Blackness and modernity: The colour of humanity and the quest for freedom

Blackness and Modernity: The Colour of Humanity and the Quest for Freedom

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-613

  Foster, Cecil ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

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EID: 84898349477     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
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References (939)

1. Hegel's Encylopedia ii:320, as quoted in M.J. Inwood, Hegel (London:Routledge, 1998), 69.
2. W.E.B. Du Bois, "The Conservation of Races," in Identities: Race, Class, Gender and Nationality, ed. Linda Martin Alcoff and Eduardo Mendieta (Oxford:Blackwell, 2003), 46.
3. Himani Bannerji, The Dark Side of the Nation: Essays on Multiculturalism, Nationalism and Gender (Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 2000);
4. Neil Bissoondath, Selling Illusion: The Cult of Multiculturalism in Canada (Toronto:Penguin, 1994);
5. Wsevolod W. Isajiw, Multiculturalism in North America and Europe: Comparative Perspectives on Interethnic Relations and Social Incorporation (Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 1997);
6. Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship: Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995);
7. Alvin J. Schmidt, The Menace of Multiculturalism:Trojan Horse of America (Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers, 1997);
8. Jon Stratton and Ien Ang, "Multicultural Imagined Communities: Cultural Difference and National Identity in the usa and Australia," in Multicultural States: Rethinking Difference and Identity, ed. David Bennet (London: Routledge, 1998);
9. Charles Taylor, "The Politics of Recognition," in Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition, ed. Amy Gutmann (Princeton: Princeton up, 1994);
10. Cecil Foster, Where Race Does Not Matter: The New Spirit of Modernity (Toronto: Penguin, 2005).
11. Robert C. Solomon, In the Spirit of Hegel: A Study of G.W.F. Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit (New York:Oxford up, 1983), 26.
12. Édouard Glissant, Poetics of Relation, trans. Betsy Wing (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press., 2000);
13. Edward Kamau Brathwaite, Contradictionary Omens: Cultural Diversity and Integration in the Caribbean (Kingston, Jamaica: Savacou Publications, 1974);
14. Aimé Césaire, Discourse on Colonialism (New York: Monthly Review, 1972);
15. Aimé Césaire, A Tempest, trans. Richard Miller (New York: ubu Repertory Theater, 1992).
16. Martin Heidegger, The Question of Being (New York: ncup, 1956);
17. Stuart Hall, "Subjects in History: Making Diasporic Identities," in The House That Race Built: Black Americans, U.S. Terrain (New York: Pantheon Books, 1997);
18. Philip Fisher, Hard Facts: Setting and Form in the American Novel (New York:Oxford up, 1985), 3-4.
19. Emmanuel Levinas, Otherwise Than Being: Or beyond Essence (Pittsburgh:Duquesne up, 1998).
20. Karl Marx, "On the Jewish Question," in Identities: Race, Class, Gender, and Nationality, ed. Linda Martin Alcoff and Eduardo Mendieta (Oxford: Blackwell, 2003), 27.
21. Immanuel Kant, Critique of Practical Reason, trans. Lewis White Beck (Indianapolis:Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1956), 61.
22. Fisher, Hard Facts, 4.
23. C.L.R. James, Notes on Dialectics: Hegel, Marx, Lenin (London: Allison and Busby, 1980), 9.
24. Maurice Blanchot, The Infinite Conversation, trans. Susan Hanson (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993) 15.
25. James, Notes on Dialectics, 10.
26. David Kolb, The Critique of Pure Modernity: Hegel, Heidegger, and After (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), 45.
27. John Russon, Reading Hegel's Phenomenology (Bloomington and Indianapolis:Indiana up, 2004), 39-55.
28. James, Notes on Dialectics, 90-1.
29. Jean-Luc Nancy. Hegel: The Restlessness of the Negative, trans. Jason Smith and Steven Miller (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002).
30. Solomon, In the Spirit of Hegel, 20. As Solomon emphasizes: "Freedom, for Hegel, has to do with identification-how one sees oneself (as citizen, as rebel, as stoic, as master, as slave), it is not the political question of societal restraints and duties" (21).
31. Stuart Hall, Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices (London: Sage, 1997), 9.
32. Immanuel Kant, Critique of Practical Reason, trans. with intro. Lewis White Beck (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1956), 111-12.
33. Parvis Emad, Heidegger and the Phenomenology of Values: His Critique of Intentionality (Glen Ellyn: Torey Press, 1981) 88.
34. Martin Heidegger, Being and Time, trans. John Macquarrie and Edward Robinson (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000).
35. See Clarke versus Clarke: Tory Elitism in Austin Clarke's Short fiction, in George Elliott Clarke, Odysseys Home: Mapping African-Canadian Literature (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002), 238-53.
36. Stuart Hall, "Cultural Identity and Diaspora," Identity: Community, Culture, Difference, Jonathan Rutherford (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1990).
37. Said, Orientalism, 15.
38. Hall, "Cultural Identity and Diaspora."
39. Bell Hooks, "Representing Whiteness in Black Imagination," in Displacing Whiteness: Essays in Social and Cultural Criticism, ed. Ruth Frankenberg (Durham: Duke up, 1997).
40. Henry, Caliban's Reason.
41. Derek Walcott, Omeros (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1990);
42. V.S. Naipaul, India: A Million Mutinies Now (Minerva: London, 1991);
43. Henry, Caliban's Reason, 11.
44. See, for example, an excellent collection of essays on this issue in George Yancy, ed. What White Looks Like: African-American Philosophers on the Whiteness Question (New York: Routledge, 2004).
45. Hall, "Cultural Identity and Diaspora," pp. 222-37.
46. Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, intro. A.D. Lindsay, trans. J.M.D. Meiklejohn (London: Everyman's Library, 1934).
47. Henry Louis Gates Jr and William L. Andrews, eds, Pioneers of the Black Atlantic:Five Slave Narratives from the Enlightenment, 1772-1815 (Washington, D.C.:Civitas, 1998).
48. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk.
49. Robin W. Winks, The Blacks in Canada: A History (Montreal and Kingston:McGill-Queen's up, 1971).
50. Paul E. Lovejoy, Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa (Cambridge: Cambridge up, 2000).
51. Susan Neiman, Evil in Modern Thought: An Alternative History of Philosophy (Princeton: Princeton up, 2004), 12.
52. Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity (Cambridge:Harvard up, 1989), 3.
53. Fredric Jameson, The Cultural Turn: Selected Writings on the Postmodern, 1983-1998, (London: Verso, 1998), 3.
54. Stuart Hall, "Subjects in History: Making Diasporic Identities," chap. in The House That Race Built: Black Americans, U.S. Terrain (New York: Pantheon Books, 1997).
55. Julia Kristeva, Black Sun: Depression and Melancholia, trans. Leon S. Roudiez (New York: Columbia up, 1989).
56. Joseph I Godfrey. A Philosophy of Human Hope (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987).
57. It is in this sense, as a struggle between good and evil forces for world dominance, that several critics have been assessing the continued unfolding of world history. See Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996).
58. Edward W. Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage Books, 1979), 5.
59. University of Michigan Documents Center, "America's War against Terrorism:World Trade Center/Pentagon Terrorism and the Aftermath," , 21 March 2004.
60. Michael Walzer, On Toleration (New Haven: Yale up, 1997), xii.
61. C.L.R. James, Notes on Dialectics: Hegel, Marx, Lenin (London: Allison and Busby, 1980).
62. Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man (New York: Vintage International, 1995).
63. Jacques Derrida, On Cosmopolitanism and Forgiveness (London: Routledge, 2001);
64. Édouard Glissant, Poetics of Relation, trans. Betsy Wing (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000).
65. Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze, Achieving Our Humanity: The Idea of the Postracial Future (New York: Routledge, 2001), ix.
66. Thomas C. Holt, The Problem of Race in the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge:Harvard up, 2000), 4.
67. For a fuller discussion of Blackness and the media,see Frances Henry and Carol Tator, Racist Discourse in Canada's English Print Media (Toronto: The Canadian Race Relations Foundation, March 2000).
68. Holt, The Problem of Race in the Twenty-First Century, 5.
69. Lucius T. Outlaw Jr, On Race and Philosophy (London: Routledge, 1996), 2.
70. Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Multiculturalism: Government Response to Volume 4 of the Report of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, Hansard, House of Commons (8 October 1971), , 22 May 2004.
71. Outlaw, On Race and Philosophy, 2.
72. K. Anthony Appiah and Amy Gutmann, Color Conscious: The Political Morality of Race (Princeton:Princeton up, 1996), 54.
73. Stuart Hall, "Subjects in History: Making Diasporic Identities."
74. Charles Taylor, "The Politics of Recognition," in Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition, ed. Amy Gutmann (Princeton: Princeton up, 1994), 38. Emphasis added.
75. Taylor, "The Politics of Recognition," 38.
76. Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks (New York: Grove Press, 1967).
77. Howard Adelman, "Of Human Bondage: Labour, Bondage, and Freedom in the Phenomenology," in Hegel's Social and Political Thought: The Philosophy of Objective Spirit, Donald Philllip Verene (New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1980);
78. M.J. Inwood, Hegel (London: Routledge, 1998);
79. Northrop Frye, The Bush Garden:Essays on the Canadian Imagination (Toronto: House of Anansi Press, 1971);
80. Jeffrey M. Perl, The Tradition of Return: The Implicit History of Modern Literature (Princeton: Princeton up, 1984).
81. Edward Kamau Brathwaite, Contradictionary Omens: Cultural Diversity and Integration in the Caribbean (Kingston, Jamaica: Savacou Publications, 1974);
82. Édouard Glissant, "Creolization in the Making of the Americas," in Race, Discourse, and the Origin of the Americas: A New World View, Vera Lawrence Hyatt and Rex Nettleford (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995).
83. Paul Gilroy, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness (Cambridge:Harvard up, 1993);
84. Gates Jr and Andrews, Pioneers of the Black Atlantic;
85. Vincent Carretta and Philip Gould, Genius in Bondage: Literature of the Early Black Atlantic (Lexington, Ky: University Press of Kentucky, 2001);
86. Adam Potkay and Sandra Burr, Black Atlantic Writers of the Eighteenth Century: Living the New Exodus in England and the Americas (New York: St Martin's Press, 1995).
87. David Eltis, The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas (Cambridge: Cambridge up, 2000);
88. Lawrence W. Levine, Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom (Oxford: Oxford up, 1977);
89. Paul E. Lovejoy, Identity in the Shadow of Slavery (London: Continuum, 2000);
90. Barbara L. Solow, Slavery and the Rise of the Atlantic System (New York: Cambridge up, 1991);
91. Vann C. Woodward, American Counterpoint: Slavery and Racism in the North/South Dialogue (Oxford: Oxford up, 1983);
92. Hugh Thomas, The Slave Trade: The History of the Atlantic Slave Trade 1440-1870 (London: Picador, 1997);
93. John Thornton, Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1680 (Cambridge: Cambridge up, 1995).
94. David Carney, Soul of Darkness: Introduction to African Metaphysics, Philosophy and Religion (New York: Adastra, 1991).
95. Northrop Frye, The Eternal Act of Creation: Essays, 1979-1900 (Bloomington:Indiana up, 1993).
96. John Locke, "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding," The Empiricists:Locke, Berkeley, Hume, (New York: Anchor Books, 1974), 95.
97. G.W.F. Hegel, Hegel's Science of Logic, trans. A.V. Miller, ed. H.D. Lewis (New York: Humanity Books, 1969) 73-4.
98. David Kolb, The Critique of Pure Modernity: Hegel, Heidegger, and After (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1986), 50.
99. Harry Brod, Hegel's Philosophy of Politics: Idealism, Identity and Modernity (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1992), 13.
100. John Russon, Reading Hegel's Phenomenology (Bloomington: Indiana up, 2004), 80.
101. Parvis Emad, Heidegger and the Phenomenology of Values: His Critique of Intentionality (Glen Ellyn: Torey Press, 1981) 85. Phenomenologically, then, will to power starts out being Black and remains Black throughout all its striving and becoming, hoping that at the end of its quest-or history-it will be a being that is White.
102. Cornel West, Race Matters (New York: Vintage Books, 1993), 5.
103. Michael Ignatieff, Blood and Belonging: Journey into the New Nationalism (Toronto: Penguin, 1993), 5.
104. Jeffrey M. Perl, The Tradition of Return: The Implicit History of Modern Literature (Princeton: Princeton up, 1984).
105. Mircea Eliade, Myth and Reality (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1964);
106. Northrop Frye, Myth and Metaphor: Selected Essays 1974-1988, ed. Robert D. Denham (Charlottesville: Virginia up, 1990).
107. Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze, Achieving Our Humanity: The Idea of the Postracial Future (New York: Routledge, 2001), xiii.
108. Edward Bruner, "Tourism in Ghana: The Representation of Slavery and the Return of the Black Diaspora," American Anthropologist 98, no. 2 (1996). I thank my graduate student Stacy Milford for drawing this to my attention.
109. M.I. Ebbutt, Hero-Myths and Legends of the British Race (Colchester, England:The Cambridge Society Ltd., n.d.), 70.
110. Alfred Nutt, Studies on the Legend of the Holy Grail: With Especial Reference to the Hypothesis of Its Celtic Origin (New York: Cooper Square Publishers, 1965), 19.
