Correlates of suicide attempts among self-injurers: A meta-analysis

Clinical Psychology Review

Volumn 34, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 282-297

  Victor, Sarah E ^a   Klonsky, E David ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Attempted suicide; Meta analysis; Review; Self harm; Self injury; Suicide

Indexed keywords

AGE; ANXIETY; AUTOMUTILATION; BORDERLINE STATE; DEPRESSION; EATING DISORDER; ETHNICITY; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HOPELESSNESS; HUMAN; IMPULSIVENESS; NON SUICIDAL SELF INJURY; PHYSICAL ABUSE; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; REVIEW; SELF CUTTING; SEX DIFFERENCE; SEXUAL ABUSE; SUBSTANCE USE; SUICIDAL IDEATION; SUICIDE ATTEMPT; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; META ANALYSIS; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGY; RISK FACTOR;

BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER; HUMANS; IMPULSIVE BEHAVIOR; RISK FACTORS; SELF-INJURIOUS BEHAVIOR; SUICIDE, ATTEMPTED;

EID: 84898647172     PISSN: 02727358     EISSN: 18737811     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2014.03.005     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. Abramson L.Y., Metalsky G.I., Alloy L.B. Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychological Review 1989, 96(2):358-372. 10.1037/0033-295X.96.2.358.
2. Andover M.S., Gibb B.E. Non-suicidal self-injury, attempted suicide, and suicidal intent among psychiatric inpatients. Psychiatry Research 2010, 178(1):101-105. 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.03.019.
3. Andover M.S., Morris B.W., Wren A., Bruzzese M.E. The co-occurrence of non-suicidal self-injury and attempted suicide among adolescents: Distinguishing risk factors and psychosocial correlates. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 2012, 6(1):11. 10.1186/1753-2000-6-11.
4. Andover M.S., Pepper C.M. Self-Mutilative Behaviors Interview 2002, Unpublished measure, Binghamton University.
5. Andover M.S., Pepper C.M., Ryabchenko K.A., Orrico E.G., Gibb B.E. Self-mutilation and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and Borderline Personality Disorder. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 2005, 35(5):581-591. 10.1521/suli.2005.35.5.581.
6. Andover M.S., Primack J.M., Gibb B.E., Pepper C.M. An examination of non-suicidal self-injury in men: Do men differ from women in basic NSSI characteristics?. Archives of Suicide Research 2010, 14(1):79-88. 10.1080/13811110903479086.
7. Baumeister R.F. Suicide as escape from self. Psychological Review 1990, 97(1):90. 10.1037/0033-295X.97.1.90.
8. Beautrais A.L. Risk factors for suicide and attempted suicide among young people. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2000, 34(3):420-436. 10.1046/j.1440-1614.2000.00691.x.
9. Bebbington P.E., Minot S., Cooper C., Dennis M., Meltzer H., Jenkins R., et al. Suicidal ideation, self-harm and attempted suicide: Results from the British psychiatric morbidity survey 2000. European Psychiatry 2010, 25(7):427-431. 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.12.004.
10. Beck A.T., Kovacs M., Weissman A. Hopelessness and suicidal behavior. JAMA, the Journal of the American Medical Association 1975, 234(11):1146-1149. 10.1001/jama.
11. Beck A.T., Steer R.A., Kovacs M., Garrison B. Hopelessness and eventual suicide: A 10-year prospective study of patients hospitalized with suicidal ideation. The American Journal of Psychiatry 1985, 1(42):559.
12. Bolton J.M., Pagura J., Enns M.W., Grant B., Sareen J. A population-based longitudinal study of risk factors for suicide attempts in major depressive disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2010, 44(13):817-826. 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.01.003.
13. Borenstein M., Hedges L., Higgins J., Rothstein H. Comprehensive meta-analysis version 2 2005, Biostat, Englewood, NJ.
14. Borenstein M., Hedges L.V., Higgins J.P.T., Rothstein H.R. Introduction to meta-analysis 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., West Sussex, UK.
