Functional mitral regurgitation: A 30-year unresolved surgical journey from valve replacement to complex valve repairs

Heart Failure Reviews

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 341-358

  Onorati, Francesco ^a   Santini, Francesco ^b   Dandale, Rajesh ^a   Rossi, Andrea ^a   Campopiano, Esther ^c   Pechlivanidis, Konstantinos ^a   Calzaferri, Daniele ^a   Milano, Aldo ^a   Mazzucco, Alessandro ^a   Faggian, Giuseppe ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VERONA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GENOA   (Italy)

^c Negrar Hospital   (Italy)

Author keywords

Chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation; Functional mitral regurgitation; Mitral valve repair; Mitral valve replacement; Restrictive annuloplasty

Indexed keywords

POLITEF;

ANNULAR DILATATION; ANNULOPLASTY RING; ARTICLE; CARDIAC EQUIPMENT; CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY; CARDIAC SUPPORT DEVICE; CLINICAL DECISION MAKING; CONGESTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT; DISEASE SEVERITY; FUNCTIONAL MITRAL VALVE REGURGITATION; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART DISEASE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE EJECTION FRACTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HEART VENTRICLE REMODELING; HUMAN; IMPLANTABLE CLIP; LIFE EXPECTANCY; MITRAL ANNULOPLASTY; MITRAL VALVE LEAFLET TETHERING; MITRAL VALVE REGURGITATION; MITRAL VALVE REPAIR; MITRAL VALVE REPLACEMENT; NONHUMAN; NONISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; PAPILLARY MUSCLE DYSSYNCHRONY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PROGNOSIS; RESTRICTIVE MITRAL ANNULOPLASTY; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; SURGICAL APPROACH; SURGICAL MORTALITY; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; SURVIVAL; TREATMENT INDICATION; COMPLICATION; ETIOLOGY; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FUNCTION; HEART VALVE REPLACEMENT; MITRAL VALVE; MITRAL VALVE INSUFFICIENCY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROCEDURES; RISK ASSESSMENT; TRENDS;

HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; HUMANS; MITRAL VALVE; MITRAL VALVE ANNULOPLASTY; MITRAL VALVE INSUFFICIENCY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; PROGNOSIS; RISK ADJUSTMENT; RISK ASSESSMENT; VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, LEFT;

EID: 84899128668     PISSN: 13824147     EISSN: 15737322     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10741-013-9392-9     Document Type: Article

References (145)

1. Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K et al (2008) 2008 focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines (Writing Committee to develop guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease). J Am Coll Cardiol 52:e1-e142
2. Di Salvo TG, Acker MA, Dec GW, Byrne JG (2010) Mitral valve surgery in advanced heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 55:271-282
3. Bouma W, van der Horst ICC, Wijdh-den Hamer IJ et al (2010) Chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation. Current treatment results and new mechanism-based surgical approaches. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 37:170-185
4. Carabello BA (2004) Ischemic mitral regurgitation and ventricular remodeling. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:384-385
5. Vahanian A, Alfieri O, Andreotti F et al (2012) Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 42:S1-S44
6. Rossi A, Dini FL, Faggiano P et al (2011) Independent prognostic value of functional mitral regurgitation in patients with heart failure. A quantitative analysis of 1256 patients with ischemic and non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Heart 97:1675-1680
7. Lamas GA, Mitchell GF, Flaker GC et al (1997) Clinical significance of mitral regurgitation after acute myocardial infarction. Survival and ventricular enlargement investigators. Circulation 96:827-833
8. Wu AH, Aaronson KD, Bolling SF et al (2005) Impact of mitral valve annuloplasty on mortality risk in patients with mitral regurgitation and left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 45:381-387