111. John Burbidge has drawn to my attention the importance of this double transformation for an understanding of Hegel's Logic, which is intended by the philosopher to be a mapping of the mind of God. John W. Burbidge, Hegel on Logic and Religion: The Reasonableness of Christianity (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992).
112. Nutt, Studies on the Legend of the Holy Grail, 64b.
113. V.S. Naipaul, Literary Occasions: Essays (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003) 9.
114. Édouard Glissant, Poetics of Relation, trans. Betsy Wing (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000), 71-2.
115. J.S. Woodsworth, Strangers within Our Gates: Or Coming Canadians (Toronto:F.C. Stephenson, 1909).
116. Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man (New York: Vintage International, 1995).
117. Bruner, "Tourism in Ghana."
118. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, The Primacy of Perception and Other Essays, ed. James M. Edie (n.p.: Northwestern up, 1964).
119. Locke, "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding," 95.
120. The following is a list of some of the published works on Blacks in Canada. They are notable for starting from the assumption that Black is somatic or cultural-in that it is either a symbol of African and Caribbean cultures, or refers to peoples with a lineage to Africa. Indeed, in some cases Black and African are used interchangeably, sometimes even as dialectical opposites, and in the case of immigration they seem to suggest a category of Blackness that is based on status: Clarke George Elliott, ed., Eyeing the North Star: Directions in African-Canadian Literature (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1997);
121. Rinaldo Walcott, ed., Rude: Contemporary Black Canadian Cultural Criticism (Toronto: Insomniac Press, 2000);
122. Cecil Foster, A Place Called Heaven: The Meaning of Being Black In Canada (Toronto: HarperCollins, 1996);
123. Carl E. James, Making It: Black Youth, Racism and Career Aspirations in a Big City (Oakville: Mosaic Press, 1990);
124. Althea Prince, Being Black: Essays (Toronto:Insomniac Press, 2000);
125. Sheldon Eric Alister Taylor, "Darkening the Complexion of Canadian Society: Black Activism, Policy-Making and Black Immigration from the Caribbean to Canada, 1940s-1960s," Ph.D. thesis (University of Toronto, 1994);
126. James W. St. G. Walker, The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone 1783-1870 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992);
127. Robin W. Winks, The Blacks in Canada: A History (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's up, 1971);
128. Agnes Calliste, "Canada's Immigration Policy and Domestic Blacks from the Caribbean: The Second Domestic Scheme," in The Social Basis of Law, 2d ed., edited by ElizabethCormack and StephenBrickley (Halifax:Garamond Press, 1991);
129. Frances Henry, The Caribbean Diaspora in Toronto:Learning to Live with Racism (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994).
130. For a fuller discussion of race and modernity as this pertains to equating the somatic almost exclusively with Blackness,see Oliver C. Cox, Race: A Study in Social Dynamics, preface by Cornell West, introduction by Adolphi Reed Jr (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2000);
131. David Theo Goldberg, Racist Culture: Philosophy and the Politics of Meaning (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993);
132. Paul Gilroy, Against Race: Imagining Political Culture beyond the Color Line (Cambridge:Harvard up, 2000);
133. Henry Louis Gates Jr, "Race," Writing and Difference (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1986).
134. Thomas Axworthy and Pierre Elliott Trudeau, eds, Towards a Just Society: The Trudeau Years (Toronto: Viking, 1990);
135. Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship:Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995);
136. Jon Stratton and Ien Ang, "Multicultural Imagined Communities: Cultural Difference and National Identity in the usa and Australia," Multicultural States: Rethinking Difference and Identity, David Bennet (London: Routledge, 1998).
137. Derek Hum and Wayne Simpson, "Wage Opportunities for Visible Minorities in Canada," The Income and Labour Dynamics Working Paper Series, catalogue No. 98-17, November 1998;
138. James L. Torczyner, Diversity, Mobility and Change-The Dynamics of Black Communities in Canada. (Montreal: McGill Consortium for Ethnicity and Strategic Social Planning, 1997).
139. Marcus Garvey, "The Negro's Greatest Enemy," African American Political Thought, 1890-1930, ed. Carl D. Wintz, (Washington: M.E. Sharpe, 1996), 172.
140. Lawrence Hill, Black Berry, Sweet Juice: On Being Black and White in Canada (Toronto: Harper Flamingo Canada, 2001).
141. Toni Morrison, Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and Literary Imagination (Cambridge: Harvard up, 1990).
142. K. Anthony Appiah and Amy Gutmann, Color Conscious: The Political Morality of Race (Princeton: Princeton up, 1996), 97.
143. Constance Backhouse, Colour-Coded: A Legal History of Racism in Canada, 1900-1950 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999), 1.
144. Elizabeth Meehan, "Citizenship and Identity," in Fundamentals in British Politics, ed. Ian Holliday, Andrew Gamble, and Geraint Parry (New York: St Martin's Press, 1999), 241.
145. Mason Stokes, The Color of Sex: Whiteness, Heterosexuality, and the Fiction of White Supremacy (Durham: Duke up, 2001).
146. David Malouf, Johnno: A Novel (St Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press, 1975);
147. Okot p'Bitek, Song of Lawino; and, Song of Ocol, African Writers Series (London:Heinemann, 1984).
148. N.E. Cameron, The Evolution of the Negro: In Two Volumes, vol. 1, Which Deals with the Civilization of the Africans before and during the Time of Their Involuntary Voyage to the America (Georgetown, Demerara: The Argosy Company, 1929; Negro Universities Press, 1970).
149. Christie Blatchford, "Cone of Silence Spreading: Murder Witness Not Responding to Pleas from Police," National Post (Toronto), 13 November 2002.
150. David Wootton, ed., Divine Right and Democracy (London: Penguin, 1986), 97.
151. Wootton, Divine Right and Democracy, 94.
152. E.P. Thompson, Whigs and Hunters: The Origin of the Black Act (London: Penguin, 1975), 22.
153. Obj Border Morris, "Obj Border Morris History," The Welsh Border Morris Tradition, 14 May 2006.
154. Peter Mark, Africans in European Eyes: The Portrayal of Black Africans in Fourteenth and Fifteenth Century Europe (Syracuse, New York: Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University, 1974), 13.
155. Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze, Race and the Enlightenment: A Reader (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1977);
156. Julie K Ward and Tommy L. Lott, eds, Philosophers on Race: Critical Essays (London: Blackwell, 2002).
157. G.W.F. Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit, trans. A.V. Miller (Oxford: Oxford up, 1977).
158. Martin Heidegger, Being and Time, trans. John Macquarrie and Edward Robinson (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), 127.
159. Northrop Frye, Mythologizing Canada: Essays on the Canadian Literary Imagination, ed. Branko Gorjup (Ottawa: Legas, 1997), 74.
160. Will Kymlicka, Politics in the Vernacular: Nationalism, Multiculturalism, and Citizenship (Oxford: Oxford up, 2000), 189.
161. Will Kymlicka, Finding Our Way: Rethinking Ethnocultural Relations in Canada (Toronto: Oxford up, 1998), 80.
162. Kymlicka, Finding Our Way, 81.
163. Kymlicka, Finding Our Way, 82.
164. Kymlicka, Politics in the Vernacular, 190.
165. Claude Lévi-Strauss, Structural Anthropology (New York: Basic Books, 1963).
166. Immanuel Kant, Critique of Practical Reason, translated and with an introduction by Lewis White Beck (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1956), 107.
167. Stuart Hall, Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices (London: Sage, 1997).
168. Aristotle, "Categoriae (Categories)," in The Basic Works of Aristotle, ed. Richard MacKeon, (New York: Modern Library, 2001), 1.
169. Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, trans. Vasilis Politis, (London: J.M. Dent, 1934; 2004), 84. In this regard, Kant notes the recognition of the need for categories of understanding: "[It] was a design worthy of an acute thinker like Aristotle, to search for these fundamental concepts" (86).
170. Thomas C. Holt, The Problem of Race in the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge:Harvard up, 2000), 13.
171. For a discussion of this issue in the Canadian context,see Lawrence Hill, Black Berry, Sweet Juice: On Being Black and White in Canada (Toronto: Harper Flamingo Canada, 2001).
172. Holt, The Problem of Race, 13.
173. Charles W. Mills, The Racial Contract (Ithaca: Cornell up, 1997), 1-2.
174. Holt, The Problem of Race, 18.
175. Northrop Frye, Mythologizing Canada: Essays on the Canadian Literary Imagination, ed. Branko Gorjup (Ottawa: Legas, 1997);
176. Terry Eagleton, The Idea of Culture (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000).
177. Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and Canadian Constitution Act, 1982 (79), .
178. Derek Heater, What Is Citizenship? (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999), 80-114.
179. Lewis R Gordon, "Sartrean Bad Faith and Antiblack Racism," in Philosophers on Race: Critical Essays, ed. Julie K. Ward and Tommy L. Lott (Oxford: Blackwell, 2002).
180. John Burbidge, Being and Will: An Essay in Philosophical Theology (New York:Paulist Press, 1977), 52.
181. Pierre Vallières, White Niggers of America, trans. Joan Pinkham (Toronto:McClelland and Stewart, 1971).
182. Noel Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White (New York: Routledge, 1995).
183. Kymlicka, Politics in the Vernacular, 179.
184. Édouard Glissant, Poetics of Relation, trans. Betsy Wing (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000).
185. Arthur O. Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being: A Study of the History of an Idea (Cambridge: Harvard up, 1971).
186. Northrop Frye, The Eternal Act of Creation: Essays, 1979-1900 (Bloomington:Indiana up, 1993).
187. Plato, Phaedrus, trans. W.C. Helmbold and W.G. Rabinowitz (Indianapolis:Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1956);
188. Immanuel Kant, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, trans. Lewis White Beck (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1959);
189. Immanuel Kant, On History, ed. LewisWhite Beck, trans. Beck, Robert E. Anchor, and Emil L. Fackenheim (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1963).
190. Roger Scruton,Peter Singer,Christopher Janaway,and Michael Tanner, German Philosophers: Kant, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche (Oxford: Oxford up, 1997), 88.
191. Kant, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals.
192. Immanuel Kant, "This Fellow Was Quite Black: A Clear Proof That What He Said Was Stupid," in Race and the Enlightenment: A Reader ed. Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1977);
193. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, "Race, History, and Imperialism," in Race and the Enlightenment: A Reader;
194. Scruton et al., German Philosophers.
195. Richard Taylor, Good and Evil (New York: Prometheus Books, 2000).
196. David Carney, Soul of Darkness: Introduction to African Metaphysics, Philosophy and Religion (New York: Adastra, 1991);
197. John Thornton, Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1680 (Cambridge: Cambridge up, 1995);
198. Paget Henry, Caliban's Reason: Introducing Afro-Caribbean Philosophy (New York: Routledge, 2000).
199. Terry Eagleton, ed., Ideology (London: Longman, 1994), 1.
200. Northrop Frye, Myth and Metaphor: Selected Essays 1974-1988, ed. Robert D. Denham (Charlotteville: University Press of Virginia, 1990).
201. Michel Foucault, The Archaeology of Knowledge and The Discourse on Language (New York: Pantheon Books, 1972).
202. Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity (Cambridge: Harvard up, 1989) 25-52.
203. Frye, Myth and Metaphor, 88.
204. Stephen Toulmin, Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1992).
205. Frye, Myth and Metaphor, p.5.
206. A.C. Erwing, Idealism: A Critical Survey, 3d ed. (London: Methuen, 1961).
207. Frye, Myth and Metaphor, 7.
208. Mircea Eliade, Myth and Reality (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1964).
209. Frye, Myth and Metaphor, 88.
210. John Locke, "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding," The Empiricists: Locke, Berkeley, Hume, (New York: Anchor Books, 1974), 24-5.
211. Mircea Eliade, The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion, trans. Williard R. Trask (New York: Harper and Row, 1961), 45.
212. Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2d ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970).
213. For a fuller discussion, see Paul Ricoeur, Lectures on Ideology and Utopia (New York: Columbia up, 1986), and his discussion on the ideological break that is located in Marxian thought as an alternate way of explaining developments in ideology.
214. A.C. Erwing, Idealism: A Critical Survey, 3rd ed. (London: Methuen, 1961).
215. Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze, Race and the Enlightenment: A Reader (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1977);
216. Charles W. Mills, The Racial Contract (Ithaca: Cornell up, 1997).
217. Roger Scruton,Peter Singer,Christopher Janaway,and Michael Tanner, German Philosophers: Kant, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche (Oxford: Oxford up, 1997).
218. Emmanuel Levinas, Totality and Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority (Pittsburgh:Duquesne up, 1961).
219. David Carney, Soul of Darkness: Introduction to African Metaphysics, Philosophy and Religion (New York: Adastra, 1991);
220. Paget Henry, Caliban's Reason: Introducing Afro-Caribbean Philosophy (New York: Routledge, 2000).
221. Errol E Harris, The Problem of Evil (Milwaukee: Marquette up, 1977).
222. Cecil Foster, Where Race Does Not Matter: The New Spirit of Modernity (Toronto: Penguin, 2005).
223. K. Anthony Appiah and Amy Gutmann, Colour Conscious: The Political Morality of Race (Princeton: Princeton up, 1996), 56.
224. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, trans. Colin Smith (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 2000).
