Exclusion of large herbivores: Long-term changes within the plant community

Forest Ecology and Management

Volumn 321, Issue , 2014, Pages 136-144

  Newman, M ^a   Mitchell, F J G ^a   Kelly, D L ^a  

^a TRINITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Broadleaved temperate woodland; Exclosures; Large herbivores; Long term monitoring; Plant community composition; Vegetation change

Indexed keywords

ANIMALS; BIODIVERSITY; FORESTRY; SURVEYS; VEGETATION;

BROADLEAVED; EXCLOSURES; LARGE HERBIVORES; LONG TERM MONITORING; PLANT COMMUNITIES; VEGETATION CHANGE;

ECOSYSTEMS;

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; BIODIVERSITY; BROAD-LEAVED FOREST; COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; GLOBAL CHANGE; HABITAT CONSERVATION; LONG-TERM CHANGE; OVERGRAZING; PLANT COMMUNITY; PROTECTED AREA; WOODLAND;

IRELAND;

EID: 84898786732     PISSN: 03781127     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.09.010     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Allombert S., Stockton S., Martin J. A natural experiment on the impact of overabundant deer on forest invertebrates. Conserv. Biol. 2005, 19:1917-1929.
2. Anderson M.J. A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance. Austral. Ecol. 2001, 26:32-46.
3. Anderson M.J. Permutation tests for univariate or multivariate analysis of variance and regression. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2001, 58:626-639.
4. Anderson R.C., Katz A.J. Recovery of browse-sensitive tree species following release from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus zimmerman) browsing pressure. Biol. Conserv. 1993, 63:203-208.
5. Anderson M., ter Braak C. Permutation tests for multi-factorial analysis of variance. J. Stat. Comput. Simul. 2003, 73:85-113.
6. Anderson M.J., Gorley R.N., Clarke K.R. PERMANOVA+ for PRIMER: Guide to Software and Statistical Methods 2008, PRIMER-E Ltd., Plymouth, UK.
7. Anderson M.J., Crist T.O., Chase J.M., Vellend M., Inouye B.D., Freestone A.L., Sanders N.J., Cornell H.V., Comita L.S., Davies K.F., Harrison S.P., Kraft N.J.B., Stegen J.C., Swenson N.G. Navigating the multiple meanings of β diversity: a roadmap for the practicing ecologist. Ecol. Lett. 2011, 14:19-28.
8. Baselga A. Partitioning the turnover and nestedness components of beta diversity. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 2010, 19:134-143.
9. Bleasdale, A., Conaghan, J., 1996. A study of woodland exclosures in Glenveagh National Park, Co. Donegal. In: A Report Submitted to the National Parks and Wildlife Service, p. 76.
10. Bobiec A., Kuijper D.P.J., Niklasson M., Romankiewicz A., Solecka K. Oak (Quercus robur L.) regeneration in early successional woodlands grazed by wild ungulates in the absence of livestock. Forest Ecol. Manage. 2011, 262:780-790.
11. Buesching C.D., Newman C., Jones J.T., Macdonald D.W. Testing the effects of deer grazing on two woodland rodents, bankvoles and woodmice. Basic Appl. Ecol. 2011, 12:207-214.
12. Bugalho M.N., Lecomte X., Gonçalves M., Caldeira M.C., Branco M. Establishing grazing and grazing-excluded patches increases plant and invertebrate diversity in a Mediterranean oak woodland. Forest Ecol. Manage. 2011, 261:2133-2139.
13. Bush E.R., Buesching C.D., Slade E.M., Macdonald D.W. Woodland recovery after suppression of deer: cascade effects for small mammals, wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) and bank voles (Myodes glareolus). PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e31404.
14. Carden R.F., Carlin C.M., Marnell F., McElholm D., Hetherington J., Gammell M.P. Distribution and range expansion of deer in Ireland. Mamm. Rev. 2010, 41:313-325.
15. Carden R.F., McDevitt A.D., Zachos F.E., Woodman P.C., O'Toole P., Rose H., Monaghan N.T., Campana M.G., Bradley D.G., Edwards C.J. Phylogeographic, ancient DNA, fossil and morphometric analyses reveal ancient and modern introductions of a large mammal: the complex case of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Ireland. Quatern. Sci. Rev. 2012, 42:74-84.
16. Clarke K.R., Gorley R.N. PRIMER v6: User Manual/Tutorial 2006, PRIMER-E, Plymouth.
17. CÔté S.D., Rooney T.P., Tremblay J.P., Dussault C., Waller D.M. Ecological impacts of deer overabundance. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2004, 35:113-147.
18. Currall J.E.P. A transformation of the domin scale. Vegetatio 1987, 72:81-87.
19. E.U., 1992. Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora. Official Journal L 206, 22/07/1992, p. 0007-0050.
20. Forest Europe, UNECE, FAO State of Europe's Forests 2011. Status and Trends in Sustainable Forest Management in Europe 2011, Forest Europe, UNECE and FAO, Oslo.