9. Kang DH, Kim MJ, Kang SJ et al (2006) Mitral valve repair versus revascularization alone in the treatment of ischemic mitral regurgitation. Circulation 114:499-503
10. Milano CA, Daneshmand MA, Rankin SJ et al (2008) Survival prognosis and surgical management of ischemic mitral regurgitation. Ann Thorac Surg 86:735-744
11. Mihaljevic T, Lam BK, Rajeswaran J et al (2007) Impact of mitral valve annuloplasty combined with revascularization in patients with functional ischemic mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 49:2191-2201
12. Wong DR, Agnihotri AK, Hung JW et al (2005) Long-term survival after surgical revascularization for moderate ischemic mitral regurgitation. Ann Thorac Surg 80:570-577
13. Harris KM, Sundt TM III, Aeppli D, Sharma R, Barzilai B (2002) Can late survival of patients with moderate ischemic mitral regurgitation be impacted by intervention on the valve? Ann Thorac Surg 74:1468-1475
14. Goland S, Czer LSC, Siegel RJ et al (2009) Coronary revascularization alone or with mitral valve repair. Outcomes in patients with moderate ischemic mitral regurgitation. Texas Heart Inst J 36:416-424
15. Trento A, Goland S, De Robertis MA, Czer LSC (2009) Counterpoint: efficacy of adding mitral valve restrictive annuloplasty to coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with moderate ischemic mitral valve regurgitation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 138:286-288
16. Trichon BH, Glower DD, Shaw LK et al (2009) Survival after coronary revascularization, with and without mitral valve surgery, in patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation. Circulation 108:II103-II110
17. Kwon MH, Cevasco M, Chen FY (2012) Functional, ischemic mitral regurgitation. To repair or not to repair? Circulation 125:2563-2565
18. Chen FY, Adams DH, Aranki SF, Collins JJ Jr, Couper GS, Rizzo RJ, Cohn LH (1998) Mitral valve repair in cardiomyopathy. Circulation 98:II124-II127
19. Deja MA, Grayburn PA, Sun B et al (2012) Influence of mitral regurgitation repair on survival in the surgical treatment for ischemic heart failure trial. Circulation 125:2639-2648
20. Prifti E, Bonacchi M, Frati G et al (2001) Should mild-to-moderate and moderate ischemic mitral regurgitation be corrected in patients with impaired left ventricular function undergoing simultaneous coronary revascularization? J Card Surg 16:473-483
21. Fattouch K, Guccione F, Sampognaro R et al (2009) Point: efficacy of adding mitral valve restrictive annuloplasty to coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with moderate ischemic mitral valve regurgitation: a randomized study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 138:278-285
22. Chan KMJ, Punjabi PP, Flather M et al (2012) Coronary artery bypass surgery with or without mitral valve annuloplasty in moderate functional ischemic mitral regurgitation. Final results of the Randomized Ischemic Mitral Evaluation (RIME) trial. Circulation 126:2502-2510
23. Romano MA, Bolling SF (2004) Update on mitral repair in dilated cardiomyopathy. J Card Surg 19:396-400
24. Takeda K, Taniguchi K, Shudo Y et al (2010) Mechanism of beneficial effects of restrictive mitral annuloplasty in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and functional mitral regurgitation. Circulation 122:S3-S9
25. ten Brinke EA, Klautz RJ, Tulner SA et al (2010) Clinical and functional effects of restrictive mitral annuloplasty at midterm follow-up in heart failure patients. Ann Thorac Surg 90:1913-1920
26. Takeda J, Sakaguchi T, Miyagawa S et al (2012) The extent of early left ventricular reverse remodeling is related to midterm outcomes after restrictive mitral annuloplasty in patients with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy and functional mitral regurgitation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 41:506-511
27. De Bonis M, Taramasso M, Verzini A et al (2012) Long-term results of mitral repair for functional mitral regurgitation in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 42:640-646