225. Alvin Plantinga, The Ontological Argument: From Anselm to Contemporary Philosophers (New York: Anchor Books, 1965);
226. E.L Mascall, Existence and Analogy (n.p.: Anchor Books, 1967);
227. Humphrey Palmer, Analogy: a Study of Qualification and Argument on Theology (London: Macmillan, 1973);
228. Kenneth Surin, The Turning of Darkness and Light: Essays in Philosophical and Systematic Theology (Cambridge: Cambridge up, 1989).
229. Humphrey Palmer, Analogy: A Study of Qualification and Argument on Theology (London: Macmillan, 1973).
230. Martin Heidegger, Being and Time, trans. John Macquarrie and Edward Robinson (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000).
231. Palmer, Analogy, 59-60.
232. Roland Barthes, Mythologies, selected and translated by Annette Lavers (London: Jonathan Cape, 1972).
233. Umberto Eco, A Theory of Semiotics (Bloomington: Indiana up, 1976), 7.
234. Charles Taylor, "The Politics of Recognition," in Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition, ed. Amy Gutmann (Princeton: Princeton up, 1994).
235. David Wootton, ed., Divine Right and Democracy (London: Penguin, 1986);
236. Marc Egnal, A Mighty Empire: The Origins of American Revolution (Ithaca: Cornell up, 1988);
237. Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution:Enlarged Edition (Cambridge: Harvard up, 1992).
238. Jean-Paul Sartre, Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology, trans. with introduction by Hazel E. Barnes (London: Methuen, 1957).
239. Northrop Frye, Reflections on the Canadian Literary Imagination (Rome: Bulzoni Editore, 1991);
240. Jeffrey G. Reitz and Raymond Breton, The Illusion of Difference: Realities of Ethnicity in Canada and the United States (Ottawa: C.D. Howe Institute, 1994);
241. Jeffrey G. Reitz, Warmth of the Welcome: The Social Causes of Economic Success for Immigrants in Different Nations and Cities (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1998).
242. Reitz, Warmth of the Welcome;
243. Reitz and Breton, The Illusion of Difference.
244. Daiva Stasiulis, "Participation by Immigrants, Ethnocultural/Visible Minorities in the Canadian Political Process" paper presented in Montreal at Second National Metropolis Conference, 23-25 November 1997).
245. Paul Barry Clarke, Deep Citizenship (London: Pluto Press, 1996).
246. David Cesarani and Mary Fulbrook, eds, Citizenship, Nationality and Migration in Europe (London: Routledge, 1996).
247. Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship: Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1995);
248. Frances Henry, The Caribbean Diaspora in Toronto: Learning to Live with Racism (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994);
249. Frances Henry, Carol Tator, Winston Mattis, and Tim Rees, The Colour of Democracy: Racism in Canadian Society (Toronto: Harcourt Brace, 1995);
250. Peter S. Li, Race and Ethnic Relations in Canada (Toronto: Oxford up, 1990);
251. Joseph H. Carens, Culture, Citizenship, and Community: A Contextual Exploration of Justice as Evenhandedness (Oxford: Oxford up, 2000);
252. Carl E. James, Making It: Black Youth, Racism and Career Aspirations in a Big City (Oakville: Mosaic Press, 1990);
253. Carl E. James, "Getting There and Staying There: Blacks' Employment Experience," in Transitions:Schooling and Employment in Canada, Paul Anisef and Paul Axelrod (Thompson Educational Publishing, 1993);
254. Carl E. James, "Up to No Good:Black on the Streets and Encountering Police," in Racism and Social Inequality in Canada: Concepts, Controversies and Strategies of Resistance, Vic Satzewich (Toronto: Thompson Educational Publishing, 1998);
255. Carl E. James, Dwaine Plaza, and Clifford Jansen, "Issues of Race in Employment: Experiences of Caribbean Women in Toronto," Canadian Woman Studies 19, no. 3 (1998);
256. Rinaldo Walcott, Black Like Who? Writing Black Canada (Toronto: Insomniac Press, 1997).
257. Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship;
258. Li, Race and Ethnic Relations in Canada;
259. Carens, Culture, Citizenship, and Community;
260. Alan Simmons, "Canadian Immigration Policy: An Analysis of Imagined Futures," paper prepared for the Symposium on Immigration and Integration (Winnipeg: Department of Sociology, University of Manitoba, 25-27 October 1996);
261. Anthony H. Richmond and Warren E. Kalbach, Factors in the Adjustment of Immigrants and Their Descendants (Ottawa, Minister of Supply and Services, Canada, 1980);
262. Reitz and Breton, The Illusion of Difference; J.L. Granatstein, Nation: Canada Since Confederation (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1990);
263. Desmond Morton, A Short History of Canada (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1997);
264. W.L. Morton, The Canadian Identity (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1961);
265. Rinaldo Walcott, Black Like Who? Writing Black Canada, 2d rev. ed. (Toronto:Insomniac Press, 2003).
266. Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship;
267. Henry et al., The Colour of Democracy;
268. Henry and Tator, Racist Discourse in Canada's English Print Media;
269. Li, Race and Ethnic Relations in Canada;
270. Carens, Culture, Citizenship, and Community;
271. Simmons, "Canadian Immigration Policy";
272. Reitz and Breton, The Illusion of Difference;
273. Granatstein, Nation: Canada Since Confederation;
274. Desmond Morton, A Short History of Canada;
275. W.L. Morton, The Canadian Identity;
276. Walcott, Black Like Who?;
277. James, Making It;
278. Emmanuel Levinas, Otherwise Than Being: Or beyond Essence (Pittsburgh:Duquesne up, 1998).
279. Mircea Eliade, The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion, trans. Williard R. Trask (New York: Harper and Row, 1961);
280. Northrop Frye, Myth and Reality;
281. Friedrich Nietzsche, On the Advantage and Disadvantage of History for Life, trans. with introduction by Peter Preuss (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1980);
282. G.W.F Hegel, Hegel's Philosophy of Right, as quoted by Walter Kaufmann, From Shakespeare to Existentialism: Studies in Poetry, Religion, and Philosophy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1959), 101.
283. Agnes Calliste and George J. Sefa Dei, Anti-Racist Feminism: Critical Race and Gender Studies (Halifax: Fernwood Publishing, 2000);
284. Elizabeth Comack, Locating Law: Race, Class, Gender Connections (Halifax: Fernwood Publishing, 1999);
285. Oliver C. Cox, Race: A Study in Social Dynamics, prefaced by Cornell West, introduction by Adolphi Reed Jr (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2000);
286. Carl M. Degler, Neither Black Nor White: Slavery and Race Relations in Brazil and the United States (New York: Macmillan, 1971);
287. Leo Driedger and Shiva S. Hall, eds, Race and Racism: Canada's Challenge (Montreal and Kingston:McGill-Queen's up, 2000);
288. Ivan Hannaford, Race: The History of an Idea in the West (Washington: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1996);
289. Frances Henry, Winston Mattis, Carol Tator, and Tim Rees, The Colour of Democracy: Racism in Canadian Society (Toronto: Harcourt Brace, 1995);
290. Thomas C. Holt, The Problem of Race in the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge: Harvard up, 2000);
291. Lisa Marie Jakubowski, "'Managing' Canadian Immigration: Racism, Ethnic Selectivity, and the Law," in Locating Law: Race, Class, Gender Connections, ed. Elizabeth Cormack (Halifax: Fernwood Publishing, 1999);
292. Carl E. James, Seeing Ourselves: Exploring Race, Ethnicity and Culture, 3d ed. (Toronto: Thompson Educational Publishing, 2003);
293. Peter S. Li, Race and Ethnic Relations in Canada (Toronto: Oxford up, 1990);
294. Martin Loney, The Pursuit of Division: Race, Gender, and Preferential Hiring in Canada (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's up, 1998);
295. Angus McLaren, Our Own Master Race: Eugenics in Canada, 1885-1945 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1990);
296. Clarence J. Munford, Race and Civilization: Rebirth of Black Centrality (Trenton, N.J.: African World Press, 2001);
297. John Thornton, Race, Discourse, and the Origin of the Americas: A New World View, ed. Vera Lawrence Hyatt and Rex Nettleford (Washington: Smithsonian Institution P., 1995);
298. Frances Henry and Carol Tator, Racist Discourse in Canada's English Print Media (Toronto: Canadian Race Relations Foundation, March 2000);
299. Julie K Ward and Tommy L. Lott, eds, Philosophers on Race: Critical Essays (London: Blackwell, 2002);
300. Cornel West, Race Matters (New York: Vintage Books, 1993);
301. William Julius Wilson, The Declining Significance of Race: Blacks and Changing American Institutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978).
302. K. Anthony Appiah and Amy Gutmann, Colour Conscious:The Political Morality of Race (Princeton: Princeton up, 1996), 55. Appiah's depiction here is of Truth appearing in the form of perception as a correspondence between the essential characteristics of a thing as it appears and the characteristics of the same item as a universal class.
303. Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Second (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970).
304. G.W.F. Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of History, trans. J. Sibree (London:George Bell and Sons, 1878);
305. Paul Weiss, Beyond All Appearances (Carbondale and Edwardsville, il: Southern Illinois up, 1974), 21.
306. Martin Heidegger, The Basic Problems of Phenomenolog (Bloomington: Indiana up, 1982; Vittorio Klostermann, 1975), 1.
307. Dyer George, "The Theology of Death," in Death and Hope, ed. Harry J. Cargas and Ann White (New York: Corpus Books, 1970), 35.
308. Reinhardt Grossmann, Phenomenology and Existentialism: An Introduction (London:Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984), 4-5.
309. René Descartes, Discourse on Method and Meditations (Indianapolis:Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1960).
310. Here we are reminded by Descartes's scientific method of subjecting his writing to critical analysis before publication. In this way, his claims were tested dialectically, thereby helping him think that he was arriving at a higher and more comprehensive truth claim. But even then, Descartes knew that an essential doubt remained so that he was not in absolute knowledge. See Zaner, The Way of Phenomenology, 79-124.
311. Grossmann, Phenomenology and Existentialism, 139.
312. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, trans. Colin Smith (London:Routledge and Kegan Paul, 2000).
313. Grossmann, Phenomenology and Existentialism, 146.
314. Jean-Paul Sartre, Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology, trans. with introduction by Hazel E. Barnes (London: Methuen, 1957), 7.
315. Dyer, "The Theology of Death," 37-8.
316. M.J. Inwood, Hegel (London: Routledge, 1998), xxiv.
317. Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of History, 18.
318. Michel Foucault, The Archaeology of Knowledge and The Discourse on Language (New York: Pantheon Books, 1972);
319. Homi K. Bhabha, Narration and Nation (London: Routledge, 1999).
320. Bhabha, Narration and Nation, 311.
321. G.W.F. Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of History, trans. J. Sibree (London:George Bell and Sons, 1878), 5-6.
322. Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of History, 6.
323. Emmanuel Levinas, Totality and Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority (Pittsburgh:Duquesne up, 1961).
324. Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of History, 6.
325. Alexandre Kojève, Introduction to the Reading of Hegel: Lectures on the Phenomenology of Spirit, ed. Allan Bloom (Ithaca: Cornell up, 1969).
326. Charles Taylor, "The Politics of Recognition," in Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition, ed. Amy Gutmann, Amy (Princeton: Princeton up, 1994).
327. Howard Adelman, "Of Human Bondage: Labour, Bondage, and Freedom in the Phenomenology," in Hegel's Social and Political Thought: The Philosophy of Objective Spirit, ed. Donald Philllip Verene (Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1980).
328. Daniel Elazar, Covenant and Civil Society: the Constitutional Matrix of Modern Democracy (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1998).
329. Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of History, 27.
330. Homi K. Bhabha, The Location of Culture (London: Routledge, 1994).
331. Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit, 113.
332. Pierre Elliott Trudeau, The Essential Trudeau, ed. Ron Graham (Toronto:McClelland and Stewart, 1998), 80.
333. Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit, 123.
334. Trudeau, The Essential Trudeau, 4-5.
335. Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit, 278.
336. Roberston Davies, The Merry Heart: Selections 1980-1995 (Toronto: Penguin, 1996);
337. Daiva Stasiulis, "Participation by Immigrants, Ethnocultural/Visible Minorities in the Canadian Political Process," paper presented in Montreal at the Second National Metropolis Conference, 23-25 November, 1997).
338. Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit, 110-11.
339. Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of History, 27.
340. Immanuel Kant, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, ed. Lewis White Beck (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1959).
341. Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of History, 24-5.
342. William Shakespeare, Midsummer Night's Dream, 5.1.170-1.
343. Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit, 446nn1-6.
344. Martin Heidegger, The Question of Being (New York: Twayne Publishing, 1958), 69. It should be noted that Phenomenology of Spirit was often translated as Phenomenology of Mind in English.
345. Hegel's Encyclopedia, ii.320, as quoted in M.J. Inwood, Hegel (London:Routledge, 1998), 69.
346. Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit, 237.
347. Paul Franco, Hegel's Philosophy of Freedom (New Haven: Yale up, 1999), 98.
348. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci, trans. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Norwell Smith (New York: International Press, 1997).
349. Margaret Masterman, "The Nature of a Paradigm," in Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge, ed. Imre Lakatos and Alan Musgrave (London: Cambridge up, 1974).
