Colorectal cancer screening: 20 years of development and recent progress

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 20, Issue 14, 2014, Pages 3825-3834

  Zavoral, Miroslav ^a   Suchanek, Stepan ^a   Majek, Ondrej ^b   Fric, Premysl ^a   Minarikova, Petra ^a   Minarik, Marek ^c   Seifert, Bohumil ^a   Dusek, Ladislav ^b  

^a CHARLES UNIVERSITY   (Czech Republic)

^b MASARYK UNIVERSITY   (Czech Republic)

^c Center for Applied Genomics of Solid Tumors (CEGES)   (Czech Republic)

Author keywords

Colorectal cancer; Population based screening

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CANCER INCIDENCE; COLONOSCOPY; COLORECTAL CANCER; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DISEASE REGISTRY; ENDOSCOPY; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HUMAN; INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE; INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES FOR ONCOLOGY; INTESTINE PERFORATION; MORTALITY; OCCULT BLOOD TEST; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; QUALITY CONTROL; SCREENING; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; CZECH REPUBLIC; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; EUROPE; FECES; FEMALE; INCIDENCE; MALE; MASS SCREENING; OCCULT BLOOD; ONCOLOGY; PROCEDURES; REGISTER; TRENDS;

COLONOSCOPY; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; CZECH REPUBLIC; EARLY DETECTION OF CANCER; EUROPE; FECES; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MALE; MASS SCREENING; MEDICAL ONCOLOGY; OCCULT BLOOD; QUALITY CONTROL; REGISTRIES;

EID: 84898403521     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: 22192840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i14.3825     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Ferlay J, Steliarova-Foucher E, Lortet-Tieulent J, Rosso S, Coebergh JW, Comber H, Forman D, Bray F. Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in Europe: estimates for 40 countries in 2012. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 1374-1403 [PMID: 23485231]
2. Bond JH. Fecal occult blood testing for colorectal cancer. Can we afford not to do this? Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1997; 26: 57-70 [PMID: 9119440]
3. Atkin W, Valori R, Kuipers E, Hoff G, Senore C, Segnan N, Jover R, Schmiegel W, Lambert R, Pox C. Colonoscopic surveillance after adenoma removal. In: Segnan N, Patnick J, von Karsa L, editors. European Guidelines for Quality Assurance in Colorectal Cancer Screening and Diagnosis. 1st ed. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2010: 273-297 ISBN 978-92-79-16435-4
4. Watson AJ, Collins PD. Colon cancer: a civilization disorder. Dig Dis 2011; 29: 222-228 [PMID: 21734388 DOI: 10.1159/000323926]
5. Brenner H, Hoffmeister M, Brenner G, Altenhofen L, Haug U. Expected reduction of colorectal cancer incidence within 8 years after introduction of the German screening colonoscopy programme: estimates based on 1,875,708 screening colonoscopies. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45: 2027-2033 [PMID: 19289271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.02.017]
6. Schoen RE, Pinsky PF, Weissfeld JL, Yokochi LA, Church T, Laiyemo AO, Bresalier R, Andriole GL, Buys SS, Crawford ED, Fouad MN, Isaacs C, Johnson CC, Reding DJ, O'Brien B, Carrick DM, Wright P, Riley TL, Purdue MP, Izmirlian G, Kramer BS, Miller AB, Gohagan JK, Prorok PC, Berg CD. Colorectal-cancer incidence and mortality with screening flexible sigmoidoscopy. N Engl J Med 2012; 366: 2345-2357 [PMID: 22612596 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1114635]
7. Segnan N, Armaroli P, Bonelli L, Risio M, Sciallero S, Zappa M, Andreoni B, Arrigoni A, Bisanti L, Casella C, Crosta C, Falcini F, Ferrero F, Giacomin A, Giuliani O, Santarelli A, Visioli CB, Zanetti R, Atkin WS, Senore C. Once-only sigmoidoscopy in colorectal cancer screening: follow-up findings of the Italian Randomized Controlled Trial--SCORE. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011; 103: 1310-1322 [PMID: 21852264 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djr284]