28. Braun J, Ciarka A, Versteegh MIM et al (2011) Cardiac support device, restrictive mitral valve annuloplasty, and optimized medical treatment: a multimodality approach to nonischemic cardiomyopathy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 142:e93-e100
29. Feldman T, Foster E, Glower DD et al (2011) Percutaneous repair or surgery for mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med 364:1395-1406
30. Whitlow PL, Feldman T, Pedersen WR, Everest II Investigators et al (2012) Acute and 12-month results with catheter-based mitral valve leaflet repair: the EVEREST II (endovascular valve edge-to-edge repair) high risk study. J Am Coll Cardiol 59:130-139
31. Pierard LA (2007) Left ventricular dyssynchrony and functional mitral regurgitation: two dynamic conditions. Eur Heart J 28:924-925
32. Bach DS, Deeb GM, Bolling SF (1995) Accuracy of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography for estimating the severity of functional mitral regurgitation. Am J Cardiol 76:508-512
33. Carpentier A, Adams DH, Filsoufi F (2010) Valve analysis: "the functional classification". In: Fletcher J (ed) Carpentier's reconstructive valve surgery. From valve analysis to valve reconstruction. Saunders Elsevier, Louis, pp 5-10
34. Otsuji Y, Kumanohoso T, Yoshifuku S et al (2002) Isolated annular dilation does not usually cause important functional mitral regurgitation: comparison between patients with lone atrial fibrillation and those with idiopathic or ischemic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 39:1651-1656
35. Zhou X, Otsuji Y, Yoshifuku S et al (2002) Impact of atrial fibrillation on tricuspid and mitral annular dilation and valvular regurgitation. Circ J 66:913-916
36. Kilic A, Schwartzman DS, Subramanian K, Zenati MA (2010) Severe functional mitral regurgitation arising from isolated annular dilatation. Ann Thorac Surg 90:1343-1345
37. Nagasaki M, Nishimura S, Ohtaki E et al (2006) The echocardiographic determinants of functional mitral regurgitation differ in ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 108:171-176
38. Hueb AC, Jatene FB, Moreira LFP, Pomerantzeff PM, Kallas E, Almeida de Oliveira S (2002) Ventricular remodeling and mitral valve modifications in dilated cardiomyopathy: new insights from anatomic study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 124:1216-1224
39. Onorati F, Rubino AS, Marturano D et al (2009) Mid-term echocardiographic results with different rings following restrictive mitral annuloplasty for ischaemic cardiomyopathy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 36:250-260
40. He S, Fontaine AA, Schwammenthal E, Yoganathan AP, Levine RA (1997) Integrated mechanism for functional mitral regurgitation: leaflet restriction versus coapting force: in vitro studies. Circulation 96:1826-1834
41. Gorman JH III, Jackson BM, Enomoto Y, Gorman RC (2004) The effect of regional ischemia on mitral valve annular saddle shape. Ann Thorac Surg 77:544-548
42. Salgo IS, Gorman JH III, Jackson BM et al (2002) Effect of annular shape on leaflet curvature in reducing mitral leaflet stress. Circulation 106:711-717
43. Padala M, Hutchinson RA, Croft LR et al (2009) Saddle shape of the mitral annulus reduces systolic strains on the P2 segment of the posterior mitral leaflet. Ann Thorac Surg 88:1499-1504
44. Jimenez JH, Liou SW, Padala M et al (2007) A saddle-shaped annulus reduces systolic strain on the central region of the mitral valve anterior leaflet. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 134:1562-1568
45. Jensen MO, Jensen H, Levine RA et al (2011) Saddle-shaped mitral valve annuloplasty rings improve leaflet coaptation geometry. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 142:697-703
46. Mahmood F, Gorman JH III, Subramaniam B et al (2010) Changes in mitral valve annular geometry after repair: saddle-shaped versus flat annuloplasty rings. Ann Thorac Surg 90:1212-1220
47. Watanabe N, Ogasawara Y, Yamaura Y et al (2005) Mitral annulus flattens in ischemic mitral regurgitation: geometric differences between inferior and anterior myocardial infarction. Circulation 112:458-462
