The generation of near-cloud turbulence in idealized simulations

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volumn 71, Issue 7, 2014, Pages 2430-2451

  Zovko Rajak, Dragana ^a   Lane, Todd P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLOUDS; STORMS;

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS; AVIATION INDUSTRY; CONVECTIVE CLOUDS; KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ INSTABILITIES; MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEM; RICHARDSON NUMBER; SHEAR INSTABILITY; TURBULENCE GENERATION;

TURBULENCE;

CLOUD COVER; CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; CONVECTIVE CLOUD; CONVECTIVE SYSTEM; KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ INSTABILITY; MESOSCALE METEOROLOGY; PARAMETERIZATION; RICHARDSON NUMBER; TROPOPAUSE; TURBULENCE; WIND SHEAR;

EID: 84899059766     PISSN: 00224928     EISSN: 15200469     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-13-0346.1     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Abarbanel, H. D. I., D. D. Holm, J. E. Marsden, and T. Ratiu, 1984: Richardson number criterion for the nonlinear stability of three-dimensional stratified flow. Phys. Rev. Lett., 52, 2352-2355, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.52.2352.
2. Booker, J., and F. Bretherton, 1967: The critical layer for internal gravity waves in a shear flow. J. Fluid Mech., 27, 513-539, doi:10.1017/S0022112067000515.
3. Caine, S., T. P. Lane, P. T. May, C. Jakob, M. J. Manton, S. T. Siems, and J. Pinto, 2013: Statistical assessment of tropical convection-permitting model simulations using a cell-tracking algorithm. Mon. Wea. Rev., 141, 557-581, doi:10.1175/MWR-D-11-00274.1.
4. Durran, D. R., and J. B. Klemp, 1982: On the effects of moisture on the Brunt-Väisälä frequency. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2152-2158, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1982)039<2152:OTEOMO>2.0.CO;2.
5. Fovell, R. G.,D.Durran, and J.R.Holton, 1992:Numerical simulations of convectively generated stratospheric gravity waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1427-1442, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1992)049<1427:NSOCGS>2.0.CO;2.
6. Fovell, R. G., R. D. Sharman, and S. B. Trier, 2007: A case study of convectively-induced clear air turbulence. Preprints, 12th Conf. on Mesoscale Processes, Waterville Valley, NH, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 13.4. [Available online at https://ams.confex.com/ams/12meso/webprogram/Paper126190.html.]
7. Grabowski, W. W., and T. L. Clark, 1991: Cloud-environment interface instability: Rising thermal calculations in two spatial dimensions. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 527-546, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<0527:CIIRTC>2.0.CO;2.
8. Jones, W., 1968: Reflexion and stability of waves in stably stratified fluids with shear flow: A numerical study. J. Fluid Mech., 34, 609-615, doi:10.1017/S0022112068002119.
9. Kaplan, M. L., A. W. Huffman, K. M. Lux, J. D. Cetola, J. Charney, A. J. Riordan, Y. L. Lin, and K. T. Waight, 2005: Characterizing the severe turbulence environments associated with commercial aviation accidents. Part 2: Hydrostatic mesoscale numerical simulations of supergradient wind flow and streamwise ageostrophic frontogenesis. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 88, 153-173, doi:10.1007/s00703-004-0079-6.
10. Kim, J.-H., and H.-Y. Chun, 2010: A numerical study of clear-air turbulence (CAT) encounters over South Korea on 2 April 2007. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 49, 2381-2403, doi:10.1175/2010JAMC2449.1.
11. Kim, J.-H., and H.-Y. Chun, 2011: Statistics and possible sources of aviation turbulence over South Korea. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 50, 311-324, doi:10.1175/2010JAMC2492.1.
12. Kim, J.-H., and H.-Y. Chun, 2012: A numerical simulation of convectively induced turbulence above deep convection. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 51, 1180-1200, doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-11-0140.1.
13. Klemp, J. B., and R. B. Wilhelmson, 1978: Simulations of right- and left-moving storms produced through storm splitting. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1097-1110, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<1097:SORALM>2.0.CO;2.
14. Lane, T. P., and J. C. Knievel, 2005: Some effects of model resolution on simulated gravity waves generated by deep, mesoscale convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3408-3419, doi:10.1175/JAS3513.1.
15. Lane, T. P., and R. D. Sharman, 2006: Gravity wave breaking, secondary wave generation, and mixing above deep convection in a three-dimensional cloud model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L23813, doi:10.1029/2006GL027988.
16. Lane, T. P., and R. D. Sharman, 2008: Some influences of background flow conditions on the generation of turbulence due to gravity wave breaking above deep convection. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 47, 2777-2796, doi:10.1175/2008JAMC1787.1.
17. Lane, T. P., M. J. Reeder, and T. L. Clark, 2001: Numerical modeling of gravity wave generation by deep tropical convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 1249-1274, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<1249:NMOGWG>2.0.CO;2.