15. Brausch A.M., Gutierrez P.M. Differences in non-suicidal self-injury and suicide attempts in adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 2010, 39(3):233-242. 10.1007/s10964-009-9482-0.
16. Brent D. Nonsuicidal self-injury as a predictor of suicidal behavior in depressed adolescents. The American Journal of Psychiatry 2011, 168(5):452-454. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11020215.
17. Brezo J., Paris J., Turecki G. Personality traits as correlates of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and suicide completions: A systematic review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2006, 113(3):180-206. 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00702.x.
18. Briere J., Gil E. Self-mutilation in clinical and general population samples: Prevalence, correlates, and functions. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 1998, 68(4):609-620. 10.1037/h0080369.
19. Bronisch T., Wittchen H.U. Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts: Comorbidity with depression, anxiety disorders, and substance abuse disorder. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 1994, 244:93-98. 10.1007/BF02193525.
20. Chapman A.L., Gratz K.L., Brown M.Z. Solving the puzzle of deliberate self-harm: The experiential avoidance model. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2006, 44(3):371-394. 10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.005.
21. Claes L., Klonsky E.D., Muehlenkamp J., Kuppens P., Vandereycken W. The affect-regulation function of nonsuicidal self-injury in eating-disordered patients: Which affect states are regulated?. Comprehensive Psychiatry 2010, 51(4):386-392. 10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.09.001.
22. Claes L., Muehlenkamp J., Vandereycken W., Hamelinck L., Martens H., Claes S. Comparison of non-suicidal self-injurious behavior and suicide attempts in patients admitted to a psychiatric crisis unit. Personality and Individual Differences 2010, 48(1):83-87. 10.1016/j.paid.2009.09.001.
23. Claes L., Vandereycken W. The Self-Injury Questionnaire-Treatment Related (SIQ-TR): Construction, reliability, and validity in a sample of female eating disorder patients. Psychological tests and testing research trends 2007, Nova Science Publishers, New York, NY. P.M. Goldfarb (Ed.).
24. Cloutier P., Martin J., Kennedy A., Nixon M.K., Muehlenkamp J.J. Characteristics and co-occurrence of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behaviours in pediatric emergency crisis services. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 2010, 39(3):259-269. 10.1007/s10964-009-9465-1.
25. Coccaro E.F., Berman M.E., Kavoussi R.J. Assessment of life-history of aggression: Development and psychometric characteristics. Psychiatry Research 1997, 73:147-157. 10.1016/S0165-1781(97)00119-4.
26. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences 1988, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ. Second ed.
27. Csorba J., Dinya E., Plener P., Nagy E., Páli E. Clinical diagnoses, characteristics of risk behaviour, differences between suicidal and non-suicidal subgroups of Hungarian adolescent outpatients practising self-injury. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2009, 18(5):309-320. 10.1007/s00787-008-0733-5.
28. Cwik M.F., Barlow A., Tingey L., Larzelere-Hinton F., Goklish N., Walkup J.T. Nonsuicidal self-injury in an American Indian reservation community: Results from the White Mountain Apache surveillance system, 2007-2008. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2011, 50(9):860-869. 10.1016/j.jaac.2011.06.007.
29. Czernin S., Vogel M., Flückiger M., Muheim F., Bourgnon J.C., Reichelt M., et al. Cost of attempted suicide: A retrospective study of extent and associated factors. Swiss Medical Weekly 2012, 142:w13648. 10.4414/smw.2012.13648.
30. Dougherty D.M., Mathias C.W., Marsh-Richard D.M., Prevette K.N., Dawes M.A., Hatzis E.S., et al. Impulsivity and clinical symptoms among adolescents with non-suicidal self-injury with or without attempted suicide. Psychiatry Research 2009, 169(1):22-27. 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.06.011.
31. Durkheim E. Suicide 1897, Free Press, New York, NY.
32. Eikelenboom M., Smit J.H., Beekman A.T., Penninx B.W. Do depression and anxiety converge or diverge in their association with suicidality?. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2012, 46(5):608-615. 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.01.025.