48. Onorati F, Rubino AS, Marturano D et al (2009) Midterm clinical and echocardiographic predictors of mitral regurgitation recurrence following restrictive annuloplasty for ischemic cardiomyopathy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 138:654-662
49. Yiu SF, Enriquez-Sarano M, Tribouilloy C, Seward JB, Tajik AJ (2000) Determinants of the degree of functional mitral regurgitation in patients with systolic left ventricular dysfunction: a quantitative clinical study. Circulation 102:1400-1406
50. Flachskampf FA, Chandra S, Gaddipatti A (2000) Analysis of shape and motion of the mitral annulus in subjects with and without cardiomyopathy by echocardiographic 3-dimensional reconstruction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 13:277-287
51. Karaahmet T, Tigen K, Dundar C et al (2011) Intraventricular and papillary muscle dyssynchrony is related to the diastolic phase of functional mitral regurgitation in patients with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. J Heart Valve Dis 20:136-145
52. Matsumoto K, Tanaka H, Okajima K et al (2011) Relation between left ventricular morphology and reduction in functional mitral regurgitation by cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 108:1327-1334
53. Godley RW, Wann LS, Rogers EW, Fiegenbaum H, Weyman AE (1981) Incomplete mitral leaflet closure in patients with papillary muscle dysfunction. Circulation 63:565-571
54. Messas E, Guerrero JL, Handschumacher MD et al (2001) Paradoxic decrease in ischemic mitral regurgitation with papillary muscle dysfunction: insights from three-dimensional and contrast echocardiography with strain rate measurements. Circulation 104:1952-1957
55. Uemura T, Otsuji Y, Nakashiki K et al (2005) Papillary muscle dysfunction attenuates ischemic mitral regurgitation in patients with localized basal inferior left ventricular remodeling: insights from tissue Doppler strain imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 46:113-119
56. Otsuji Y, Handschumacher MD, Schwammenthal E et al (1997) Insights from three-dimensional echocardiography into the mechanism of functional mitral regurgitation: direct in vivo demonstration of altered leaflet tethering geometry. Circulation 96:1999-2008
57. Tibayan FA, Rodriguez F, Langer F et al (2005) Annular or subvalvular approach to chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 129:1266-1275
58. Kron IL, Green GR, Cope JT (2002) Surgical relocation of the posterior papillary muscle in chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation. Ann Thorac Surg 74:600-601
59. Tibayan FA, Rodriguez F, Zasio MK (2003) Geometric distortions of the mitral valvular-ventricular complex in chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation. Circulation 108:II116-II121
60. Langer F, Kunihara T, Hell K et al (2009) Ring + String. Successful repair technique for ischemic mitral regurgitation with severe leaflet tethering. Circulation 120:85-91
61. Ueno T, Sakata R, Ueno M, Ueno T (2007) Papillary muscle elevation: an alternative subvalvular procedure for selective relocation of displaced posterior papillary muscle in posteroinferior infarction. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 6:9-11
62. Masuyama S, Marui A, Shimamoto T et al (2008) Chordal translocation for ischemic mitral regurgitation may ameliorate tethering of the posterior and anterior mitral leaflets. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 136:868-875
63. Hvass U, Joudinaud T (2010) The papillary muscle sling for ischemic mitral regurgitation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 139:418-423
64. Rama A, Praschker L, Barreda E, Grandjbakhch I (2007) Papillary muscle approximation for functional ischemic mitral regurgitation. Ann Thorac Surg 84:2130-2131
65. Fumimoto K, Fukui T, Shimokawa T, Takanashi S (2008) Papillary muscle realignment and mitral annuloplasty in patients with severe ischemic mitral regurgitation and dilated heart. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 7:368-371
66. Arai H, Itoh F, Someya T, Oi K, Tamura K, Tanaka H (2008) New surgical procedure for ischemic/functional mitral regurgitation: mitral complex remodeling. Ann Thorac Surg 85:1820-1822