8. Atkin W, Kralj-Hans I, Wardle J, Duffy S. Colorectal cancer screening. Randomised trials of flexible sigmoidoscopy. BMJ 2010; 341: c4618 [PMID: 20736284 DOI: 10.1136/bmj. c4618]
9. Johnson CD, Chen MH, Toledano AY, Heiken JP, Dachman A, Kuo MD, Menias CO, Siewert B, Cheema JI, Obregon RG, Fidler JL, Zimmerman P, Horton KM, Coakley K, Iyer RB, Hara AK, Halvorsen RA, Casola G, Yee J, Herman BA, Burgart LJ, Limburg PJ. Accuracy of CT colonography for detection of large adenomas and cancers. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 1207-1217 [PMID: 18799557 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0800996]
10. Hardcastle JD, Chamberlain JO, Robinson MH, Moss SM, Amar SS, Balfour TW, James PD, Mangham CM. Randomised controlled trial of faecal-occult-blood screening for colorectal cancer. Lancet 1996; 348: 1472-1477 [PMID: 8942775 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)03386-7]
11. Kronborg O, Fenger C, Olsen J, Jørgensen OD, Søndergaard O. Randomised study of screening for colorectal cancer with faecal-occult-blood test. Lancet 1996; 348: 1467-1471 [PMID: 8942774 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)03430-7]
12. Zheng S, Chen K, Liu X, Ma X, Yu H, Chen K, Yao K, Zhou L, Wang L, Qiu P, Deng Y, Zhang S. Cluster randomization trial of sequence mass screening for colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2003; 46: 51-58 [PMID: 12544522 DOI: 10.1007/ s10350-004-6496-2]
13. Van Gossum A, Munoz-Navas M, Fernandez-Urien I, Carretero C, Gay G, Delvaux M, Lapalus MG, Ponchon T, Neuhaus H, Philipper M, Costamagna G, Riccioni ME, Spada C, Petruzziello L, Fraser C, Postgate A, Fitzpatrick A, Hagenmuller F, Keuchel M, Schoofs N, Devière J. Capsule endoscopy versus colonoscopy for the detection of polyps and cancer. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 264-270 [PMID: 19605831 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0806347]
14. Spada C, Hassan C, Munoz-Navas M, Neuhaus H, Deviere J, Fockens P, Coron E, Gay G, Toth E, Riccioni ME, Carretero C, Charton JP, Van Gossum A, Wientjes CA, Sacher-Huvelin S, Delvaux M, Nemeth A, Petruzziello L, de Frias CP, Mayershofer R, Amininejad L, Dekker E, Galmiche JP, Frederic M, Johansson GW, Cesaro P, Costamagna G. Second-generation colon capsule endoscopy compared with colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 74: 581-589.e1 [PMID: 21601200 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2011.03.1125]
15. Imperiale TF, Ransohoff DF, Itzkowitz SH, Turnbull BA, Ross ME. Fecal DNA versus fecal occult blood for colorectal-cancer screening in an average-risk population. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2704-2714 [PMID: 15616205 DOI: 10.1056/ NEJMoa033403]
16. Conteduca V, Sansonno D, Russi S, Dammacco F. Precancerous colorectal lesions (Review). Int J Oncol 2013; 43: 973-984 [PMID: 23900573 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2041]
17. Deyhle P. [Colonic cancer--diagnosis, check-up, prevention]. Internist (Berl) 1979; 20: 39-43 [PMID: 365830]
18. Ederer F, Axtell LM, Cutler SJ. The relative survival rate: a statistical methodology. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1961; 6: 101-121 [PMID: 13889176]
19. Majek O, Gondos A, Jansen L, Emrich K, Holleczek B, Katalinic A, Nennecke A, Eberle A, Brenner H. Survival from colorectal cancer in Germany in the early 21st century. Br J Cancer 2012; 106: 1875-1880 [PMID: 22555397 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.189]
20. Zavoral M, Suchanek S, Zavada F, Dusek L, Muzik J, Seifert B, Fric P. Colorectal cancer screening in Europe. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15: 5907-5915 [PMID: 20014454]