350. Terry Eagleton, Ideology (London: Longman, 1994).
351. Northrop Frye, Myth and Metaphor: Selected Essays 1974-1988, ed. Robert D. Denham (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1990).
352. Mircea Eliade, The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion, trans. Willard R. Trask (New York: Harper and Row, 1961);
353. Masterman, "Nature of a Paradigm," 69.
354. George Psathas, Phenomenological Sociology: Issues and Applications (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1973), 19.
355. Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), 6.
356. Homi K. Bhabha, The Location of Culture (London: Routledge, 1994).
357. Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit.
358. Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, enlarged ed. (Cambridge: Harvard up, 1992).
359. T.W. Adorno, Negative Dialectic, trans. E.B. Ashton (New York: Seabury Press, 1973);
360. Max Horkheimer and T.W. Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment, trans. John Cumming (New York: Continuum, 1982);
361. Max Horkheimer, Eclipse of Reason (New York: Seabury Press, c1974).
362. Will Kymlicka, Finding Our Way: Rethinking Ethnocultural Relations in Canada (Toronto: Oxford up, 1998).
363. Martin Loney, The Pursuit of Division: Race, Gender, and Preferential Hiring in Canada (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's up, 1998);
364. Diane Francis, "Why Size Doesn't Matter: We Don't Need More Immigrants to Support Us As We Get Older," National Post (Toronto), 28 September 2002;
365. Daniel Stoffman, Who Gets In? What's Wrong with Canada's Immigration Program-and How to Fix It (Toronto: Macfarlane Walter and Ross, 2002).
366. Plato, "Laws," The Collected Dialogues of Plato Including the Letters, ed. Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns, Bollingen Series 71, (Princeton: Princeton up, 1980) xii:956a. However, it is worth noting that Plato is not contrasting White with Black, per se, but with coloured decorations. The gods do no like that which is sacrificed to them to be unnaturally coloured through dyes. White is a sign of purity and naturalness.
367. Aristotle, The Nicomachean Ethics (Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions, 1996) 1096b.22.
368. Robert Jewett and John Shelton Lawrence, Captain America and the Crusade against Evil: The Dilemma of Zealous Nationalism (Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2003).
369. Jean-Paul Sartre, Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology, trans. with introduction by Hazel E. Barnes (London: Methuen, 1957).
370. Plato, Phaedrus, ed. W.C. Helmbold and W.G. Rabinowitz (Indianapolis:Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1956) 2481e.
371. Plato, Phaedrus 252d.
372. Cynthia Farrar, The Origins of Democratic Thinking: The Invention of Politics in Classical Athens (New York: Cambridge up, 1988), 11-12.
373. Ivan Hannaford, Race: The History of an Idea in the West (Washington: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1996), 18. Emphasis added.
374. Plato, The Republic, trans. Desmond Lee (London: Penguin, 1987), iii:2.379c.
375. Farrar, Origins of Democratic Thinking, 1-14.
376. Plato, "Philebus," The Collected Dialogues of Plato Including the Letters, 12e.
377. Willie Nelson, "The Promised Land," Willie Nelson: 16 Biggest Hits, lyrics and music by D.L. Jones (November 1985).
378. Nelson, "The Promised Land."
379. Aimé Césaire, Discourse on Colonialism (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1972);
380. Max Horkheimer, Eclipse of Reason (New York: Seabury Press, c1974);
381. Max Horkheimer and T.W. Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment, trans. John Cumming (New York: Continuum, 1982).
382. Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks (New York: Grove Press, 1967).
383. Nas, featuring Quan, "Just a Moment," Street's Disciple, lyrics by Nas (November 2004).
384. Juergen Habermas, "Faith and Knowledge: An Opening Speech by Juergen Habermas Accepting the Peace Prize of the German Publishers and Booksellers Association," Sueddeutsche Zeitung, 15 October 2001, English, .
385. Charles Taylor, Hegel (New York: Cambridge up, 1995), 9.
386. Thomas Bulfinch, The Golden Age of Myth and Legend: The Classical Mythology of the Ancient World (London: Wordsworth Editions, 1993).
387. Thomas C. Holt, The Problem of Race in the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge: Harvard up, 2000), 80-1.
388. Bulfinch, The Golden Age of Myth and Legend, 64.
389. Plato, Phaedrus, translated with introduction by W.C. Helmbold and W.G. Rabinowitz (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1956).
390. Bulfinch, The Golden Age of Myth and Legend, 337.
391. Nas, featuring Millennium Thug, "My Country," Stillmatic, lyrics by Nas (December 2001).
392. Mircea Eliade, The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion, trans. Willard R. Trask (New York: Harper and Row, 1961);
393. Mircea Eliade, Rites and Symbols of Initiation: The Mysteries of Birth and Rebirth, trans. William R. Trask (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1965);
394. Northrop Frye, The Eternal Act of Creation:Essays, 1979-1900 (Bloomington: Indiana up, 1993).
395. David Carney, Soul of Darkness: Introduction to African Metaphysics, Philosophy and Religion (New York: Adastra, 1991).
396. Eliade, The Sacred and the Profane.
397. Saint Augustine, Confessions, The Fathers of the Church series, trans. Vernon. J. Bourke (Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 1953);
398. Alicia Keys, featuring Nas and Rakim, "Streets of New York (New York, New York)," The Diary of Alicia Keys, lyrics by Alicia Keys, featuring Nas and Rakim (December 2003).
399. Taylor, Hegel.
400. Eliade, The Sacred and the Profane, 47-8.
401. William Julius Wilson, The Declining Significance of Race: Blacks and Changing American Institutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978);
402. Wahneema Lubiano, ed., The House That Race Built: Black Americans, U.S. Terrain (New York: Pantheon Books, 1997).
403. G.W.F. Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit, trans. A.V. Miller (Oxford: Oxford up, 1977), 9.
404. cnn.com/U.S., "September 11: Chronology of Terror," cnn.com, 1 January 2002, English, ;
405. cnn, "In-Depth Special," September 11: A Memorial, cnn.com, 1 January 2001, English, .
406. Virgil, The Aeneid, trans. John Jackson (Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions, 1995).
407. Jeffrey M. Perl, The Tradition of Return: The Implicit History of Modern Literature (Princeton: Princeton up, 1984).
408. Virgil, The Aeneid, 68.
409. Indeed, many pre-modern and modern writers that helped shape nationalist views in Western thought-Dante, Chaucer, Spenser, Milton, Tennyson, Shakespeare-owe much in their craft to Virgil and The Aeneid. See (5 August 2003).
410. Virgil, The Aeneid, 19-20.
411. Gerald Heard, The Ascent of Humanity: An Essay on The Evolution of Civilization from Group Consciousness through Individuality to Super-Consciousness (London: Jonathan Cape, 1929), 69-70.
412. Virgil, The Aeneid, 250.
413. Arthur L. Little Jr, Shakespeare Jungle Fever: National-Imperial Re-Vision of Race, Rape, and Sacrifice (Stanford: Stanford up, 2000).
414. William Shakespeare, The Tempest, ed. Stanley Wells, Oxford World's Classics (Oxford: Oxford up, 1987);
415. Christopher Marlowe, Dido, Queen of Carthage in Christopher Marlowe. The Complete Plays (London: J.M. Publishing Group, 1999).
416. Little Jr, Shakespeare Jungle Fever, 68.
417. G.W.F. Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of History, trans. J. Sibree (London:George Bell and Sons, 1878), 10.
418. Paget Henry, Caliban's Reason: Introducing Afro-Caribbean Philosophy (New York: Routledge, 2000), 25.
419. Eliade, The Sacred and the Profane, 50.
420. Habermas, "Faith and Knowledge."
421. Thomas Jefferson, Writings (New York: Literary Classics of the US, 1984), 264.
422. K. Anthony Appiah and Amy Gutmann, Colour Conscious: The Political Morality of Race (Princeton: Princeton up, 1996), 46.
423. See Ruth Frankenberg, White Women, Race Matters:The Social Construction of Whiteness (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993).
424. Herodotus, "Histories," trans. George Rawlinson (Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions, 1996), ii:11.
425. Bulfinch, The Golden Age of Myth and Legend, 47.
426. Aristotle, Politics, trans. C.D.C. Reeve (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1998), ii:11.1272b.26-33.
427. Frederick J.E. Woodbridge, The Son Of Apollo: Themes of Plato (Boston:Houghton Mifflin, 1929), 1-6.
428. Woodbridge, The Son Of Apollo.
429. Walter R. Agard, What Democracy Meant to the Greeks (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1942), 45-6.
430. Plato, Timaeus, trans. Donald J. Zeyl (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 2000), 22b.
431. Plato, "Philebus," The Collected Dialogues of Plato Including the Letters, ed. Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns, Bollingen Series 71 (Princeton: Princeton up, 1980), 18b.
432. Plato, Phaedrus, 253d.
433. Plato, "Philebus," 26b.
434. Plato, Phaedrus, 256e.
435. Aristotle, Politics, trans. C.D.C. Reeve (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1998) vii:15.1334a.11-20.
436. Aristotle, Politics i:2.1253b.29-36.
437. Aristotle, The Metaphysics, trans. Hugh Lawson-Tancred (London: Penguin, 1998), 983.15.
438. Aristotle, Politics vii:10.1330a.25-8.
439. Plato, The Republic, trans. Desmond Lee (London: Penguin, 1987), ii:2.369b.
440. Aristotle, Politics i:10.1258a.10-18.
441. Plato, Republic ix:8.555b-c.
442. Aristotle, Politics iii:8.1279b.36-1280a.6.
443. Edith Hall, Inventing the Barbarian: Greek Self-Definition through Tragedy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989);
444. Perikles Georges, Barbarian Asia and the Greek Experience: From the Archaic Period to the Age of Xenophon (Baltimore: John Hopkins up, 1994).
445. Homer, The Odyssey of Homer, trans. Richmond Lattimore (New York: Harper and Row, 1967).
446. Homer, The Iliad of Homer, trans. Ennis Rees (New York: Oxford up, 1991).
447. Plato, "Laws," The Collected Dialogues of Plato Including the Letters, ed. Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns, Bollingen Series 71, (Princeton: Princeton up, 1980), viii:843a.
448. Philip Brook Manville, The Origins of Citizenship in Ancient Athens (Princeton:Princeton up, 1990), 5-6.
449. Plato, Laws xii:950b.
450. Aristotle, Politics iii.2.1275b.16-20.
451. Sophocles, The Oedipus Trilogy: King Oedipus; Oedipus at Colonus; Antigone, ed. Stephen Spender (New York: Random House, 1985).
452. Aristotle, The Nicomachean Ethics (Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions, 1996), i:10.7.
453. Rev. 3:4-5. Thompson Chain-Reference Bible New International Version.
454. Jacques Derrida, Writing and Difference, trans. Alan Bass (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 86.
455. Jean-Paul Sartre, What Is Literature? and Other Essays (Cambridge: Harvard up, 1988), 292.
456. David Carney, Soul of Darkness: Introduction to African Metaphysics, Philosophy and Religion (New York: Adastra, 1991).
457. Irving M. Zeitlin, Ancient Judaism: Biblical Criticism from Max Weber to the Present (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1984), 20.
458. Orlando Patterson, Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study (Cambridge:Harvard up, 1982).
459. Alexandre Kojève, "Tyranny and Wisdom," in On Tyranny, revised and enlarged by Leo Strauss (Ithaca: Cornell up, 1975), 181.
460. C.L.R. James, Notes on Dialectics: Hegel, Marx, Lenin (London: Allison and Busby, 1980).
461. W.E.B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk (New York: Modern Library Edition, 1996);
462. James A. Snead, "Repetition as a Figure of Black Culture," in The Jazz Cadence of American Culture, ed. Robert G. O'Meally (New York: Columbia up, 1998);
463. Paul Gilroy, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness (Cambridge: Harvard up, 1993);
464. Paul Gilroy, Against Race: Imagining Political Culture beyond the Color Line (Cambridge: Harvard up, 2000).
465. Judith Butler, Undoing Gender (New York: Routledge, 2004).
466. Aimé Césaire, A Tempest, trans. Richard Miller (New York: ubu Repertory Theater, 1992).
467. Carney, Soul of Darkness.
468. Césaire, A Tempest, 48.
469. Henry Louis Gates Jr, The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of African-American Literary Criticism (New York: Oxford up, 1988), 6.
470. K. Anthony Appiah and Amy Gutmann, Colour Conscious: The Political Morality of Race (Princeton: Princeton up, 1996), 101.
471. Carney, Soul of Darkness, 15.
472. Carney, Soul of Darkness, 36.
473. G.W.F. Hegel, Hegel's Science of Logic, trans. A.V. Miller, ed. H.D. Lewis (New York: Humanity Books, 1969), 105.
474. Carney, Soul of Darkness, 17.
475. Mircea Eliade, The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion, trans. Willard R. Trask (New York: Harper and Row, 1961).
476. Eliade, The Sacred and the Profane, 224-5.
477. Saint Augustine, Confessions, The Fathers of the Church series, trans. Vernon. J. Bourke (Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 1953), 1.5.5.