67. Nesta F, Otsuji Y, Handschumacher MD et al (2003) Leaflet concavity: a rapid visual clue to the presence and mechanism of functional mitral regurgitation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 16:1301-1308
68. Messas E, Pouzet B, Touchot B et al (2003) Efficacy of chordal cutting to relieve chronic persistent ischemic mitral regurgitation. Circulation 108(Suppl1):111-115
69. Borger MA, Murphy PM, Alam A et al (2007) Initial results of the chordal-cutting operation for ischemic mitral regurgitation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 133:1483-1492
70. Calafiore AM, Iacò AL, Bivona A et al (2011) Echocardiographically based treatment of chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 141:1150-1156
71. Fayad G, Modine T, Azzaoui R et al (2008) Chordal cutting technique through aortotomy to treat chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation: surgical technique. Int J Surg 6:36-39
72. Masuyama S, Marui A, Shimamoto T, Komeda M (2009) Chordal translocation: secondary chordal cutting in conjunction with artificial chordae for preserving valvular-ventricular interaction in the treatment of functional mitral regurgitation. J Heart Valve Dis 18:142-146
73. Messas E, Yosefy C, Chaput M et al (2006) Chordal cutting does not adversely affect left ventricle contractile function. Circulation 114(Suppl 1):524-528
74. Rodriguez F, Langer F, Harrington KB et al (2004) Importance of mitral valve second-order chordae for left ventricular geometry, wall thickening mechanics, and global systolic function. Circulation 110(Suppl 1):115-122
75. Kincaid EH, Riley RD, Hines MH, Hammon JW, Kon ND (2004) Anterior leaflet augmentation for ischemic mitral regurgitation. Ann Thorac Surg 78:564-568
76. De Varennes B, Chaturvedi R, Sidhu S et al (2009) Initial results of posterior leaflet extension for severe type IIIb ischemic mitral regurgitation. Circulation 119:2837-2843
77. Schwammenthal E, Chen C, Benning F, Block M, Breithardt G, Levine RA (1994) Dynamics of mitral regurgitant flow and orifice area. Physiologic application of the proximal flow convergence method: clinical data and experimental testing. Circulation 90:307-322
78. Otsuji Y, Handschumacher MD, Liel-Cohen N et al (2001) Mechanism of ischemic mitral regurgitation with segmental left ventricular dysfunction: three-dimensional echocardiographic studies in models of acute and chronic progressive regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 37:641-648
79. Menicanti L, Di Donato M, Frigiola A et al (2002) The RESTORE Group. Ischemic mitral regurgitation: intraventricular papillary muscle imbrication without mitral ring during left ventricular restoration. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 123:1041-1050
80. Di Donato M, Castelvecchio S, Brankovic J, Santambrogio C, Montericcio V, Menicanti L (2007) Effectiveness of surgical ventricular restoration in patients with dilated ischemic cardiomyopathy and unrepaired mild mitral regurgitation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 134:1548-1553
81. Liel-Cohen N, Guerrero JL, Otsuji Y et al (2000) Design of a new surgical approach for ventricular remodeling to relieve ischemic mitral regurgitation: insights from 3-dimensional echocardiography. Circulation 101:2756-2763
82. Ramadan R, Al-Attar N, Mohammadi S et al (2005) Left ventricular infarct plication restores mitral function in chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 129:440-442
83. Raman J, Dixit A, Storer M, Hare D, Buxton BF (2001) Geometric endo-ventricular patch repair of inferior left ventricular scars improves mitral regurgitation and clinical outcome. Ann Thorac Surg 72:S1055-S1088
84. Sabbah HN (2003) The cardiac support device and the myosplint: treating heart failure by targeting left ventricular size and shape. Ann Thorac Surg 75:S13-S19
85. Chaudhry PA, Mishima T, Sharov VG et al (2000) Passive mechanical containment prevents ventricular remodeling in heart failure. Ann Thorac Surg 70:1275-1280
86. Acker MA, Bolling S, Shemin R, for the Acorn Trial Principal Investigators and Study Coordinators et al (2006) Mitral valve surgery in heart failure: insights from the Acorn Clinical Trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 132:568-577
