An investigation of turbulence generation mechanisms above deep convection

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volumn 60, Issue 10, 2003, Pages 1297-1321

  Lane, Todd P ^a   Sharman, Robert D ^a   Clark, Terry L ^a   Hsu, Hsiao Ming ^a  

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLOUDS; COMPUTER SIMULATION; HEAT CONVECTION; METEOROLOGY; THUNDERSTORMS; UPPER ATMOSPHERE;

TURBULENCE GENERATION MECHANISMS;

TURBULENCE;

ATMOSPHERIC CONVECTION; GRAVITY WAVE; THUNDERSTORM; TURBULENCE;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 0038269173     PISSN: 00224928     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)60<1297:AIOTGM>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Bedard, A. J., Jr., and W. Cunningham, 1991: Potential aircraft hazards in the vicinity of convective clouds: A review from the perspective of a scale-model study. Preprints. Fourth Int. Conf. on Aviation Weather Systems, Paris, France, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 66-70.
2. Beres, J. H., M. J. Alexander, and J. R. Holton. 2002: Effects of tropospheric wind shear on the spectrum of convectively generated gravity waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1805-1824.
3. Clark, T. L., 1977: A small-scale dynamic model using a terrain-following coordinate transformation. J. Comput. Phys., 24, 186-215.
4. Clark, T. L., 1979: Numerical simulations with a three-dimensional cloud model: Lateral boundary condition experiments and multicellular severe storm simulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 2191-2215.
5. Clark, T. L., and R. D. Farley, 1984: Severe downslope windstorm calculations in two and three spatial dimensions using anelastic interactive grid nesting: A possible mechanism for gustiness. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 329-350.
6. Clark, T. L., and W. D. Hall, 1991: Multi-domain simulations of the time dependent Navier-Stokes equations: Benchmark error analysis of some nesting procedures. J. Comput. Phys., 92, 456-481.
7. Clark, T. L., T. Keller, J. Coen, P. Neilley, H.-M. Hsu, and W. D. Hall, 1997: Terrain-induced turbulence over Lantau Island: 7 June 1994 tropical storm Russ case study. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1795-1814.
8. Clark, T. L., W. D. Hall, R. M. Kerr, D. Middleton, L. Radke, F. M. Ralph, P. J. Neiman, and D. Levinson, 2000: Origins of aircraft-damaging clear-air turbulence during the 9 December 1992 Colorado downslope windstorm: Numerical simulations and comparison with observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 1105-1131.
9. Doyle, J. D., and D. R. Durran, 2002: The dynamics of mountain-wave-induced rotors. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 186-201.
10. Dudhia, J., 1993: A nonhydrostatic version of the Penn State-NCAR Mesoscale Model: Validation tests and simulation of an Atlantic cyclone and cold front. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 1493-1513.
11. FAA, cited 2002: Safety of flight: Meteorology-Thunderstorm flying. Aeronautical Information Manual, The Federal Aviation Administration. [Available online at http://www1.faa.gov/ ATpubs/AIM/Chap7/aim0701.html#7-1-29, or from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, DC 20402.]
12. Fovell, R., D. Durran, and J. R. Holton, 1992: Numerical simulations of convectively generated stratospheric gravity waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1427-1442.
13. Fritts, D. C., 1982: The transient critical-level interaction in a Boussinesq fluid. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 7997-8016.
14. Fritts, D. C., 1984: Gravity wave saturation in the middle atmosphere: A review of theory and observations. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 22, 275-308.
15. Grabowski, W. W., and T. L. Clark, 1991: Cloud-environment interface instability: Rising thermal calculations in two spatial dimensions. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 527-546.
16. Hamilton, K., Ed., 1997: Gravity Wave Processes: Their Parameterization in Global Climate Models. Springer-Verlag, 401 pp.
17. Keller, T. L., L. J. Ehernberger, and M. G. Wurtele, 1983: Numerical simulation of the atmosphere during a CAT encounter. Preprints, Ninth Conf. on Aerospace and Aeronautical Meteorology, Omaha, Nebraska, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 316-319.
18. Kessler, E., 1969: On the Distribution and Continuity of Water Substance in Atmospheric Circulations. Meteor. Monogr., No. 32, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 84 pp.
19. Koenig, L. R., and F. W. Murray, 1976: Ice-bearing cumulus cloud evolution: Numerical simulation and general comparison against observations. J. Appl. Meteor., 15, 747-762.
20. Lane, T. P., and M. J. Reeder, 2001: Modelling the generation of gravity waves by a maritime continent thunderstorm. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 2705-2724.
21. Lane, T. P., and T. L. Clark, 2002: Gravity waves generated by the dry convective boundary layer: Two-dimensional scale selection and boundary layer feedback, Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 1543-1570.
22. Lane, T. P., M. J. Reeder, and T. L. Clark, 2001: Numerical modeling of gravity wave generation by deep tropical convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 1249-1274.
23. Lilly, D. K., 1962: On the numerical simulation of buoyant convection. Tellus, 14, 145-172.
24. NTSB, 1997: Accident Rep. FTW971A261. The National Transportation Safety Board, 4 pp. [Available from NTSB, Public Inquiries Branch, 490 L'Enfant Plaza, SW, Washington, DC 20594.1
25. Pantley, K. C., and P. F. Lester, 1990: Observations of severe turbulence near thunderstorm tops. J. Appl. Meteor., 29, 1171-1179.
26. Piani, C., and D. R. Durran, 2001: A numerical study of stratospheric gravity waves triggered by squall lines observed during the TOGA COARE and COPT-81 experiments. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 3702-3723.
27. Piani, C., and D. R. Durran, M. J. Alexander, and J. R. Holton. 2000: A numerical study of three dimensional gravity waves triggered by deep tropical convection and their role in the dynamics of the QBO. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 3689-3702.
28. Prophet, D. T., 1970: Vertical extent of turbulence in clear air above the tops of thunderstorms. J. Appl. Meteor., 9, 320-321.
29. Sekioka, M., 1970: Application of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability to clear air turbulence. J. Appl. Meteor., 9, 896-899.
30. Smagorinsky, J., 1963: General circulation experiments with the primitive equations. I. The basic experiment. Mon. Wea. Rev., 91, 99-164.
31. Werne, J., and D. C. Fritts, 1999: Stratified shear turbulence: Evolution and statistics. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 439-442.
32. Wingrove, R. C., and R. E. Bach Jr., 1994: Severe turbulence and maneuvering from airline flight records. J. Aircr., 31, 753-760.