18. Lane, T. P., R. D. Sharman, T. L. Clark, and H. M. Hsu, 2003: An investigation of turbulence generation mechanisms above deep convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1297-1321, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2003)60<1297:AIOTGM>2.0.CO;2.
19. Lane, T. P., R. D. Sharman, S. B. Trier, R. G. Fovell, and J. K. Williams, 2012:Recent advances in the understanding of near-cloud turbulence. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93, 499-515, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00062.1.
20. Lester, P. F., 1994: Turbulence:ANew Perspective for Pilots. Jeppesen Sanderson, 290 pp.
21. Lindzen, R. S., 1988: Instability of plane parallel shear flow (toward a mechanistic picture of how it works). Pure Appl. Geophys., 126, 103-121, doi:10.1007/BF00876917.
22. Lindzen, R. S., and K. K. Tung, 1976: Banded convective activity and ducted gravity waves. Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 1602-1617, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1976)104<1602:BCAADG>2.0.CO;2.
23. Lindzen, R. S., and K. K. Tung, 1978: Wave overreflection and shear instability. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1626-1632, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<1626:WOASI>2.0.CO;2.
24. Lindzen, R. S., B. Farrell, and K. K. Tung, 1980: The concept of wave overreflection and its application to baroclinic instability. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 44-63, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<0044:TCOWOA>2.0.CO;2.
25. Miles, J. W., 1986: Richardson's criterion for the stability of stratified shear flow. Phys. Fluids, 29, 3470-3471, doi:10.1063/1.865812.
26. Miles, J. W., and L. Howard, 1964: Note on a heterogeneous shear flow. J. Fluid Mech., 20, 331-336, doi:10.1017/S0022112064001252.
27. Mobbs, S. D., and M. S. Darby, 1989: A general method for the linear stability analysis of stratified shear flows. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 115, 915-939, doi:10.1002/qj.49711548808.
28. Nappo, C. J., 2002: An Introduction to Atmospheric Gravity Waves. Academic Press, 276 pp.
29. Rotunno, R., and J. B. Klemp, 1982: The influence of the shearinduced pressure gradient on thunderstorm motion. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 136-151, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110<0136:TIOTSI>2.0.CO;2.
30. Rotunno, R., and J. B. Klemp, 1985: On the rotation and propagation of simulated supercell thunderstorms. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 271-292, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1985)042<0271:OTRAPO>2.0.CO;2.
31. Scorer, R. S., 1969: Billow mechanics. Radio Sci., 4, 1299-1308, doi:10.1029/RS004i012p01299.
32. Scorer, R. S., 1971: The origins and forms of dynamic instability in clear air at high altitude. Arch. Meteor. Geophys. Bioklimatol., 20, 1-12, doi:10.1007/BF02247744.
33. Skamarock, W. C., and Coauthors, 2008: A description of the Advanced Research WRF version 3. NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-4751STR, 113 pp. [Available online at http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/docs/arw_v3_bw.pdf.]
34. Thompson, G., P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen, and W. D. Hall, 2008:Explicit forecasts of winter precipitation using an improved bulk microphysics scheme. Part II: Implementation of a new snow parameterization. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 5095-5115, doi:10.1175/2008MWR2387.1.
35. Trier, S. B., and R. D. Sharman, 2009: Convection-permitting simulations of the environment supporting widespread turbulence within the upper-level outflow of a mesoscale convective system. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 1972-1990, doi:10.1175/2008MWR2770.1.
36. Trier, S. B., R. D. Sharman, R. G. Fovell, and R. G. Frehlich, 2010: Numerical simulation of radial cloud bands within the upper-level outflow of an observed mesoscale convective system. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 2990-2999, doi:10.1175/2010JAS3531.1.
37. Trier, S. B., R. D. Sharman, and T. P. Lane, 2012: Influences of moist convection on a cold-season outbreak of clear-air turbulence (CAT). Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 2477-2496, doi:10.1175/MWR-D-11-00353.1.
38. Weisman, M. L., and J. B. Klemp, 1982: The dependence of numerically simulated convective storms on vertical wind shear and buoyancy. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 504-520, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110<0504:TDONSC>2.0.CO;2.
39. Weisman, M. L., and J. B. Klemp, 1986: Characteristics of isolated convective storms. Mesoscale Meteorology and Forecasting, P. Ray, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 331-358.
40. Williams, J. K., J. K. Wolff, A. Cotter, and R. D. Sharman, 2006:Evaluating effectiveness of the FAA's CIT avoidance guidelines. Preprints, 12th Conf. on Aviation Range and Aerospace Meteorology, Atlanta, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., P1.6. [Available online at https://ams.confex.com/ams/Annual2006/techprogram/paper_103420.htm.]
41. Wolff, J. K., and R. D. Sharman, 2008: Climatology of upperlevel turbulence over the contiguous United States. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 47, 2198-2214, doi:10.1175/2008JAMC1799.1.