87. Rubino AS, Onorati F, Santarpino G et al (2009) Neurohormonal and echocardiographic results after CorCap and mitral annuloplasty for dilated cardiomyopathy. Ann Thorac Surg 88:719-725
88. McCarthy PM, Takagaki M, Ochiai Y et al (2001) Device-based change in left ventricular shape: a new concept for the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 122:482-490
89. Christiansen S, Klocke A, Autschbach R (2008) Past, present, and future of long-term mechanical cardiac support in adults. J Card Surg 23:664-676
90. Schenk S, Reichenspurner H, Groezner JG et al (2001) Myosplint implantation and ventricular shape change in patients with dilative cardiomyopathy - first clinical experience. J Heart Lung Transplant 20:217
91. Grossi EA, Saunders PC, Woo YJ et al (2005) Intraoperative effects of the Coapsys annuloplasty system in a randomized evaluation (RESTOR-MV) of functional ischemic mitral regurgitation. Ann Thorac Surg 80:1706-1711
92. Fukamachi K, Inoue M, Popovic ZB et al (2004) Off-pump mitral valve repair using the Coapsys device: a pilot study in pacing-induced mitral regurgitation model. Ann Thorac Surg 77:688-692
93. Grossi EA, Woo YJ, Schwartz CF et al (2006) Comparison of Coapsys annuloplasty and internal reduction mitral annuloplasty in the randomized treatment of functional ischemic mitral regurgitation: impact on the left ventricle. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 131:1095-1098
94. Hoit BD (2011) Atrial functional mitral regurgitation: the left atrium gets its due respect. J Am Coll Cardiol 58:1482-1484
95. Tanimoto M, Pai RG (1996) Effect of isolated left atrial enlargement on mitral annular size and valve competence. Am J Cardiol 77:769-774
96. Gertz ZM, Raina A, Saghy L et al (2011) Evidence of atrial functional mitral regurgitation due to atrial fibrillation: reversal with arrhythmia control. J Am Coll Cardiol 58:1474-1481
97. Silbiger JJ, Bazaz R (2009) Contemporary insights into the functional anatomy of the mitral valve. Am Heart J 158:887-895
98. Curtis MB, Priola DV (1992) Mechanical properties of the canine mitral valve: effects of autonomic stimulation. Am J Physiol 262:56-62
99. Timek TA, Lai DT, Dagum P et al (2003) Ablation of mitral annular and leaflet muscle: effects on annular and leaflet dynamics. Am J Physiol 285:1668-1674
100. Ypenburg C, Lancellotti P, Tops LF et al (2007) Acute effects of initiation and withdrawal of cardiac resynchronization therapy on papillary muscle dyssynchrony and mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 50:2071-2077
101. Bax JJ, Abraham T, Barold SS et al (2005) Cardiac resynchronization therapy: part 1 - issues before device implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 46:2153-2167
102. Giraldi F, Cattadori G, Roberto M et al (2011) Long-term effectiveness of cardiac resynchronization therapy in heart failure patients with unfavorable cardiac veins anatomy comparison of surgical hemodynamic procedure. J Am Coll Cardiol 58:483-490
103. Bolling SF, Deeb GM, Brunsting LA, Bach DS (1995) Early outcome of mitral valve reconstruction in patients with end-stage cardiomyopathy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 109:676-682
104. Romano MA, Bolling SF (2003) Mitral valve repair as an alternative treatment for heart failure patients. Heart Fail Monit 4:7-12
105. Braun J, van de Veire NR, Klautz RJ et al (2008) Restrictive mitral annuloplasty cures ischemic mitral regurgitation and heart failure. Ann Thorac Surg 85:430-436
106. McGee EC, Gillinov AM, Blackstone EH et al (2004) Recurrent mitral regurgitation after annuloplasty for functional ischemic mitral regurgitation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 128:916-924
107. Calafiore AM, Di Mauro M, Gallina S et al (2004) Mitral valve surgery for chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation. Ann Thorac Surg 77:1989-1997
108. Lee AP, Acker M, Kubo SH et al (2009) Mechanisms of recurrent functional mitral regurgitation after mitral valve repair in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy: importance of distal anterior leaflet tethering. Circulation 119:2606-2614