21. Steliarova-Foucher E, O'Callaghan M, Ferlay J, Masuyer E, Forman D, Comber H, Bray F. European Cancer Observatory: Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Prevalence and Survival in Europe. Version 1.0 (September 2012) European Network of Cancer Registries, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: URL: http://eco.iarc.fr. Last accessed on September 24, 2013
22. Asadzadeh Vostakolaei F, Karim-Kos HE, Janssen-Heijnen ML, Visser O, Verbeek AL, Kiemeney LA. The validity of the mortality to incidence ratio as a proxy for site-specific cancer survival. Eur J Public Health 2011; 21: 573-577 [PMID: 20813895]
23. Fric P. The use of haemoccult test in the early diagnosis of colorectal cancer-experience from six pilot studies in Czechoslovakia. In: Hardcastle JD, editor. Haemoccult screening for the early detection of colorectal cancer. Stuttgart: Schattauer, 1986: 73-74
24. Fric P, Zavoral M, Dvoráková H, Zoubek V, Roth Z. An adapted program of colorectal cancer screening--7 years experience and cost-benefit analysis. Hepatogastroenterology 1994; 41: 413-416 [PMID: 7851847]
25. Seifert B, Zavoral M, Fric P, Bencko V. The role of primary care in colorectal cancer screening: experience from Czech Republic. Neoplasma 2008; 55: 74-80 [PMID: 18190246]
26. Moss S, Ancelle-Park R, Brenner H. Evaluation and interpretation of screening outcomes. In: Segnan N, Patnick J, von Karsa L, editors. European Guidelines for Quality Assurance in Colorectal Cancer Screening and Diagnosis. 1st ed. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2010: 73-74 ISBN 978-92-79-16435-4
27. von Karsa L, Patnick J, Segnan N, Atkin W, Halloran S, Lansdorp-Vogelaar I, Malila N, Minozzi S, Moss S, Quirke P, Steele RJ, Vieth M, Aabakken L, Altenhofen L, Ancelle-Park R, Antoljak N, Anttila A, Armaroli P, Arrossi S, Austoker J, Banzi R, Bellisario C, Blom J, Brenner H, Bretthauer M, Camargo Cancela M, Costamagna G, Cuzick J, Dai M, Daniel J, Dekker E, Delicata N, Ducarroz S, Erfkamp H, Espinàs JA, Faivre J, Faulds Wood L, Flugelman A, Frkovic-Grazio S, Geller B, Giordano L, Grazzini G, Green J, Hamashima C, Herrmann C, Hewitson P, Hoff G, Holten I, Jover R, Kaminski MF, Kuipers EJ, Kurtinaitis J, Lambert R, Launoy G, Lee W, Leicester R, Leja M, Lieberman D, Lignini T, Lucas E, Lynge E, Mádai S, Marinho J, Maučec Zakotnik J, Minoli G, Monk C, Morais A, Muwonge R, Nadel M, Neamtiu L, Peris Tuser M, Pignone M, Pox C, Primic-Zakelj M, Psaila J, Rabeneck L, Ransohoff D, Rasmussen M, Regula J, Ren J, Rennert G, Rey J, Riddell RH, Risio M, Rodrigues V, Saito H, Sauvaget C, Scharpantgen A, Schmiegel W, Senore C, Siddiqi M, Sighoko D, Smith R, Smith S, Suchanek S, Suonio E, Tong W, Törnberg S, Van Cutsem E, Vignatelli L, Villain P, Voti L, Watanabe H, Watson J, Winawer S, Young G, Zaksas V, Zappa M, Valori R. European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis: overview and introduction to the full supplement publication. Endoscopy 2013; 45: 51-59 [PMID: 23212726 DOI: 10.1055/ s-0032-1325997]
28. Suchanek S, Majek O, Vojtechova G, Minarikova P, Rotnaglova B, Seifert B, Minarik M, Kozeny P, Dusek L, Zavoral M. Colorectal cancer prevention in the Czech Republic: time trends in performance indicators and current situation after 10 years of screening. Eur J Cancer Prev 2014; 23: 18-26 [PMID: 24129196 DOI: 10.1097/CEJ.0b013e328364f203]
29. Dusek L, Muzik J, Kubásek M, Koptikova J, Zaloudik J, Vyzula R. Epidemiology of malignant tumors in the Czech Republic[online]. Masaryk University, Czech Republic,[2005]. Available from: URL: http://www.svod.cz Version 7.0[2007], ISSN 1802-8861. Last accessed on September 12, 2013
30. World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, 10th revision (ICD-10). Geneva: World Health Organization, 1992. Available from: URL: http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/ browse/2010/en. Last accessed on September 27, 2013
31. Sobin LH, Gospodarowicz MK, Wittekind CH (eds). TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors. 7th ed. Oxford: Willey-Blackwell, 2009