33. Evren C., Sar V., Evren B., Dalbudak E. Self-mutilation among male patients with alcohol dependency: The role of dissociation. Comprehensive Psychiatry 2008, 49(5):489-495. 10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.02.006.
34. Favazza A.R., Rosenthal R.J. Diagnostic issues in self-mutilation. Hospital & Community Psychiatry 1993, 44(2):134-140.
35. Felitti V.J., Anda R.F. The relationship of adverse childhood experiences to adult medical disease, psychiatric disorders and sexual behavior: Implications for healthcare. The impact of early life trauma on health and disease 2010, 77-87. Cambridge University Press, West Nyack, NY, US. R.A. Lanius, E. Vermetten, C. Pain (Eds.).
36. Ferrara M., Terrinoni A., Williams R. Non-suicidal self-injury (nssi) in adolescent inpatients: Assessing personality features and attitude toward death. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 2012, 6:12. 10.1186/1753-2000-6-12.
37. First M.B., Gibbon M., Spitzer R.L., Williams J.B.W., Benjamin L.S. User's guide for the structured clinical inter-view for DSM-IV Axis II personality disorders 1997, American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC.
38. Flamenbaum R., Holden R.R. Psychache as a mediator in the relationship between perfectionism and suicidality. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2007, 54(1):51-61. 10.1037/0022-0167.54.1.51.
39. Gerson J., Stanley B. Suicidal and self-injurious behavior in personality disorder: Controversies and treatment directions. Current Psychiatry Reports 2002, 4(1):30-38. 10.1007/s11920-002-0009-6.
40. Glassman L.H., Weierich M.R., Hooley J.M., Deliberto T.L., Nock M.K. Child maltreatment, non-suicidal self-injury, and the mediating role of self-criticism. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2007, 45(10):2483-2490. 10.1016/j.brat.2007.04.002.
41. Gratz K.L. Measurement of deliberate self-harm: Preliminary data on the deliberate self-harm inventory. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 2001, 23(4):253-263. 10.1023/A:1012779403943.
42. Gratz K.L., Tull M.T. The relationship between emotion dysregulation and deliberate self-harm among inpatients with substance use disorders. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2010, 34(6):544-553. 10.1007/s10608-009-9268-4.
43. Guan K., Fox K.R., Prinstein M.J. Nonsuicidal self-injury as a time-invariant predictor of adolescent suicide ideation and attempts in a diverse community sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2012, 80(5):8420849. 10.1037/a0029429.
44. Gutierrez P.M., Osman A., Barrios F.X., Kopper B.A. Development and initial validation of the self-harm behavior questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment 2001, 77(3):475-490. 10.1207/S15327752JPA7703_08.
45. Hamza C.A., Stewart S.L., Willoughby T. Examining the link between nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior: A review of the literature and an integrated model. Clinical Psychology Review 2012, 32(6):482-495. 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.05.003.
46. Hawton K., van Heeringen K. Suicide. Lancet 2009, 373(9672):1372-1381. 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X.
47. Horesh N., Gothelf D., Ofek H., Weizman T., Apter A. Impulsivity as a correlate of suicidal behavior in adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Crisis 1999, 20(1):8. 10.1027//0227- 5910.20.1.8.
48. ISSS About self-injury [Web page] Retrieved from. http://www.isssweb.org/aboutnssi.php.
49. Jacobson C.M., Muehlenkamp J.J., Miller A.L., Turner J.B. Psychiatric impairment among adolescents engaging in different types of deliberate self-harm. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology 2008, 37(2):363-375. 10.1080/15374410801955771.
50. Joiner T.E. Why people die by suicide 2005, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
51. Joiner T.E., Brown J.S., Wingate L.R. The psychology and neurobiology of suicidal behavior. Annual Review of Psychology 2005, 56:287-314. 10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070320.
52. Kann L. The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System: Measuring health-risk behaviors. American Journal of Health Behavior 2001, 25:272-277. 10.5993/AJHB.25.3.14.