109. Magne J, Pibarot P, Dagenais F, Hachicha Z, Dumesnil JG, Senechal M (2007) Preoperative posterior mitral leaflet angle accurately predicts outcome after restrictive mitral valve annuloplasty for ischemic mitral regurgitation. Circulation 115:782-791
110. Roshanali F, Mandegar MH, Yousefnia MA, Rayatzadeh H, Alaeddini F (2007) A prospective study of predicting factors in ischemic mitral regurgitation recurrence after ring annuloplasty. Ann Thorac Surg 84:745-749
111. Mandegar MH, Yousefnia MA, Roshanali F, Rayatzadeh H, Alaeddini F (2008) Interaction between two predictors of functional outcome after revascularization in ischemic cardiomyopathy: left ventricular volume and amount of viable myocardium. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 136:930-936
112. Magne J, Senechal M, Mathieu P, Dumesnil JG, Dagenais F, Pibarot P (2008) Restrictive annuloplasty for ischemic mitral regurgitation may induce functional mitral stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 51:1692-1701
113. Kubota K, Otsuji Y, Ueno T et al (2010) Functional mitral stenosis after surgical annuloplasty for ischemic mitral regurgitation: importance of subvalvular tethering I the mechanism and dynamic deterioration during exertion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 140:617-623
114. Rubino AS, Onorati F, Santarpia G et al (2012) Impact of increase transmitral gradients after undersized annuloplasty for chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation. Int J Cardiol 158:71-77
115. Kainuma S, Taniguchi K, Daimon T, Osaka Cardiovascular Surgery Research (OSCAR) Group et al (2011) Does stringent restrictive annuloplasty for functional mitral regurgitation causes functional mitral stenosis and pulmonary hypertension? Circulation 124:S97-S106
116. Hausmann H, Siniawski H, Hetzer R (1999) Mitral valve reconstruction and replacement for ischemic mitral insufficiency: seven years' follow up. J Heart Valve Dis 8:536-542
117. Radovanovic ND, Petrovic LV, Mihajlovic BB, Kovac MA, Potic ZR, Zorc MR (2003) Surgical treatment of heart failure in patients with primary and ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Heart Surg Forum 6:320-327
118. De Bonis M, Lapenna E, La Canna G et al (2005) Mitral valve repair for functional mitral regurgitation in end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy: role of the "edge-to-edge" technique. Circulation 112(Suppl 9):402-408
119. Tibayan FA, Rodriguez F, Liang D, Daughters GT, Ingels NB, Miller DC (2003) Paneth suture annuloplasty abolishes acute ischemic mitral regurgitation but preserves annular and leaflet dynamics. Circulation 108:128-133
120. Omay O, Ozker E, Indelen C, Baskurt M, Suzer K, Gunay I (2009) Posterior pericardial annuloplasty in ischemic mitral regurgitation. Heart Surg Forum 12:E285-E290
121. Calafiore AM, Di Mauro M, Gallina S, Canosa C, Iacò AL (2003) Optimal length of pericardial strip for posterior mitral overreductive annuloplasty. Ann Thorac Surg 75:1982-1984
122. Kwon MH, Lee LS, Cevasco M, et al (2012). Recurrence of mitral regurgitation after partial versus complete mitral valve ring annuloplasty for functional mitral regurgitation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.07.049
123. Spoor MT, Geltz A, Bolling SF (2006) Flexible versus nonflexible mitral valve rings for congestive heart failure: different durability of repair. Circulation 114:I67-I71
124. Tahta SA, Oury JH, Maxwell JM, Hiro SP, Duran CM (2002) Outcome after mitral valve repair for functional ischemic mitral regurgitation. J Heart Valve Dis 11:11-18
125. Silberman S, Klutstein MW, Sabag T et al (2009) Repair of ischemic mitral regurgitation: comparison between flexible and rigid annuloplasty rings. Ann Thorac Surg 87:1721-1727
126. Bothe W, Swanson JC, Ingels NB, Miller DC (2010) How much septal-lateral mitral annular reduction do you get with new ischemic/functional mitral regurgitation annuloplasty rings? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 140:117-121