478. Warren Thomas Smith, Augustine: His Life and Thought (Atlanta: John Knox, 1980), 9.
479. Carol Harrison, Augustine: Christian Truth and Fractured Humanity (Oxford:Oxford up, 2000).
480. Alvin Plantinga, The Ontological Argument: From Anselm to Contemporary Philosophers (New York: Anchor Books, 1965);
481. Kenneth Surin, The Turning of Darkness and Light: Essays in Philosophical and Systematic Theology (Cambridge:Cambridge up, 1989).
482. Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, intro. A.D. Lindsay, trans. J.M.D. Meiklejohn (London: Everyman's Library, 1934), 457.
483. Jacques Derrida, Writing and Difference, trans. Alan Bass (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978).
484. Arthur S. Peake, A Commentary on the Bible (London: T.C. & E.C. Jack, 1920), 141.
485. Frank M. Snowden Jr, Before Color Prejudice: The Ancient View of Blacks (Cambridge:Harvard up, 1983), 44.
486. Lev. 13:3-4. New Revised Standard Version
487. James Walvin, The Black Presence: A Documentary History of the Negro in England, 1555-1860 (New York: Schocken Books, 1972), 36-7.
488. G.K. Hunter, Othello and Colour Prejudice (London: Oxford up, 1967), 148.
489. Elliot H. Tokson, The Popular Image of the Black Man in English Drama, 1550-1688 (Boston: G.K. Hall, 1982).
490. Hunter, Othello and Colour Prejudice, 142.
491. Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks (New York: Grove Press, 1967), 189.
492. Orlando Patterson, Freedom, vol. 1, Freedom in The Making of Western Culture (n.p.: Basic Books, 1991).
493. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (Oxford: Oxford up, 1996);
494. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, ed. Peter Laslett (Cambridge: Cambridge up, 1998);
495. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract and Other Later Political Writings, ed. and trans. Victor Gourevitch (Cambridge: Cambridge up, 1997);
496. Thomas Paine, Rights of Man, Common Sense and Other Political Writings (Oxford:Oxford up, 1995).
497. Derek Heater, What Is Citizenship? (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999).
498. Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Avon Books, 1998).
499. Mircea Eliade, Rites and Symbols of Initiation: The Mysteries of Birth and Rebirth, trans. Willard R. Trask (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1965).
500. Friedrich Nietzsche, The Birth of Tragedy and The Case of Wagner, trans. Walter Kaufmann (New York: Vintage Books, 1967), 65.
501. Saint Augustine, Concerning the City of God against the Pagans, trans. Henry Bettenson, (Middlesex, England: Penguin, 1972), 511.
502. Saint Augustine, Confessions, The Fathers of the Church series, trans. Vernon. J. Bourke (Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 1953);
503. Robert Gibbs, Correlations in Rosenweig and Levinas (Princeton: Princeton up, 1992).
504. David Carney, Soul of Darkness: Introduction to African Metaphysics, Philosophy and Religion (New York: Adastra, 1991).
505. Hobbes, Leviathan.
506. Locke, Two Treatises of Government.
507. Rousseau, The Social Contract and Other Later Political Writings.
508. Howard Adelman, "Of Human Bondage: Labour, Bondage, and Freedom in the Phenomenology," in Hegel's Social and Political Thought: The Philosophy of Objective Spirit, ed. Donald Philllip Verene (New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1980).
509. Alexandre Kojève, Introduction to the Reading of Hegel: Lectures on the Phenomenology of Spirit, ed. Allan Bloom (Ithaca: Cornell up, 1969).
510. Gibbs, Correlations in Rosenweig and Levinas, 36.
511. James A. Snead, "Repetition as a Figure of Black Culture," in The Jazz Cadence of American Culture, ed. Robert O'Meally (New York: Columbia up, 1998).
512. Gibbs, Correlations in Rosenweig and Levinas, 37.
513. Plato, Timaeus, trans. Donald J. Zeyl (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 2000);
514. Saint Augustine, Confessions;
515. Immanuel Kant, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, ed. Lewis White Beck (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1959).
516. David White, Myth and Metaphysics in Plato's Phaedo (Selinsgrove, Pa.:Susquehana up, 1989), 38.
517. Karl Jaspers, Way to Wisdom: An Introduction to Philosophy (New Haven: Yale up, 1954);
518. Karl Jaspers, Tragedy Is Not Enough (n.p.: Archon Books, 1969).
519. White, Myth and Metaphysics in Plato's Phaedo, 44.
520. Plato, Symposium and the Death of Socrates (Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions, 1997);
521. Aristotle, The Nicomachean Ethics (Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions, 1996);
522. Jacques Derrida, "Specters of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning, and the New International," trans. Peggy Kamuf (New York:Routledge, 1994);
523. Jaspers, Way To Wisdom.
524. Robert Borden, Robert Laird Borden: His Memoirs (Toronto: Macmillan, 1938), xii.
525. Homer, The Iliad of Homer, trans. Ennis Rees (New York: Oxford up, 1991), 235.
526. Hannah Arendt, The Portable Hannah Arendt, ed. Peter Baehr (New York:Penguin, 2000).
527. For a fuller debate on current Canadian attitudes to immigration see Diane Francis, Immigration: The Economic Case (Toronto: Key Porter Books, 2002);
528. Informetrica Limited, "Canada's Recent Immigrants: A Comparative Portrait Based on the 1996 Census," in Recent Immigrants in Metropolitan Areas (Ottawa: Citizenship and Immigration Canada, January 2001);
529. Valerie Knowles, Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-1997 (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1997);
530. Jeffrey G. Reitz, Warmth of the Welcome: The Social Causes of Economic Success for Immigrants in Different Nations and Cities (Boulder, Co.: Westview Press, 1998);
531. Anthony Richmond, H. and Warren E. Kalbach, Factors in the Adjustment of Immigrants and Their Descendants (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services, Canada, 1980);
532. Daniel Stoffman, Who Gets In? What's Wrong with Canada's Immigration Program-and How to Fix It (Toronto: Macfarlane Walter and Ross, 2002);
533. Martin Collacott, Canada's Immigration Policy: The Need for Major Reform, Public Policy Sources No. 64, A Fraser Institute Occasional Paper (Vancouver: The Fraser Institute, 2002).
534. Orlando Patterson, Freedom in The Making of Western Culture.
535. Patterson, Slavery and Social Death, xiii.
536. Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks (New York: Grove Press, 1967), 224-5.
537. Pierre Elliott Trudeau, The Essential Trudeau, ed. Ron Graham (Toronto:McClelland and Stewart, 1998), 18-19.
538. Trudeau, The Essential Trudeau.
539. Thomas Axworthy and Pierre Elliott Trudeau, eds, Towards a Just Society: The Trudeau Years (Toronto: Viking, 1990), x-xi.
540. Trudeau, The Essential Trudeau, 1.
541. Trudeau, The Essential Trudeau, 42.
542. Robin W. Winks, Canadian-West Indian Union: A Forty-Year Minuet (Toronto:Oxford up, 1968);
543. James W. St. G. Walker, The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone 1783-1870 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992).
544. Trudeau, The Essential Trudeau, 21.
545. Will Kymlicka, Finding Our Way: Rethinking Ethnocultural Relations in Canada (Toronto: Oxford up, 1998).
546. Axworthy, Towards a Just Society, 24.
547. Trudeau, The Essential Trudeau, 146.
548. Neil Bissoondath, Selling Illusion: The Cult of Multiculturalism in Canada (Toronto: Penguin, 1994);
549. Alvin J. Schmidt, The Menace of Multiculturalism:Trojan Horse of America (Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers, 1997);
550. David A. Hollinger, Postethnic America: Beyond Multiculturalism (New York:HarperCollins, 1995).
551. Trudeau, The Essential Trudeau, 113.
552. William Arthur Deacon, My Vision of Canada (Toronto: Ontario Publishing Company, 1933);
553. Vincent Massey, The Making of a Nation (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1928);
554. W. L. Morton, The Canadian Identity (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1961);
555. John W. Dafoe, Canada: An American Nation (New York:Columbia up, 1935);
556. J.L. Granatstein, Nation: Canada Since Confederation (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1990);
557. George Grant, Lament for a Nation: The Defeat of Canadian Nationalism (Toronto: Macmillan, 1978);
558. Maclean's Hunter Publishing Limited, Canada in the Fifties: From the Archives of Maclean's (Toronto: Viking, 1999);
559. Donald F. Warner, The Idea of Continental Union: Agitation for the Annexation of Canada to the United States 1849-1893 (n.p.: University of Kentucky Press, 1960).
560. Trudeau, The Essential Trudeau, 177.
561. Cecil Foster, A Place Called Heaven: The Meaning of Being Black in Canada (Toronto: HarperCollins, 1996)
562. Where RaceDoesNotMatter:TheNewSpirit of Modernity (Toronto: Penguin, 2005).
563. Readers might also see how I presented this deficit in fiction, particularly in the two novels Sleep On, Beloved (Toronto: Random House, 1995)
564. Slammin' Tar: A Novel (Toronto: Random House, 1998).
565. Trudeau, The Essential Trudeau, 143.
566. Foster, Where Race Does Not Matter.
567. Trudeau, The Essential Trudeau, 16. Emphasis added.
568. Andre Siegfried, The Race Question in Canada (Toronto: McClellan and Stewart, 1968);
569. Collette Guillaumin, Racism, Sexism, Power and Ideology (London:Routledge, 1995);
570. Michel Wieviorka, The Arena of Racism, trans. Chris Turner (London: Sage, 1995);
571. Peter S. Li, Race and Ethnic Relations in Canada (Toronto:Oxford up, 1990);
572. Angus McLaren, Our Own Master Race: Eugenics in Canada, 1885-1945 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1990);
573. Ivan Hannaford, Race:The History of an Idea in the West (Washington: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1996);
574. Constance Backhouse, Colour-Coded: A Legal History of Racism in Canada, 1900-1950 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999).
575. Trudeau, The Essential Trudeau, 169.
576. Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks (New York: Grove Press, 1967).
577. Leo Driedger and Shiva S. Hall, eds, Race and Racism: Canada's Challenge (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's up, 2000);
578. Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship:Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995);
579. Neil Bissoondath, Selling Illusion: The Cult of Multiculturalism in Canada (Toronto:Penguin, 1994);
580. Strategic Policy, Planning and Research, "The Economic Performance of Immigrants: Education Perspective," IMDB Profile Series (Ottawa: Citizenship and Immigration Canada, 2000).
581. Charles W. Mills, The Racial Contract (Ithaca: Cornell up, 1997).
582. David Theo Goldberg, Racist Culture: Philosophy and the Politics of Meaning (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993), 45.
583. Althea Prince, Being Black: Essays (Toronto: Insomniac Press, 2000);
584. Martin Loney, The Pursuit of Division: Race, Gender, and Preferential Hiring in Canada (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's up, 1998);
585. Martin Collacott, Canada's Immigration Policy: The Need for Major Reform, Public Policy Sources No. 64, A Fraser Institute Occasional Paper (Vancouver: The Fraser Institute, 2002);
586. Driedger and Hall, Race and Racism;
587. Kenneth McRoberts, Misconceiving Canada:The Struggle for National Unity (Toronto: Oxford up, 1997);
588. J.L. Granatstein, Who Killed Canadian History? (Toronto: HarperCollins, 1998).
589. Carl E. James, "Getting There and Staying There: Blacks' Employment Experience," in Transitions: Schooling and Employment in Canada, ed. Paul Anisef and Paul Axelrod (Toronto: Thompson Educational Press, 1993);
590. Stanley A. Barrett, Is God a Racist? The Right Wing in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989);
591. Frances Henry and Carol Tator, Racist Discourse in Canada's English Print Media (Toronto: The Canadian Race relations Foundation, March 2000);
592. James L. Torczyner, Diversity, Mobility and Change: The Dynamics of Black Communities in Canada. (Montreal: McGill Consortium for Ethnicity and Strategic Social Planning, 1997).
593. Derek Hum and Wayne Simpson, "Wage Opportunities for Visible Minorities in Canada," The Income and Labour Dynamics Working Paper Series, catalogue No. 98-17, (November 1998);
594. Torczyner, Diversity, Mobility and Change;
595. Cecil Foster, A Place Called Heaven: The Meaning of Being Black in Canada (Toronto:HarperCollins Publishers, 1996).
596. Derek Hum and Wayne Simpson, "Wage Opportunities for Visible Minorities in Canada," The Income and Labour Dynamics Working Paper Series, catalogue No. 98-17, November 1998;
597. Alan B. Simmons and Dwaine E. Plaza, "Breaking through the Glass Ceiling: The Pursuit of University Training among African-Caribbean Migrants and Their Children in Toronto," Canadian Ethnic Studies 30, no. 3 (1998)
598. Frances Henry, The Caribbean Diaspora in Toronto:Learning to Live with Racism (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994).
599. Jon Stratton and Ien Ang, "Multicultural Imagined Communities: Cultural Difference and National Identity in the usa and Australia," in Multicultural States:Rethinking Difference and Identity, David Bennet (London: Routledge, 1998). The policy of official multiculturalism was announced in 1971.