32. World Health Organization. WHO Statistical Information System. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Databank [cit. 2010 Sep 4]. Available from: URL: http://www.who.int/whosis/en. Last accessed on September 27, 2013
33. Pavlik T, Dusek L, Majek O, Zaloudik J. Five Year Survival Rates of Cancer Patients in the Czech Republic. In: Dusek L, editor. Czech Cancer Care in Numbers 2008-2009. Prague: Grada Publishing, 2009: 339-376
34. Kuipers EJ, Rösch T, Bretthauer M. Colorectal cancer screening--optimizing current strategies and new directions. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2013; 10: 130-142 [PMID: 23381005 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2013.12]
35. Bretthauer M. Colorectal cancer screening. J Intern Med 2011; 270: 87-98 [PMID: 21575082 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02399. x]
36. Benson VS, Atkin WS, Green J, Nadel MR, Patnick J, Smith RA, Villain P. Toward standardizing and reporting colorectal cancer screening indicators on an international level: The International Colorectal Cancer Screening Network. Int J Cancer 2012; 130: 2961-2973 [PMID: 21792895 DOI: 10.1002/ ijc.26310]
37. Rozen P, Blanchard J, Campbell D, Carlsen E, Lambert R, Marbet U, Peterson K, Regula J, Segnan N, Suchanek S, Van Gossum A. Implementing Colorectal Cancer Screening: Group 2 Report. ESGE/UEGF Colorectal Cancer--Public Awareness Campaign. The Public/Professional Interface Workshop: Oslo, Norway, June 20-22, 2003. Endoscopy 2004; 36: 354-358 [PMID: 15057690 DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-814292]
38. Karsa LV, Anttila A, Ronco G, Ponti A, Malila N, Arbyn M, Segnan N, Castillo-Beltran M, Boniol M, Ferlay J, Hery C, Sauvaget C, Voti L, Autier P. Cancer screening in the European Union. Report on the implementation of the Council Recommendation on cancer screening-First Report. European Communities (publ.) Luxembourg: Publication Office of the European Commission, 2008: ISBN 978-92-79-08934-3
39. Benson VS, Patnick J, Davies AK, Nadel MR, Smith RA, Atkin WS. Colorectal cancer screening: a comparison of 35 initiatives in 17 countries. Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 1357-1367 [PMID: 18033685 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23273]
40. Mandel JS, Bond JH, Church TR, Snover DC, Bradley GM, Schuman LM, Ederer F. Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for fecal occult blood. Minnesota Colon Cancer Control Study. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1365-1371 [PMID: 8474513 DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199305133281901]
41. van Rossum LG, van Rijn AF, Laheij RJ, van Oijen MG, Fockens P, van Krieken HH, Verbeek AL, Jansen JB, Dekker E. Random comparison of guaiac and immunochemical fecal occult blood tests for colorectal cancer in a screening population. Gastroenterology 2008; 135: 82-90 [PMID: 18482589 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.03.040]
42. Rabeneck L, Rumble RB, Thompson F, Mills M, Oleschuk C, Whibley A, Messersmith H, Lewis N. Fecal immunochemical tests compared with guaiac fecal occult blood tests for population-based colorectal cancer screening. Can J Gastroenterol 2012; 26: 131-147 [PMID: 22408764]
43. Bowyer HL, Vart G, Kralj-Hans I, Atkin W, Halloran SP, Seaman H, Wardle J, Wagner Cv. Patient attitudes towards faecal immunochemical testing for haemoglobin as an alternative to colonoscopic surveillance of groups at increased risk of colorectal cancer. J Med Screen 2013; 20: 149-156 [PMID: 24045920 DOI: 10.1177/0969141313503953]
44. Deutekom M, van Rossum LG, van Rijn AF, Laheij RJ, Fockens P, Bossuyt PM, Dekker E, Jansen JB. Comparison of guaiac and immunological fecal occult blood tests in colorectal cancer screening: the patient perspective. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010; 45: 1345-1349 [PMID: 20560814 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2010.497937]