53. Kaufman J., Birmaher B., Brent D., Rao U., Flynn C., Moreci P., et al. Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1997, 36(7):980-988. 10.1097/00004583-199707000-00021.
54. Kessler R.C., Borges G., Walters E.E. Prevalence of and risk factors for lifetime suicide attempts in the national comorbidity survey. Archives of General Psychiatry 1999, 56(7):617. 10.1001/archpsyc.56.7.617.
55. Klonsky E.D. The functions of deliberate self-injury: A review of the evidence. Clinical Psychology Review 2007, 27(2):226-239. 10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.002.
56. Klonsky E.D. Non-suicidal self-injury in United States adults: Prevalence, sociodemographics, topography and functions. Psychological Medicine 2011, 41(9):1981-1986. 10.1017/S0033291710002497.
57. Klonsky E.D., Kotov R., Bakst S., Rabinowitz J., Bromet E.J. Hopelessness as a predictor of attempted suicide among first admission patients with psychosis: A 10-year cohort study. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 2012, 41:1-10. (doi:/j.1943- 278X.2011.00066).
58. Klonsky E.D., May A. Rethinking impulsivity in suicide. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 2010, 40:612-619. 10.1521/suli.2010.40.6.612.
59. Klonsky E.D., May A.M., Glenn C.R. The relationship between nonsuicidal self-injury and attempted suicide: Converging evidence from four samples. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2013, 122:231-237. 10.1037/a0030278.
60. Klonsky E.D., Moyer A. Childhood sexual abuse and non-suicidal self-injury: Meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2008, 192(3):166-170. 10.1192/bjp.bp.106.030650.
61. Klonsky E.D., Olino T.M. Identifying clinically distinct subgroups of self-injurers among young adults: A latent class analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2008, 76(1):22-27. 10.1037/0022-006X.76.1.22.
62. Laye-Gindhu A., Schonert-Reichl K.A. Nonsuicidal self-harm among community adolescents: Understanding the "whats" and "whys" of self-harm. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 2005, 34(5):447-457. 10.1007/s10964-005-7262-z.
63. Lieb K., Zanarini M.C., Schmahl C., Linehan M.M., Bohus M. Borderline Personality Disorder. Lancet 2004, 364(9432):453-461. 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16770-6.
64. Linehan M., Comtois K.A. Lifetime parasuicide history 1996, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
65. Linehan M.M. Cognitive behavioral treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder 1993, Guilford Press, New York.
66. Linehan M.M., Nielsen S.L. Assessment of suicide ideation and parasuicide: Hopelessness and social desirability. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1981, 49(5):773. 10.1037//0022-006X.49.5.773.
67. Lloyd E.E., Kelley M.L., Hope T. Self-mutilation in a community sample of adolescents: Descriptive characteristics and provisional prevalence rates. Poster session at the annual meeting of the Society for Behavioral Medicine, New Orleans, LA 1997.
68. Lofthouse N., Yager-Schweller J. Nonsuicidal self-injury and suicide risk among adolescents. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 2009, 21:641-645. 10.1097/MOP.0b013e3283306825.
69. Lyons J.S. The severity and acuity of psychiatric illness scales 1998, Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.
70. Maniglio R. The role of child sexual abuse in the etiology of suicide and non-suicidal self-injury. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2011, 124(1):30-41. 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01612.x.
71. Martin G., Swannell S.V., Hazell P.L., Harrison J.E., Taylor A.W. Self-injury in Australia: A community survey. Medical Journal of Australia 2010, 193(9):506-510.
72. Möller H.J. Suicide, suicidality and suicide prevention in affective disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2003, 108(s418):73-80. 10.1034/j.1600-0447.108.s418.15.x.
73. Mościcki E.K. Gender differences in completed and attempted suicides. Annals of Epidemiology 1994, 4(2):152-158. 10.1016/1047-2797(94)90062-0.