600. Citizenship Act, R.S.C. 1985, chapter c-29.
601. Nathan Glazer, We Are All Multiculturalist Now (Cambridge: Harvard up, 1997);
602. Bissoondath, Selling Illusion;
603. Michael Ignatieff, Blood & Belonging: Journey Into The New Nationalism (Toronto: Penguin, 1993);
604. Alvin J. Schmidt, The Menace of Multiculturalism: Trojan Horse of America (Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers, 1997);
605. Pico Iyer, The Global Soul: Jet Lag, Shopping Malls, and the Search for Home (New York: Vintage Books, 2000).
606. Jeffrey G. Reitz, Warmth of the Welcome: The Social Causes of Economic Success for Immigrants in Different Nations and Cities (Boulder, Co.: Westview Press, 1998), 4.
607. Thomas Axworthy and Pierre Elliott Trudeau, eds, Towards a Just Society: The Trudeau Years (Toronto: Viking, 1990);
608. Pierre Elliott Trudeau, The Essential Trudeau, ed. Ron Graham (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1998).
609. Will Kymlicka, Finding Our Way: Rethinking Ethnocultural Relations in Canada (Toronto: Oxford up, 1998), 1.
610. Will Kymlicka and Magdalena Opalski, Can Liberal Pluralismus Be Exported?:Western Political Theory and Ethnic Relations in Eastern Europe (Oxford:Oxford up, 2001).
611. Kymlicka, Finding Our Way, 21.
612. Charles Taylor, "The Politics of Recognition," in Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition, ed. Amy Gutmann (Princeton: Princeton up, 1994)
613. Rinaldo Walcott, Black Like Who? Writing Black Canada (Toronto: Insomniac Press, 1997);
614. Himani Bannerji, The Dark Side of the Nation: Essays on Multiculturalism, Nationalism and Gender (Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 2000);
615. Bissoondath, Selling Illusion.
616. C.L.R. James, Notes on Dialectics: Hegel, Marx, Lenin (London: Allison and Busby, 1980), 160.
617. 16 June 2002
618. 16 June 2002
619. Accepting this reduction to the somatic, as several self-identifying Blacks have done, is to imprison Blacks and Blackness within a discourse on multiculturalism to racism and the struggle for inclusion. This has been the case with much of the discussion on race. See, for example, David Theo Goldberg, Racist Culture: Philosophy and the Politics of Meaning (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993);
620. Julie K Ward and Tommy L. Lott, eds, Philosophers on Race: Critical Essays (London: Blackwell, 2002);
621. Charles W. Mills, The Racial Contract (Ithaca: Cornell up, 1997);
622. K. Anthony Appiah and Amy Gutmann, Colour Conscious: The Political Morality of Race (Princeton: Princeton up, 1996);
623. Oliver C. Cox, Race: A Study in Social Dynamics, preface by Cornell West and introduction by Adolphi Reed Jr (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2000);
624. Carl M. Degler, Neither Black Nor White:Slavery and Race Relations in Brazil and the United States (New York:Macmillan, 1971);
625. Henry Louis Gates Jr, "Race," in Writing and Difference (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1986);
626. Paul Gilroy, Against Race: Imagining Political Culture Beyond the Color Line (Cambridge: Harvard up, 2000);
627. Stuart Hall, "Subjects in History: Making Diasporic Identities," in The House That Race Built: Black Americans, U.S. Terrain, ed. Wahneema Lubiano (New York: Pantheon Books, 1997);
628. Ivan Hannaford, Race: The History of an Idea in the West (Washington: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1996);
629. Arthur L Little Jr, Shakespeare Jungle Fever: National-Imperial Re-Vision of Race, Rape, and Sacrifice (Stanford: Stanford up, 2000);
630. John Rex and David Mason, Theories of Race and Ethnic Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge up, 1986);
631. Gerhard Schutte, What Racist Believe: Race Relations in South Africa and the United States (Thousand Oaks: Sage, 1995);
632. Cornel West, Keeping Faith: Philosophy and Race in America (New York: Routledge, 1993).
633. See Jeffrey M. Perl, The Tradition of Return: The Implicit History of Modern Literature (Princeton: Princeton up, 1984);
634. M.J. Inwood, Hegel (London:Routledge, 1998);
635. Northrop Frye, The Eternal Act of Creation: Essays, 1979-1900 (Bloomington: Indiana up, 1993).
636. See Jacques Derrida, Writing and Difference, trans. Alan Bass (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978);
637. Max Horkheimer and T.W. Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment, trans. John Cumming (New York: Continuum, 1982);
638. Max Horkheimer, Eclipse of Reason (New York:Seabury Press, 1974);
639. Emmanuel Levinas, Basic Philosophical Writings (Bloomington: Indiana up, 1996). Since that entry of evil at that moment of creation, we have been striving-in what is our quest and hope-to return to the initial good, freedom, and wholesomeness that lies in the infinity of Blackness from which all humanity has been alienated. Multiculturalism is idealistically a return to a long distant past, to a time long hoped for again.
640. G.W.F. Hegel, Hegel's Science of Logic, trans. A.V. Miller, ed. H.D. Lewis (New York: Humanity Books, 1969), 94.
641. John Burbidge, Being and Will: An Essay in Philosophical Theology (New York:Paulist Press, 1977) 40-61.
642. House of Commons Debates (8 October 1971).
643. Cecil Foster, A Place Called Heaven: The Meaning of Being Black In Canada (Toronto: HarperCollins, 1996);
644. Martin Loney, The Pursuit of Division: Race, Gender, and Preferential Hiring in Canada (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's up, 1998);
645. Hellen J. Beck, Jeffrey G. Reitz, and Nan Weiner, "Addressing Systemic Racial Discrimination in Employment: The Health Canada Case and Implications for Legislative Change," Canadian Public Policy 28, no. 3 (2002).
646. Shelby Steele, The Content of Our Character: A New Vision of Race in America (New York: Harper Perennial, 1991);
647. Cornel West, Keeping Faith: Philosophy and Race in America (New York: Routledge, 1993);
648. House of Commons Debates (8 October 1971).
649. Canadian Multiculturalism Act, R.S.C. 1985 (4th Supp.), c. 24.
650. Ernest Gellner, "Adam's Navel: Primordialists Versus Modernists," in People Nation & State: The Meaning of Ethnicity & Nationalism (London: I.B. Tauris Publishers, 1999);
651. Anthony D. Smith, Theories of Nationalism (London: Gerald Duckworth and Company, 1983);
652. Anthony D. Smith, "The Nation: Real or Imagined?" in People Nation & State: The Meaning of Ethnicity & Nationalism (London:I.B. Tauris Publishers, 1999).
653. Constance Backhouse, Colour-Coded: A Legal History of Racism in Canada, 1900-1950 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999);
654. Agnes Calliste, "Canada's Immigration Policy and Domestic Blacks from the Caribbean: The Second Domestic Scheme," in The Social Basis of Law, 2d ed., ed. Elizabeth Cormack and Stephen Brickley (Halifax: Garamond Press, 1991);
655. Canadian Bar Association, "Working Group on Racial Equality in the Legal Profession," (Ottawa:Canadian Bar Association, 1999);
656. George Elliott Clarke, ed., Fire on the Water:An Anthology of Black Nova Scotian Writing, volume 2, Writers of the Renaissance (Lawrencetown Beach, N.S.: Pottersfield Press, 1992);
657. George Elliott Clarke, "Contesting a Model Blackness: A Meditation on African-Canadian African Americanism, or the Structures of African Canadianite," in Essays on Canadian Writing, No. 63 (Toronto: ecw Press, Spring 1998);
658. Tania Das Gupta, Racism and Paid Work (Toronto: Garamond Press, 1996);
659. Carl E. James, Making It: Black Youth, Racism and Career Aspirations in a Big City (Oakville, Ont.:Mosaic Press, 1990);
660. Carl James, Dwaine Plaza, and Clifford Jansen, "Issues of Race in Employment: Experiences of Caribbean Women in Toronto," Canadian Woman Studies 19, no. 3 (1998);
661. Frances Henry, The Caribbean Diaspora in Toronto: Learning to Live with Racism (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994).
662. Freda Hawkins, Canada and Immigration: Public Policy and Public Concern (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's up, 1972);
663. Lisa Marie Jakubowski, "'Managing' Canadian Immigration: Racism, Ethnic Selectivity, and the Law," in Locating Law: Race, Class, Gender Connections, ed. Elizabeth Cormack (Halifax:Fernwood Publishing, 1999).
664. Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship: Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995).
665. John Porter, The Vertical Mosaic: An Analysis of Social Class and Power in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985);
666. Pierre Vallières, White Niggers of America, trans. Joan Pinkham (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1971).
667. Calliste, "Canada's Immigration Policy and Domestic Blacks";
668. Alan Simmons, "Canadian Immigration Policy: An Analysis of Imagined Futures," paper prepared for the Symposium on Immigration and Integration, 25-27 October 1996 (Winnipeg:Department of Sociology, University of Manitoba);
669. Alan Simmons, "Racism and Immigration Policy," in Racism & Social Inequality in Canada: Concepts, Controversies & Strategies of Resistance, ed. Vic Satzewich (Toronto: Thompson Educational Publishing, 1998);
670. Sedef Arat-Koc, "Good Enough to Work But Not Good Enough to Stay: Foreign Domestic Workers and the Law," in Locating Law: Race, Class, Gender Connections, ed. Elizabeth Cormack (Halifax:Fernwood Publishing, 1999).
671. Elinor Caplan, "Trends in Global Migration Forum," notes for an address by the Honourable Elinor Caplan, minister of Citizenship and Immigration, to the Maytree Foundation. 7 September 2001
672. Joseph H. Carens, Culture, Citizenship, and Community: A Contextual Exploration of Justice as Evenhandedness (Oxford: Oxford up, 2000);
673. Will Kymlicka, Politics in the Vernacular: Nationalism, Multiculturalism, and Citizenship (Oxford: Oxford up, 2000).
674. Carens, Culture, Citizenship, and Community; Kymlicka, Politics in the Vernacular.
675. Informetrica Limited, "Canada's Recent Immigrants: A Comparative Portrait Based on the 1996 Census," in Recent Immigrants in Metropolitan Areas (Ottawa: Citizenship and Immigration Canada, January 2001);
676. Daiva Stasiulis, "Participation by Immigrants, Ethnocultural/Visible Minorities in the Canadian Political Process," (Montreal: Second National Metropolis Conference, November 1997);
677. Strategic Policy, Planning and Research, "The Economic Performance of Immigrants: Education Perspective," in IMDB Profile Series (Ottawa: Citizenship and Immigration Canada, 2000);
678. Law Union of Ontario, The Immigrant's Handbook: A Critical Guide (Montreal:Black Rose, 1981) 12.
679. Ekos Research, June 2000.
680. Caplan, "Trends in Global Migration Forum."
681. Robin W. Winks, Canadian-West Indian Union: A Forty-Year Minuet (Toronto:Oxford up, 1968);
682. George Elliott Clarke, ed., Fire on the Water: An Anthology of Black Nova Scotian Writing, volume 1, Early and Modern Writers 1785-1935 (Lawrencetown Beach, N.S.: Pottersfield Press, 1991);
683. James W. St. G. Walker, The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone 1783-1870 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992);
684. David V.J. Bell, "Nation and Non-Nation: A New Analysis of the Loyalists and the American Revolution," Ph.D. thesis (Cambridge: Harvard University, 1969);
685. J.S. Woodsworth, Strangers within Our Gates: Or Coming Canadians (Toronto: F.C. Stephenson, 1909).
686. Winks, The Blacks in Canada.
687. George Elliott Clarke, ed., Eyeing the North Star: Directions in African-Canadian Literature (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1997).
688. Stanley G. Grizzle, My Name's Not George: The Story of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters in Canada (Toronto: Umbrella Press, 1998);
689. Bromley L. Armstrong, Bromley-Tireless Champion for Just Causes: Memoirs of Bromley L. Armstrong, written with Sheldon Taylor (Pickering, Ont.: Vitabu Publications, 2000);
690. Journey to Justice, prod. Karen King-Chigbo, dir. Roger McTair (Montreal:National Film Board of Canada, 2000) video cassette: focusing on the 1930s to 1950s, this film documents the struggle of six people living in Canada who refused to accept inequality and took racism to court;
691. Sheldon Taylor, "Many Rivers to Cross: The African-Canadian Experience," National tour 1992-1994, circulated in co-operation with the Canadian Museum of Civilization, Sheldon Taylor, curator (Toronto: Multicultural History Society of Ontario, 1992);
692. Will Kymlicka, Politics in the Vernacular.
693. Appiah, Colour Conscious, 80-1.
694. Prince, Being Black;
695. Carle E James and Adrienne Shadd, eds, Talking about Identity:Encounters in Race, Ethnicity, and Language (Toronto: Between the Lines, 2001);
696. Lawrence Hill, Black Berry, Sweet Juice: On Being Black and White in Canada (Toronto: Harper Flamingo Canada, 2001);
697. Foster, A Place Called Heaven.
698. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (Cleveland: World Publishing, 1958);
699. Robert North, Teilhard and the Creation of the Soul (Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing, 1967);
700. Oliver C. Cox, Race: A Study in Social Dynamics, preface by Cornell West, introduction by Adolphi Reed Jr (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2000);
701. Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze, Race and the Enlightenment: A Reader (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1977);
702. John Thornton, Race, Discourse, and the Origin of the Americas: A New World View, ed. Vera Lawrence Hyatt and Rex Nettleford (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995);
703. Collette Guillaumin, Racism, Sexism, Power and Ideology (London: Routledge, 1995);
704. Michel Wieviorka, The Arena of Racism, trans. Chris Turner (London: Sage, 1995);
705. Wahneema Lubiano, ed., The House That Race Built: Black Americans, U.S. Terrain (New York: Pantheon Books, 1997);
706. Paul Gilroy, Against Race:Imagining Political Culture beyond the Color Line (Cambridge: Harvard up, 2000).
707. Rinaldo Walcott, Black Like Who? Writing Black Canada (Toronto: Insomniac Press, 1997);
708. George Elliott Clarke, "Treason of the Black Intellectuals?" English, McGill University 7 July 2002.
709. See also George Elliott Clarke, Odysseys Home: Mapping African-Canadian Literature (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002).