127. De Bonis M, Taramasso M, Grimaldi A et al (2011) The GeoForm annuloplasty ring for the surgical treatment of functional mitral regurgitation in advanced dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 40:488-495
128. Ryan LP, Jackson BM, Hamamoto H et al (2008) The influence of annuloplasty ring geometry on mitral leaflet curvature. Ann Thorac Surg 86:749-760
129. Daimon M, Fukuda S, Adams DH et al (2006) Mitral valve repair with Carpentier-McCarthy-Adams IMR ETlogix annuloplasty ring for ischemic mitral regurgitation: early echocardiographic results from a multi-center study. Circulation 114:I588-I593
130. Filsoufi F, Castillo JG, Rahmanian PB, Carpentier A, Adams DH (2007) Remodeling annuloplasty using a prosthetic ring designed for correcting type-IIIb ischemic mitral regurgitation. Rev Esp Cardiol 60:1151-1158
131. Murphy MO, Rao C, Punjabi PP, Athanasiou T (2011) In patients undergoing mitral surgery for ischemic mitral regurgitation is it preferable to repair or replace the mitral valve? Interact CardioVasc Thorac Surg 12:218-227
132. Vassileva CM, Boley T, Markwell S, Hazelrigg S (2011) Meta-analysis of short-term and long-term survival following repair versus replacement for ischemic mitral regurgitation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 39:295-303
133. Magne J, Girerd N, Senechal M et al (2009) Mitral repair versus replacement for ischemic mitral regurgitation: comparison of short-term and long-term survival. Circulation 120:S104-S111
134. Al-Radi OO, Austin PC, Tu JV, David TE, Yau TM (2005) Mitral repair versus replacement for ischemic mitral regurgitation. Ann Thorac Surg 79:1260-1267
135. Reece TB, Tribble CG, Ellman PI et al (2004) Mitral repair is superior to replacement when associated with coronary artery disease. Ann Surg 239:671-675
136. Lorusso R, Gelsomino S, Vizzardi E et al (2013) Mitral valve repair or replacement for ischemic mitral regurgitation? The Italian study on the treatment of ischemic mitral regurgitation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 145:128-139
137. Perrault LP, Moskowitz AJ, Kron IL et al (2012) Optimal surgical management of severe ischemic mitral regurgitation: to repair o to replace? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 143:1396-1403
138. Scandura S, Ussia GP, Capranzano P et al (2012) Left cardiac chambers reverse remodeling after percutaneous mitral valve repair with the MitraClip system. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 25:1099-1105
139. Baldus S, Schillinger W, Franzen O et al (2012) Mitraclip therapy in daily clinical practice:initial results from the German transcatheter mitral valve intervention (TRAMI) registry. Eur J Heart Fail 14:1050-1055
140. Frenzen O, van der Heyden J, Baldus S et al (2011) Mitraclip therapy in patients with end-stage systolic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 13:569-576
141. Taramasso M, Denti P, Buzzatti N et al (2012) Mitraclip therapy and surgical mitral repair in patients with moderate to severe left ventricular failure causing functional mitral regurgitation: a single-centre experience. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 42:920-926
142. Schofer J, Siminiak T, Haude M et al (2009) Percutaneous mitral annuloplasty for functional mitral regurgitation: results of the CARILLON mitral annuloplasty device European Union study. Circulation 120:326-333
143. Siminiak T, Wu GC, Haude M et al (2012) Treatment of functional mitral regurgitation by percutaneous annuloplasty: results of the TITAN Trial. Eur J Heart Fail 14:931-938
144. Harnek J, Webb JG, Kuck KH et al (2011) Transcatheter Implantation of the MONARC coronary sinus device for mitral regurgitation 1-year results from the EVOLUTION phase I study. Clinical evaluation of the edwards lifesciences percutaneous mitral annuloplasty system for the treatment of mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol Interv 4:115-122
145. del Valle-Fernandez R, Jelnin V, Panagopoulos G, Ruiz CE (2009) Insight into the dynamics of the coronary sinus/great cardiac vein and the mitral annulus implications for percutaneous mitral annuloplasty techniques. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2:557-564