74. Muehlenkamp J.J. Self-injurious behavior as a separate clinical syndrome. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 2005, 75(2):324-333. 10.1037/0002-9432.75.2.324.
75. Muehlenkamp J.J., Claes L., Havertape L., Plener P.L. International prevalence of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 2012, 6:10. 10.1186/1753-2000-6-10.
76. Navaneelan Suicide rates: An overview. Health Statistics Catalogue 2012, 1-11. (82-624-X).
77. Nixon M.K., Cloutier P.F., Aggarwal S. Affect regulation and addictive aspects of repetitive self-injury in hospitalized adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2002, 41(11):1333-1341. 10.1097/01.CHI.0000024844.60748.C6.
78. Nock M.K., Borges G., Bromet E.J., Cha C.B., Kessler R.C., Lee S. Suicide and suicidal behavior. Epidemiologic Reviews 2008, 30(1):133-154. 10.1093/epirev/mxn002.
79. Nock M.K., Favazza A.R. Nonsuicidal self-injury: Definition and classification. Understanding nonsuicidal self-injury: Origins, assessment, and treatment 2009, 9-18. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC. M. Nock (Ed.).
80. Nock M.K., Holmberg E.B., Photos V.I., Michel B.D. Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview: Development, reliability, and validity in an adolescent sample. Psychological Assessment 2007, 19:309-317. 10.1037/1040-3590.19.3.309.
81. Nock M.K., Kessler R.C. Prevalence of and risk factors for suicide attempts versus suicide gestures: Analysis of the national comorbidity survey. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2006, 115(3):616-623. 10.1037/0021-843X.115.3.616.
82. Nock M.K., Prinstein M.J. Contextual features and behavioral functions of self-mutilation among adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2005, 114(1):140-146. 10.1037/0021-843X.114.1.140.
83. Osman A., Bagge C.L., Gutierrez P.M., Konick L.C., Kopper B.A., Barrios F.X. The Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R): Validation with clinical and nonclinical samples. Assessment 2001, 8(4):443-454. 10.1177/107319110100800409.
84. Page A., Taylor R., Hall W., Carter G. Mental disorders and socioeconomic status: Impact on population risk of attempted suicide in Australia. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 2009, 39(5):471-481. 10.1521/suli.2009.39.5.471.
85. Perez J., Venta A., Garnaat S., Sharp C. The difficulties in emotion regulation scale: Factor structure and association with nonsuicidal self-injury in adolescent inpatients. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 2012, 34(3):393-404. 10.1007/s10862-012-9292-7.
86. Prinstein M.J., Nock M.K., Simon V., Aikins J.W., Cheah C.S., Spirito A. Longitudinal trajectories and predictors of adolescent suicidal ideation and attempts following inpatient hospitalization. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2008, 76(1):92-103. 10.1037/0022-006X.76.1.92.
87. Rathus J.H., Wagner D.B., Miller A.L. Self-report assessment of emotion dysregulation, impulsivity, interpersonal difficulties, and identity confusion: Validation of the Life Problems Inventory. Paper presented at the annual Association for Cognitive and Behavioral Therapy, Washington, DC 2005.
88. Rosenthal R. The "file drawer problem" and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin 1979, 86(3):638-641. 10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638.
89. Rudd M.D. The prevalence of suicidal ideation among college students. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 1989, 19:173-183.
90. Schneidman E.S. Commentary: Suicide as psychache. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1993, 181(3):145-147. 10.1097/00005053-199303000-00001.
91. Selby E.A., Bender T.W., Gordon K.H., Nock M.K., Joiner T.E. Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) disorder: A preliminary study. Personality Disorders 2012, 3(2):167-175. 10.1037/a0024405.
92. Selby E.A., Smith A.R., Bulik C.M., Olmsted M.P., Thornton L., McFarlane T.L., et al. Habitual starvation and provocative behaviors: Two potential routes to extreme suicidal behavior in anorexia nervosa. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2010, 48(7):634-645. 10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.016.