710. Lawrence Hill, Black Berry, Sweet Juice: On Being Black and White in Canada (Toronto: Harper Flamingo Canada, 2001);
711. David A. Hollinger, Postethnic America:Beyond Multiculturalism (New York: HarperCollins, 1995).
712. William Arthur Deacon, My Vision of Canada (Toronto: Ontario Publishing Company, 1933);
713. Robin W. Winks, The Blacks in Canada: A History (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's up, 1971);
714. David V. J Bell, "Nation and Non-Nation: A New Analysis of the Loyalists and the American Revolution," Ph.D. thesis (Cambridge: Harvard University, 1969);
715. James W. St. G. Walker, The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone 1783-1870 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992);
716. Robertson Davies, The Merry Heart: Selections 1980-1995 (Toronto: Penguin, 1996);
717. Davies, The Merry Heart;
718. John Porter, The Vertical Mosaic: An Analysis of Social Class and Power in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985);
719. Jeffrey G. Reitz and Raymond Breton, The Illusion of Difference: Realities of Ethnicity in Canada and the United States (Ottawa: C.D. Howe Institute, 1994);
720. Jeffrey G. Reitz, Warmth of the Welcome: The Social Causes of Economic Success for Immigrants in Different Nations and Cities (Boulder, Co.: Westview Press, 1998).
721. Charles Taylor, "The Politics of Recognition," in Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition, ed., Amy Gutmann, (Princeton: Princeton up, 1994).
722. Will Kymlicka, Finding Our Way: Rethinking Ethnocultural Relations in Canada (Toronto: Oxford up, 1998).
723. André Alexis, "Borrowed Blackness (Black Canadians Have Yet to Elaborate a Culture Strong Enough to Help Evaluate the Foreignness of Foreign Ideas)," This Magazine (Toronto), May 1995.
724. Ernest Gellner, "Adam's Navel: Primordialists Versus Modernists," People Nation and State: The Meaning of Ethnicity and Nationalism (London: I.B. Tauris Publishers, 1999);
725. Anthony D. Smith, Theories of Nationalism (London:Gerald Duckworth and Company, 1983);
726. John Rex and David Mason, Theories of Race and Ethnic Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge up, 1986).
727. Pierre Vallières, White Niggers of America, trans. Joan Pinkham (Toronto:McClelland and Stewart, 1971).
728. For a fuller discussion on the contradictions of celebrating Black History Month in Canada, see Cecil Foster, "Black History and Culture in Canada: A Celebration of Essence or Presence," in Canadian Cultural Poesis: Essays on Canadian Culture, ed. Garry Sherbert, Annie Gérin, and Seila Petty (Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier up, 2006).
729. Plato, Timaeus, trans. Donald J. Zeyl (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 2000), 24.
730. Jean-Paul Sartre, Anti-Semite and Jew (New York: Schocken Books, 1965), 84.
731. Plato, Timaeus;
732. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, trans. Colin Smith (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 2000);
733. Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks (New York: Grove Press, 1967).
734. Clarke George Elliott, ed., Eyeing the North Star: Directions in African-Canadian Literature (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1997), xi.
735. Winks, The Blacks in Canada.
736. Biodun Adediran, "Yoruba Ethnic Groups or a Yoruba Ethnic Group? A Review of the Problem of Ethnic Identification," Africa: Revista do Centro de Estudos Africanos da USP 7 (1984);
737. Robin Law, "Ethnicity and the Slave Trade: 'Lucumi' and 'Nago' as Ethnonyms in West Africa," History in Africa 24 (1997).
738. Adediran, "Yoruba Ethnic Groups or a Yoruba Ethnic Group?"
739. Law, "Ethnicity and the Slave Trade."
740. Clarke, Eyeing the North Star;
741. Sartre, Anti-Semite and Jew, 80.
742. George Grant, Technology and Empire: Perspectives on North America (Toronto:House of Anansi Press, 1969);
743. George Grant, Lament for a Nation: The Defeat of Canadian Nationalism (Toronto: Macmillan, 1978).
744. Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks, 26.
745. Cecil Foster, A Place Called Heaven: The Meaning of Being Black In Canada (Toronto: HarperCollins, 1996).
746. Booker T. Washington, "Up from Slavery," Three Negro Classics (New York:Avon Books, 1965), 37.
747. Northrop Frye, Mythologizing Canada: Essays on the Canadian Literary Imagination, ed. Branko Gorjup (Ottawa: Legas, 1997);
748. Rick Helmes-Hayes and James Curtis, "Introduction," The Vertical Mosaic Revisited, ed. Rick Helmes-Hayes and James Curtis (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998).
749. Simon Schama, Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution (Toronto: Viking, 2005);
750. Cassandra Pybus, Epic Journeys of Freedom: Runaway Slaves of the American Revolution and their Global Quest for Liberty (Boston:Becon Press, 2006).
751. Cecil Foster, Where Race Does Not Matter: The New Spirit of Modernity (Toronto: Penguin, 2005).
752. Robertson Davies, The Merry Heart: Selections 1980-1995 (Toronto: Penguin, 1996);
753. Margaret Atwood, Survival: A Thematic Guide to Canadian Literature (Toronto: House of Anansi Press, 1972);
754. Stephen Leacock, Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town (1912; Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1989);
755. Philip Resnick, The European Roots of Canadian Identity (Peterborough, Ont.: Broadsview Press, 2005).
756. Douglas M. Daymond and Leslie G Monkman, Towards a Canadian Literature:Essays, Editorials and Manifestoes, vol. 1, 1752-1940 (Ottawa: Tecumseh Press, 1984), 207.
757. Leacock, Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town, 13.
758. Paul Litt, The Muses, The Masses and the Massey Commission (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992);
759. Northrop Frye, Culture and the National Will: The Convocation Address to Carleton University, 17 May, 1957 (Carlton U./Institute of Canadian Studies: Ottawa, 1957).
760. Daymond and Monkman, Towards a Canadian Literature, 204.
761. Philip Resnick, The European Roots of Canadian Identity (Peterborough, Ont.: Broadsview Press, 2005), 21.
762. Davies, The Merry Heart, 44-5.
763. James Phinney Baxter, A Memoir of Jacques Cartier: His Voyages to the St. Lawrence (New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1906), 86. Brackets in original.
764. Jean-Paul Sartre, Anti-Semite and Jew (New York: Schocken Books, 1965), 83.
765. Frye, Mythologizing Canada.
766. Northrop Frye, The Eternal Act of Creation: Essays, 1979-1900 (Bloomington:Indiana up, 1993), 42.
767. Frye, The Eternal Act of Creation, 142-3.
768. Hugh R. Innis, Bilingualism and Biculturalism: An Abridged Version of the Royal Commission Report (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1973).
769. Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Avon Books, 1998). Importantly, any perceived threat to the American nation is imagined as coming from outside-as in the case of international terrorism at the beginning of the twenty-first century-and not primarily from within the nation-state. A succeeding number of US presidents have declared in countless state-of-the-union addresses to the American Congress that the state of the union is strong and united in purpose and intent from within.
770. Friedrich Nietzsche, On the Advantage and Disadvantage of History for Life, trans. with introduction by Peter Preuss (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1980);
771. Thomas Paine, Rights of Man, Common Sense and Other Political Writings (Oxford: Oxford up, 1995).
772. Frye, The Eternal Act of Creation, 143.
773. Engin F. Isin, Who Is the New Citizen? Class, Territory, Identity (Toronto: York University, 1995).
774. Canadian Bar Association, "Working Group on Racial Equality in the Legal Profession" (Ottawa, Canadian Bar Association, 1999).
775. Frances Henry and Carol Tator, Racist Discourse in Canada's English Print Media (Toronto: The Canadian Race Relations Foundation, March 2000).
776. "The City That Works Could Be Even Better," Toronto Star, 1 May 1999.
777. Clayton James Mosher, Discrimination and Denial: Systemic Racism in Ontario's Legal and Criminal Justice System, 1892-1961 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998), 4.
778. Mosher, Discrimination and Denial, 25-6.
779. George J. Sefa Dei, Elizabeth McIsaac, Josephine Mazzuca, and Jasmin Zine, Reconstructing "Drop-Out": A Critical Ethnography of the Dynamics of Black Students' Disengagement from School (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997).
780. Jorge Duany, "The Recent Cuban Exodus in Comparative Caribbean Perspective," Cuba and the Caribbean: Regional Issues and Trends in the Post-Cold War Era, Joseph Tulchin, Andres Serbin, and Rafael Hernandez (Washington: sr Books, 1997).
781. Derek Hum and Wayne Simpson, "Wage Opportunities for Visible Minorities in Canada," The Income and Labour Dynamics Working Paper Series, catalogue No. 98-17, November 1998;
782. James L. Torczyner, Diversity, Mobility and Change-The Dynamics of Black Communities in Canada (Montreal: McGill Consortium for Ethnicity and Strategic Social Planning, 1997);
783. Alan B. Simmons and Dwaine E. Plaza, "Breaking through the Glass Ceiling: The Pursuit of University Training among African-Caribbean Migrants and Their Children in Toronto," Canadian Ethnic Studies 30, no. 3 (1998).
784. Frances Henry, The Caribbean Diaspora in Toronto: Learning to Live with Racism (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994), 15.
785. Torczyner, Diversity, Mobility and Change.
786. John Porter, The Vertical Mosaic: An Analysis of Social Class and Power in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985), 64.
787. Cecil Foster, A Place Called Heaven: The Meaning of Being Black In Canada (Toronto: HarperCollins, 1996).
788. Porter, The Vertical Mosaic, 70.
789. John Murray Gibbon, Canadian Mosaic: The Making of a Northern Nation (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1938), viii.
790. Jeffrey G. Reitz, Warmth of the Welcome: The Social Causes of Economic Success for Immigrants in Different Nations and Cities (Boulder, Co.: Westview Press, 1998), 30.
791. Jeffrey G. Reitz and Raymond Breton, The Illusion of Difference: Realities of Ethnicity in Canada and the United States (Ottawa: C.D. Howe Institute, 1994), 51.
792. Carl James, Dwaine Plaza, and Clifford Jansen, "Issues of Race in Employment:Experiences of Caribbean Women in Toronto," Canadian Woman Studies 19, no. 3 (1998).
793. Hum and Simpson, "Wage Opportunities for Visible Minorities in Canada";
794. Simmons and Plaza, "Breaking through the Glass Ceiling";
795. James, Plaza, and Jansen, "Issues of Race in Employment";
796. Dwaine Plaza, "The Strategies and Strategizing of University Educated Black Caribbean-Born Men in Toronto: A Study of Occupation and Income Achievements," Ph.D. thesis (Toronto: York University, 1996);
797. Henry, The Caribbean Diaspora in Toronto;
798. Anthony H. Richmond and Warren E. Kalbach, Factors in the Adjustment of Immigrants and Their Descendants (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services, Canada, 1980).
799. For a fuller discussion,see William Julius Wilson, The Declining Significance of Race: Blacks and Changing American Institutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978);
800. Wilson, The Truly Disadvantaged.
801. Lennox Farrell, "Dead Black Men Talking," Pride Newspaper (Toronto), 23-29 August 2001;
802. Raynier Maharaj, "Turning Racism Around," The Caribbean Camera (Toronto), 23 August 2001;
803. Herman Silochan, "Operation trigger," The Caribbean Camera (Toronto), 23 August 2001;
804. Errol Townshend, "Don't Blame Killings on Poverty," Share Newspaper (Toronto), 23 August 2001.
805. Black Action Defence Committee et al, "End The Shootings Stop the Killings:Break The Silence Violence Affects All of Us," Pride Newspaper (Toronto), 19-23 August 2001.
806. Wilson, The Truly Disadvantaged, 83-4.
807. Alan B. Simmons and Jean E. Turner, "Caribbean Immigration to Canada, 1967-1987," CERLAC, York University (Toronto), 18 February 1991.
808. Agnes Calliste, "Canada's Immigration Policy and Domestic Blacks from the Caribbean: The Second Domestic Scheme," The Social Basis of Law, 2d ed., ed. Elizabeth Cormack and Stephen Brickley (Halifax: Garamond Press, 1991);
809. Simmons and Turner, "Caribbean Immigration to Canada";
810. Alan Simmons, "Canadian Immigration Policy: An Analysis of Imagined Futures" (paper prepared for the Symposium on Immigration and Integration, Winnipeg, University of Manitoba, Department of Sociology, 25-27 October 1996);
811. Alan Simmons, "Racism and Immigration Policy," in Racism and Social Inequality in Canada:Concepts, Controversies and Strategies of Resistance, ed. Vic Satzewich (Toronto:Thompson Educational Publishing, 1998);
812. Sedef Arat-Koc, "Good Enough to Work but Not Good Enough to Stay: Foreign Domestic Workers and the Law," in Locating Law: Race, Class, Gender Connections, Elizabeth Comack (Halifax:Fernwood Publishing, 1999).