45. Hundt S, Haug U, Brenner H. Comparative evaluation of immunochemical fecal occult blood tests for colorectal adenoma detection. Ann Intern Med 2009; 150: 162-169 [PMID: 19189905 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-150-3-200902030-00005]
46. Goede SL, van Roon AH, Reijerink JC, van Vuuren AJ, Lansdorp-Vogelaar I, Habbema JD, Kuipers EJ, van Leerdam ME, van Ballegooijen M. Cost-effectiveness of one versus two sample faecal immunochemical testing for colorectal cancer screening. Gut 2013; 62: 727-734 [PMID: 22490518 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301917]
47. Nakama H, Zhang B, Zhang X. Evaluation of the optimum cut-off point in immunochemical occult blood testing in screening for colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer 2001; 37: 398-401 [PMID: 11239763 DOI: 10.1016/S0959-8049(00)00387-7]
48. Malila N, Palva T, Malminiemi O, Paimela H, Anttila A, Hakulinen T, Järvinen H, Kotisaari ML, Pikkarainen P, Rautalahti M, Sankila R, Vertio H, Hakama M. Coverage and performance of colorectal cancer screening with the faecal occult blood test in Finland. J Med Screen 2011; 18: 18-23 [PMID: 21536812 DOI: 10.1258/jms.2010.010036]
49. Kaminski MF, Regula J, Kraszewska E, Polkowski M, Wojciechowska U, Didkowska J, Zwierko M, Rupinski M, Nowacki MP, Butruk E. Quality indicators for colonoscopy and the risk of interval cancer. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 1795-1803 [PMID: 20463339 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0907667]
50. Regula J, Rupinski M, Kraszewska E, Polkowski M, Pachlewski J, Orlowska J, Nowacki MP, Butruk E. Colonoscopy in colorectal-cancer screening for detection of advanced neoplasia. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 1863-1872 [PMID: 17079760 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa054967]
51. Kaminski MF, Bretthauer M, Zauber AG, Kuipers EJ, Adami HO, van Ballegooijen M, Regula J, van Leerdam M, Stefansson T, Påhlman L, Dekker E, Hernán MA, Garborg K, Hoff G. The NordICC Study: rationale and design of a randomized trial on colonoscopy screening for colorectal cancer. Endoscopy 2012; 44: 695-702 [PMID: 22723185 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1306895]
52. Atkin WS, Edwards R, Kralj-Hans I, Wooldrage K, Hart AR, Northover JM, Parkin DM, Wardle J, Duffy SW, Cuzick J. Once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy screening in prevention of colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2010; 375: 1624-1633 [PMID: 20430429]
53. Robb K, Power E, Kralj-Hans I, Edwards R, Vance M, Atkin W, Wardle J. Flexible sigmoidoscopy screening for colorectal cancer: uptake in a population-based pilot programme. J Med Screen 2010; 17: 75-78 [PMID: 20660435 DOI: 10.1258/ jms.2010.010055]
54. Sali L, Grazzini G, Ventura L, Falchini M, Borgheresi A, Castiglione G, Grimaldi M, Ianniciello N, Mallardi B, Zappa M, Mascalchi M. Computed tomographic colonography in subjects with positive faecal occult blood test refusing optical colonoscopy. Dig Liver Dis 2013; 45: 285-289 [PMID: 23266193 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2012.11.008]
55. Riccioni ME, Urgesi R, Cianci R, Bizzotto A, Spada C, Costamagna G. Colon capsule endoscopy: Advantages, limitations and expectations. Which novelties? World J Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 4: 99-107 [PMID: 22523610 DOI: 10.4253/wjge.v4.i4.99]
56. Pox C. Colon cancer screening: which non-invasive filter tests? Dig Dis 2011; 29 Suppl 1: 56-59 [PMID: 22104755 DOI: 10.1159/000331127]
57. Ahlquist DA, Zou H, Domanico M, Mahoney DW, Yab TC, Taylor WR, Butz ML, Thibodeau SN, Rabeneck L, Paszat LF, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Bjerregaard NC, Laurberg S, Sørensen HT, Berger BM, Lidgard GP. Next-generation stool DNA test accurately detects colorectal cancer and large adenomas. Gastroenterology 2012; 142: 248-256; quiz e25-6 [PMID: 22062357 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.10.031]