93. Smith J.M., Alloy L.B., Abramson L.Y. Cognitive vulnerability to depression, rumination, hopelessness, and suicidal ideation: Multiple pathways to self-injurious thinking. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 2006, 36(4):443-454. 10.1521/suli.2006.36.4.443.
94. Stanley B., Sher L., Wilson S., Ekman R., Huang Y.Y., Mann J.J. Non-suicidal self-injurious behavior, endogenous opioids and monoamine neurotransmitters. Journal of Affective Disorders 2010, 124(1-2):134-140. 10.1016/j.jad.2009.10.028.
95. Statistics Canada Leading causes of deaths in Canada Retrieved from. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/84-215-x/2012001/table-tableau/tbl001-eng.htm.
96. Suokas J.T., Suominen K., Heilä H., Ostamo A., Aalto-Setälä T., Perälä J., et al. Attempted suicide in mental disorders in young adulthood. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2011, 46(10):965-974. 10.1007/s00127-010-0272-5.
97. Taliaferro L.A., Muehlenkamp J.J., Borowsky I.W., McMorris B.J., Kugler K.C. Factors distinguishing youth who report self-injurious behavior: A population-based sample. Academic Pediatrics 2012, 12(3):205-213. 10.1016/j.acap.2012.01.008.
98. Taylor C.T., Hirshfeld-Becker D.R., Ostacher M.J., Chow C.W., LeBeau R.T., Pollack M.H., et al. Anxiety is associated with impulsivity in bipolar disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2008, 22(5):868-876. 10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.09.001.
99. Trickey D., Siddaway A.P., Meiser-Stedman R., Serpell L., Field A.P. A meta-analysis of risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review 2012, 32:122-138. 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.12.001.
100. Van Orden K.A., Witte T.K., Cukrowicz K.C., Braithwaite S.R., Selby E.A., Joiner T.E. The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychological Review 2010, 117(2):575-600. 10.1037/a0018697.
101. Vijayakumar L., Kumar M.S., Vijayakumar V. Substance use and suicide. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 2011, 24(3):197-202. 10.1097/YCO.0b013e3283459242.
102. Walsh B.W., Rosen P.M. Self-mutilation: Theory, research, and treatment 1988, The Guilford Press, New York, NY.
103. Whitlock J., Eckenrode J., Silverman D. Self-injurious behaviors in a college population. Pediatrics 2006, 117:1939-2543. 10.1542/peds/2005-2543.
104. Whitlock J., Muehlenkamp J., Eckenrode J., Purington A., Abrams G.B., Barreira P., et al. Nonsuicidal self-injury as a gateway to suicide in young adults. Journal of Adolescent Health 2013, 52(4):486-492. 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.09.010.
105. Whitlock J., Muehlenkamp J., Purington A., Eckenrode J., Barreira P., Abrams G.B., et al. Nonsuicidal self-injury in a college population: General trends and sex differences. Journal of American College Health 2011, 59(8):691-698. 10.1080/07448481.2010.529626.
106. Wilkinson P., Kelvin R., Roberts C., Dubicka B., Goodyer I. Clinical and psychosocial predictors of suicide attempts and nonsuicidal self-injury in the adolescent depression antidepressants and psychotherapy trial (ADAPT). The American Journal of Psychiatry 2011, 168(5):495-501. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10050718.
107. Wilkinson P.O. Nonsuicidal self-injury: A clear marker for suicide risk. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2011, 50(8):741-743. 10.1016/j.jaac.2011.04.008.
108. Young M.A., Fogg L.F., Scheftner W., Fawcett J., Akiskal H., Maser J. Stable trait components of hopelessness: Baseline and sensitivity to depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1996, 105(2):155. 10.1037/0021-843X.105.2.155.
109. Zanarini M.C., Frankenburg F.R., Ridolfi M.E., Jager-Hyman S., Hennen J., Gunderson J.G. Reported childhood onset of self-mutilation among borderline patients. Journal of Personality Disorders 2006, 20:9-15. 10.1521/pedi.2006.20.1.9.