21. Forestry Commission Scotland, 2013. The woodland grazing toolbox. http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/INFD-82TLHE. Last accessed 24/9/2013.
22. Fuller R.J., Gill R.M.A. Ecological impacts of increasing numbers of deer in British woodland. Forestry 2001, 74:193-199.
23. Goslee S., Urban D. The ecodist package for dissimilarity-based analysis of ecological data. J. Stat. Softw. 2007, 22:1-19.
24. Hardin G. The tragedy of the commons. Science 1968, 162:1243-1248.
25. Hayward M.W., Kerley G.I.H. Fencing for conservation: restriction of evolutionary potential or a riposte to threatening processes?. Biol. Conserv. 2009, 142:1-13.
26. Hester A.J., Edenius L., Buttenschon R.M., Kuiters A.T. Interactions between forests and herbivores: the role of controlled grazing experiments. Forestry 2000, 73:381-391.
27. Hsu J. Multiple Comparisons: Theory and Method 1996, Chapman & Hall/CRC, Florida, USA.
28. Kelly D.L. Charting diversity in a killarney oakwood: levels of resolution in floristic recording, and the effects of fencing and felling. Biodiversity: The Irish Dimension 2000, 76-94. Royal Irish Academy, Dublin. B.S. Rushton (Ed.).
29. Kent M. Vegetation Description and Data Analysis 2010, John Wilry & Sons, Ltd., UK.
30. Kirby K.J. The impact of deer on the ground flora of British broadleaved woodland. Forestry 2001, 74:219-229.
31. Klenner W., Arsenault A., Brockerhoff E.G., Vyse A. Biodiversity in forest ecosystems and landscapes: a conference to discuss future directions in biodiversity management for sustainable forestry. Forest Ecol. Manage. 2009, 258(Supplement):S1-S4.
32. Mack R.N., Simberloff D., Lonsdale W.M., Evans H., Clout M., Bazzaz F.A. Biotic invasions: causes, epidemiology, global consequences, and control. Ecol. Appl. 2000, 10:689-710.
33. Magurran A.E., Baillie S.R., Buckland S.T., Dick J.M., Elston D.A., Scott E.M., Smith R.I., Somerfield P.J., Watt A.D. Long-term datasets in biodiversity research and monitoring: assessing change in ecological communities through time. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2010, 25:574-582.
34. McCune B., Grace J.B. Analysis of Ecological Communities 2002, Oregon.
35. McCune B., Mefford M.J. PC-ORD, Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data. Version 6.08 2011, MjM Software, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, USA.
36. McNaughton S.J. Grazing lawns: animals in herds, plant form, and coevolution. Am. Nat. 1984, 124:863-886.
37. McShea W.J., Rappole J.H. Managing the abundance and diversity of breeding bird populations through manipulation of deer populations. Conserv. Biol. 2000, 14:1161-1170.
38. Miller G.R., Geddes C., Mardon D.K. Effects of excluding sheep from an alpine dwarf-herb community. Plant Ecol. Divers. 2010, 3:87-93.
39. Mitchell F.J.G. How open were European primeval forests? Hypothesis testing using palaeoecological data. J. Ecol. 2005, 93:168-177.
40. Mitchell F.J.G., Kirby K.J. The impact of large herbivores on the conservation of semi-natural woods in the british uplands. Forestry 1990, 63:333-353.
41. Mitchell F., Ryan M. Reading the Irish landscape 2003, Town House, Dublin.
42. Mofidi M., Rashtbari M., Abbaspour H., Ebadi A., Sheidai E., Motamedi J. Impact of grazing on chemical, physical and biological properties of soils in the mountain rangelands of Sahand, Iran. The Rangeland Journal 2012, 34:297-303.
43. Munson S.M., Webb R.H., Belnap J., Andrew Hubbard J., Swann D.E., Rutman S. Forecasting climate change impacts to plant community composition in the Sonoran Desert region. Glob. Change Biol. 2012, 18:1083-1095.
44. Newman M. Woodland Vegetation Change through Space and Time: Impacts of Large Herbivores 2013, Department of Botany, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin.
45. NPWS Management Plan for Killarney National Park 2005-2009 2005, IThe National Parks & Wildlife Service, Dublin.
46. NPWS Management Plan for Wicklow Mountains National Park 2005-2009 2005, The National Parks & Wildlife Service, Dublin, p. 122.
47. NPWS The Status of EU Protected Habitats and Species in Ireland 2008, National Parks & Wildlife Service, Dublin, p. 135.
48. Onaindia M., Dominguez I., Albizu I., Garbisu C., Amezaga I. Vegetation diversity and vertical structure as indicators of forest disturbance. Forest Ecol. Manage. 2004, 195:341-354.
49. Page C.N. The Ferns of Britain and Ireland 1997, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
50. Pérez E., Pacheco L.F. Damage by large mammals to subsistence crops within a protected area in a montane forest of Bolivia. Crop Protect. 2006, 25:933-939.