58. Segnan N, Patnick J, von Karsa L. European Guidelines for Quality Assurance in Colorectal Cancer Screening and Diagnosis. 1st ed. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2010: 1-386
59. Denis B, Ruetsch M, Strentz P, Vogel JY, Guth F, Boyaval JM, Pagnon X, Ebelin JF, Gendre I, Perrin P. Short term outcomes of the first round of a pilot colorectal cancer screening programme with guaiac based faecal occult blood test. Gut 2007; 56: 1579-1584 [PMID: 17616542 DOI: 10.1136/ gut.2007.126037]
60. Hol L, van Leerdam ME, van Ballegooijen M, van Vuuren AJ, van Dekken H, Reijerink JC, van der Togt AC, Habbema JD, Kuipers EJ. Screening for colorectal cancer: randomised trial comparing guaiac-based and immunochemical faecal occult blood testing and flexible sigmoidoscopy. Gut 2010; 59: 62-68 [PMID: 19671542 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2009.177089]
61. Logan RF, Patnick J, Nickerson C, Coleman L, Rutter MD, von Wagner C. Outcomes of the Bowel Cancer Screening Programme (BCSP) in England after the first 1 million tests. Gut 2012; 61: 1439-1446 [PMID: 22156981 DOI: 10.1136/ gutjnl-2011-300843]
62. Malila N, Anttila A, Hakama M. Colorectal cancer screening in Finland: details of the national screening programme implemented in Autumn 2004. J Med Screen 2005; 12: 28-32 [PMID: 15814016 DOI: 10.1258/0969141053279095]
63. Malila N, Oivanen T, Malminiemi O, Hakama M. Test, episode, and programme sensitivities of screening for colorectal cancer as a public health policy in Finland: experimental design. BMJ 2008; 337: a2261 [PMID: 19022840 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.a2261]
64. Peris M, Espinàs JA, Muñoz L, Navarro M, Binefa G, Borràs JM. Lessons learnt from a population-based pilot programme for colorectal cancer screening in Catalonia (Spain). J Med Screen 2007; 14: 81-86 [PMID: 17626707 DOI: 10.1258/ 096914107781261936]
65. Steele RJ, McClements PL, Libby G, Black R, Morton C, Birrell J, Mowat NA, Wilson JA, Kenicer M, Carey FA, Fraser CG. Results from the first three rounds of the Scottish demonstration pilot of FOBT screening for colorectal cancer. Gut 2009; 58: 530-535 [PMID: 19036949 DOI: 10.1136/ gut.2008.162883]
66. UK Colorectal Cancer Screening Pilot Group. Results of the first round of a demonstration pilot of screening for colorectal cancer in the United Kingdom. BMJ 2004; 329: 133 [PMID: 15237087 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.38153.491887.7C]
67. Weller D, Coleman D, Robertson R, Butler P, Melia J, Campbell C, Parker R, Patnick J, Moss S. The UK colorectal cancer screening pilot: results of the second round of screening in England. Br J Cancer 2007; 97: 1601-1605 [PMID: 18026197 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604089]
68. Kovarova JT, Zavoral M, Zima T, Zak A, Kocna P, Kohout P, Granatova J, Vanickova Z, Vranova J, Suchanek S, Benes Z, Celko MA, Povysil C. Improvements in colorectal cancer screening programmes-quantitative immunochemical faecal occult blood testing-how to set the cut-off for a particular population. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2012; 156: 143-150 [PMID: 22837135 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2012.030]
69. Larsson SC, Orsini N, Wolk A. Diabetes mellitus and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97: 1679-1687 [PMID: 16288121 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dji375]
70. Shikata K, Ninomiya T, Kiyohara Y. Diabetes mellitus and cancer risk: review of the epidemiological evidence. Cancer Sci 2013; 104: 9-14 [PMID: 23066889 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12043]
71. Krämer HU, Müller H, Stegmaier C, Rothenbacher D, Raum E, Brenner H. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and gender-specific risk for colorectal neoplasia. Eur J Epidemiol 2012; 27: 341-347 [PMID: 22527209 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-012-9686-6]