combining 3D printing and liquid handling to produce user-friendly reactionware for chemical synthesis and purification. Chem. Sci. 2013, 4, 3099-3103.
37. Fisher, D.K.; Ruixiu, S. An inexpensive open-source ultrasonic sensing system for monitoring liquid levels. Agric. Eng. Int.: CIGR J. 2013, 15, 328-334.
38. Pearce, J.M. Building research equipment with free, open-source hardware. Science 2012, 337, 1303-1304.
39. Pearce, Joshua M. Open-Source Lab: How to Build Your Own Hardware and Reduce Research Costs; Elsevier: Waltham, MA, USA, 2013.
40. WASH For All. OpenSourceWater monitoring Page. Available online http://monitor.wash4all.org (accessed on 1 April 2014).