51. Perrin P., Kelly D.L., Mitchell F.J.G. Long-term deer exclusion in yew-wood and oakwood habitats in southwest Ireland: natural regeneration and stand dynamics. Forest Ecol. Manage. 2006, 236:356-357.
52. Perrin P., Martin J., Barron S., O'Neill F., McNutt K., Delaney A. National Survey of Native Woodlands 2003-2008 2008, Botanical, Environmental and Conservation Consultants Ltd., p. 177.
53. Perrin P.M., Mitchell F.J.G., Kelly D.L. Long-term deer exclusion in yew-wood and oakwood habitats in southwest Ireland: changes in ground flora and species diversity. Forest Ecol. Manage. 2011, 262:2328-2337.
54. Pollard E., Cooke A.S. Impact of muntjac deer Muntiacus reevesi on EGG-laying sites of the white admiral butterfly Ladoga camilla in a cambridgeshire wood. Biol. Conserv. 1994, 70:189-191.
55. Price J.N., Wong N.K., Morgan J.W. Recovery of understorey vegetation after release from a long history of sheep grazing in a herb-rich woodland. Austral. Ecol. 2010, 35:505-514.
56. PRIMER-E PRIMER 6 Version 6.1.13 & PERMANOVA+ Version 1.0.3 2009, Plymouth, UK.
57. Putman R.J., Edwards P.J., Mann J.C.E., How R.C., Hill S.D. Vegetational and faunal changes in an area of heavily grazed woodland following relief of grazing. Biol. Conserv. 1989, 47:13-32.
58. Putman R., Langbein J., Green P., Watson P. Identifying threshold densities for wild deer in the UK above which negative impacts may occur. Mamm. Rev. 2011, 41:175-196.
59. Putman R., Watson P., Langbein J. Assessing deer densities and impacts at the appropriate level for management: a review of methodologies for use beyond the site scale. Mamm. Rev. 2011, 41:197-219.
60. R Core Team R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing 2012, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
61. Rackham O. Ancient woodlands: modern threats. New Phytol. 2008, 180:571-586.
62. Ratcliffe D.A. An ecological account of Atlantic bryophytes in the British Isles. New Phytol. 1968, 67:365-439.
63. Rodwell J.S. British Plant Communities, Woodlands and Scrub, vol. 1 1991, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
64. Rooney T.P. High white-tailed deer densities benefit graminoids and contribute to biotic homogenization of forest ground-layer vegetation. Plant Ecol. 2009, 202:103-111.
65. Rooney T.P., Waller D.M. Direct and indirect effects of white-tailed deer in forest ecosystems. Forest Ecol. Manage. 2003, 181:165-176.
66. Santos M., Anderson L., Ustin S. Effects of invasive species on plant communities: an example using submersed aquatic plants at the regional scale. Biol. Invasions 2011, 13:443-457.
67. Sherlock M.G., Fairley J.S. Seasonal changes in the diet of red deer cervus elaphus in the Connemara National Park. Biol. Environ.: Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. 1993, 93B:85-90.
68. Silvertown J., Tallowin J., Stevens C., Power S.A., Morgan V., Emmett B., Hester A., Grime P.J., Morecroft M., Buxton R., Poulton P., Jinks R., Bardgett R. Environmental myopia: a diagnosis and a remedy. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2010, 25:556-561.
69. Slingenberg, A., Bratt, L., van der Windt, H., Rademaekers, K., Eichler, L., Turner, K., 2009. Study on understanding the cause of biodiversity loss and the policy assessment framework. In: Report to the European Commission Directorate-General for Environment, ECORYS Research and Consultation, The Netherlands.
70. SPSS, 2010. IBM SPSS Statistics Version 19.0.0. Armonk, USA.
71. Stace C. New Flora of the British Isles 2010, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
72. Tanentzap A.J., Coomes D.A. Carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems: do browsing and grazing herbivores matter?. Biol. Rev. 2012, 87:72-94.
73. Tanentzap A.J., Bazely D.R., Koh S., Timciska M., Haggith E.G., Carleton T.J., Coomes D.A. Seeing the forest for the deer: do reductions in deer-disturbance lead to forest recovery?. Biol. Conserv. 2011, 144:376-382.
74. Tanentzap A.J., Kirby K.J., Goldberg E. Slow responses of ecosystems to reductions in deer (Cervidae) populations and strategies for achieving recovery. Forest Ecol. Manage. 2012, 264:159-166.
75. Vera F.W.M. Grazing Ecology and Forest History 2000, CABI Publishing, Oxon.
76. Webster C.R., Jenkins M.A., Rock J.H. Long-term response of spring flora to chronic herbivory and deer exclusion in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. Biol. Conserv. 2005, 125:297-307.
77. Woodman P., McCarthy M., Monaghan N. The Irish quaternary fauna project. Quatern. Sci. Rev. 1997, 16:129-159.