813. Simmons, "Caribbean Immigration to Canada."
814. Simmons and Plaza, "Breaking through the Glass Ceiling."
815. Will Kymlicka, Politics in the Vernacular: Nationalism, Multiculturalism, and Citizenship (Oxford: Oxford up, 2000), 192.
816. Cecil Foster, Where Race Does Not Matter: The New Spirit of Modernity (Toronto: Penguin, 2005).
817. Kymlicka, Politics in the Vernacular.
818. Lesley Jacobs, chaps 2-5 in Pursuing Equality: The Theory and Practice of Egalitarian Justice (unpublished, March 1999).
819. Emmanuel Levinas, Totality and Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority (Pittsburgh:Duquesne up, 1961);
820. Kymlicka, Politics in the Vernacular, 42.
821. David A. Hollinger, Postethnic America: Beyond Multiculturalism (New York:HarperCollins, 1995).
822. Neil Bissoondath, Selling Illusion: The Cult of Multiculturalism in Canada (Toronto: Penguin, 1994);
823. J.L. Granatstein, Who Killed Canadian History? (Toronto: HarperCollins, 1998).
824. G.W.F. Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit, trans. A.V. Miller (Oxford: Oxford up, 1977), 333.
825. Will Kymlicka, Finding Our Way: Rethinking Ethnocultural Relations in Canada (Toronto: Oxford up, 1998).
826. Bissoondath, Selling Illusions.
827. Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit, 328.
828. Stephen Toulmin, Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992).
829. Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit, 332.
830. Pierre Elliott Trudeau, The Essential Trudeau, ed. Ron Graham (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1998), 177.
831. Elinor Caplan, "Trends in Global Migration Forum," notes for an address by the Honourable Elinor Caplan, minister of Citizenship and Immigration, to the Maytree Foundation, Citizenship and Immigration Canada, , 7 September 2001.
832. Alan Simmons, "Canadian Immigration Policy: An Analysis of Imagined Futures," paper prepared for the Symposium on Immigration and Integration, Winnipeg, University of Manitoba, Department of Sociology, 25-27 October 1996.
833. Joaquin Arango, "Immigration in Europe: Between Integration and Exclusion," Metropolis International Workshop Proceedings, Lisbon, September 28-29, 1998 (Lisbon), Luso-American Development Foundation (1999).
834. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (London: Verso, 1991).
835. Engin F. Isin, Cities without Citizens: The Modernity of the City as Corporation (Montreal: Black Rose, 1992);
836. Engin F. Isin, Who Is the New Citizen? Class, Territory, Identity (Toronto: York University, 1995).
837. David Cesarani and Mary Fulbrook, eds, Citizenship, Nationality and Migration in Europe (London: Routledge, 1996).
838. Arango, "Immigration in Europe," 249.
839. Yasemin Nuhoglu Soysal, "Changing Citizenship in Europe: Remarks on Postnational Membership in the Nationalism State," Citizenship, Nationality and Migration in Europe, David Cesarani and Mary Fulbrook (London: Routledge, 1996);
840. Yasemin Soysal, "Identity, Rights and Claims-Making: Changing Dynamics of Citizenship in Postwar Europe," Metropolis International Workshop Proceedings, Lisbon, September 28-29, 1998 (Lisbon), Luso-American Development Foundation (1999).
841. Soysal, "Changing Citizenship in Europe";
842. Sedef Arat-Koc, "Good Enough to Work but Not Good Enough to Stay: Foreign Domestic Workers and the Law," in Locating Law: Race, Class, Gender Connections, Elizabeth Comack (Halifax: Fernwood Publishing, 1999);
843. Agnes Calliste, "Canada's Immigration Policy and Domestic Blacks from the Caribbean: The Second Domestic Scheme," The Social Basis of Law, 2d ed., ed. Elizabeth Cormack and Stephen Brickley (Halifax: Garamond Press, 1991);
844. Frances Henry, The Caribbean Diaspora in Toronto: Learning to Live with Racism (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994);
845. Alan B. Simmons and Dwaine Plaza, "Breaking through the Glass Ceiling: The Pursuit of University Training among Afro-Caribbean Migrants and Their Children in Toronto," Canadian Ethnic Studies 30, no. 3 (1998);
846. Alan B. Simmons and Jean E. Turner, "Caribbean Immigration to Canada, 1967-1987," CERLAC, York University (Toronto), 18 February 1991.
847. Citizenship and Immigration Canada, "Planning Now for Canada's Future: Introducing a Multi-Year Planning Process and the Immigration Plan for 2001 and 2002," (Ottawa: Citizenship and Immigration Canada, 2001).
848. Caplan, "Trends in Global Migration Forum."
849. Elinor Caplan, "Building Community in Multi-Ethnic Societies," address by the Honourable Elinor Caplan, minister of Citizenship and Immigration, to the Metropolis Conference Plenary, Washington, dc, 10 December 1999, Immigration and Citizenship Canada, 2002.
850. Hugh R. Innis, Bilingualism and Biculturalism: An Abridged Version of the Royal Commission Report (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1973).
851. Jack Collins and Frances Henry, "Racism, Ethnicity and Immigration," Immigration and Refugee Policy: Australia and Canada Compared, vol. 2, Howard Adelman, Allan Borowski, Meyer Burstein, and Lois Foster (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994), 525.
852. Jeffrey G. Reitz and Raymond Breton, The Illusion of Difference: Realities of Ethnicity in Canada and the United States (Ottawa: C.D. Howe Institute, 1994).
853. Joseph H. Carens, Culture, Citizenship, and Community: A Contextual Exploration of Justice as Evenhandedness (Oxford: Oxford up, 2000).
854. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract and Other Later Political Writings, trans. and ed. Victor Gourevitch (Cambridge: Cambridge up, 1997).
855. Charles Taylor, "The Politics of Recognition," in Multiculturalism, Amy Gutmann (Princeton: Princeton up, 1994).
856. Carens, Culture, Citizenship, and Community, 18.
857. Caplan, "Building Community in Multi-Ethnic Societies."
858. Agnes Calliste, "Canada's Immigration Policy";
859. Citizenship and Immigration Canada, "Planning Now for Canada's Future";
860. Martin Collacott, Canada's Immigration Policy: The Need for Major Reform, Public Policy Sources No. 64, a Fraser Institute occasional paper, Kristin MaCahon (Vancouver: The Fraser Institute, 2002);
861. Lisa Marie Jakubowski, "'Managing' Canadian Immigration: Racism, Ethnic Selectivity, and the Law," in Locating Law: Race, Class, Gender Connections, ed. Elizabeth Cormack (Halifax: Fernwood Publishing, 1999);
862. Shirley Seward and Marc Tremblay, Immigrants in the Canadian Labour Force: Their Role in Structural Change (Ottawa: The Institute for Research and Public Policy, 1989);
863. Strategic Policy, Planning and Research, "The Economic Performance of Immigrants:Education Perspective," imdb Profile Series (Ottawa, Citizenship and Immigration Canada, 2000).
864. Kymlicka, Politics in the Vernacular, 175.
865. John Porter, The Vertical Mosaic: An Analysis of Social Class and Power in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985).
866. Kymlicka, Politics in the Vernacular.
867. Donald F. Warner, The Idea of Continental Union: Agitation for the Annexation of Canada to the United States 1849-1893 (n.p.: University of Kentucky Press, 1960);
868. Robin W. Winks, The Blacks in Canada: A History (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's up, 1971);
869. John W. Dafoe, Canada: An American Nation (New York: Columbia up, 1935);
870. William Arthur Deacon, My Vision of Canada (Toronto: Ontario Publishing Company, 1933);
871. Constance Backhouse, Colour-Coded: A Legal History of Racism in Canada, 1900-1950 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999);
872. Stanley A. Barrett, Is God a Racist? The Right Wing in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989).
873. Pierre Vallières, White Niggers of America, trans. Joan Pinkham (Toronto:McClelland and Stewart, 1971);
874. J.L. Granatstein, Nation: Canada Since Confederation (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1990);
875. Hugh MacLennan, Two Solitudes (Toronto: Macmillan, 1945).
876. Friedrich Nietzsche, On the Advantage and Disadvantage of History for Life, trans. with introduction by Peter Preuss (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1980).
877. Immanuel Kant, On History, ed. Lewis White Beck, trans. Beck, Robert E. Anchor, and Emil L. Fackenheim (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1963), 17.
878. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (Oxford: Oxford up, 1996).
879. Kant, On History, 17.
880. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge: Harvard up, 1971).
881. Kant, On History, 86.
882. Homi K. Bhabha, Narration and Nation (London: Routledge, 1999);
883. Bhabha, Narration and Nation, 294.
884. Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit, 21.
885. Hugh R. Innis, Bilingualism and Biculturalism: An Abridged Version of the Royal Commission Report (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1973).
886. Will Kymlicka, Politics in the Vernacular: Nationalism, Multiculturalism, and Citizenship (Oxford: Oxford up, 2000);
887. Freda Hawkins, Canada and Immigration:Public Policy and Public Concern (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's up, 1972).
888. Robin W. Winks, The Blacks in Canada: A History (Montreal and Kingston:McGill-Queen's up, 1971);
889. James W. St. G. Walker, The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone 1783-1870 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992).
890. Innis, Bilingualism and Biculturalism, 142.
891. Carle E James and Adrienne Shadd, eds, Talking about Identity: Encounters in Race, Ethnicity, and Language (Toronto: Between the Lines, 2001), 12.
892. The male counterpart to the domestic servant was, traditionally, the railway porter. For generations, this job was seen as the ultimate in attainment and achievements for somatic Blacks in Canada, as discussed in Stanley G. Grizzle, My Name's Not George: The Story of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters in Canada (Toronto: Umbrella Press, 1998);
893. Cecil Foster, A Place Called Heaven: The Meaning of Being Black In Canada (Toronto: HarperCollins, 1996).
894. Aloma Mary Mendoza, "An Exploratory Study on the Socioeconomic, Cultural and Sociopsychological Experiences of Caribbean-Born Women in Ontario, Canada," Ph.D. thesis (Toronto: York University, 1990);
895. Carl James, Dwaine Plaza, and Clifford Jansen, "Issues of Race in Employment: Experiences of Caribbean Women in Toronto," Canadian Woman Studies 19, no. 3 (1998).
896. Mendoza, "An Exploratory Study"; Agnes Calliste, "Canada's Immigration Policy and Domestic Blacks from the Caribbean: The Second Domestic Scheme," in The Social Basis of Law, 2d ed., ed. Elizabeth Cormack and Stephen Brickley (Halifax:Garamond Press, 1991);
897. Alan B. Simmons and Jean E. Turner, "Caribbean Immigration to Canada, 1967-1987," CERLAC, York University (Toronto) 18 February 1991;
898. Frances Henry, The Caribbean Diaspora in Toronto: Learning to Live with Racism (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994).
899. Sheldon Taylor, "Darkening the Complexion of Canadian Society: Black Activism, Policy-Making and Black Immigration from the Caribbean to Canada, 1940s-1960s," Ph.D. thesis (Toronto: University of Toronto, 1994);
900. Taylor, "Many Rivers to Cross: The African-Canadian Experience," National tour 1992-1994, circulated in cooperation with the Canadian Museum of Civilization, art exhibition (Toronto: Multicultural History Society of Ontario, 1992);
901. Agnes Calliste, "Canada's Immigration Policy and Domestic Blacks from the Caribbean:The Second Domestic Scheme," The Social Basis of Law, 2d ed., ed. Elizabeth Cormack and Stephen Brickley (Halifax: Garamond Press, 1991).
902. In a bit of inter-diasporic rivalry, Toni Morrison claims that the somatically Black Canadians were the Blacks who "thought" they were free in comparison to those in the United States whom the Canadian Blacks felt they had left behind in slavery or some other form of bondage. Toni Morrison, Sula (New York: New American Library, 1982).
903. Mary A. Shadd, A Plea for Emigration: Or, Notes of Canada West, edited, annotated, and with an introduction by Richard Almonte (Toronto: Mercury Press, 1998).
904. Shadd, A Plea for Emigration, 59.
905. Alan G. Green, "A Comparison of Canadian and U.S. Immigration Policy in the Twentieth Century," in Diminishing Returns: The Economics of Canada's Recent Immigration Policy, Don Devoretz (Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute, 1995).
906. Shadd, A Plea for Emigration.
907. James, Plaza, and Jansen, "Issues of Race in Employment."
908. Alan B. Simmons and Dwaine Plaza, "Breaking through the Glass Ceiling: The Pursuit of University Training among Afro-Caribbean Migrants and Their Children in Toronto," Canadian Ethnic Studies 30, no. 3 (1998);
909. Alan B. Simmons and Jean E. Turner, "Caribbean Immigration to Canada."
910. Frances Henry, The Caribbean Diaspora in Toronto;
911. Foster, A Place Called Heaven;
912. Lennox Farrell, "Dead Black Men Talking," Pride Newspaper (Toronto), 23-29 August 2001;
913. Errol Townshend, "Don't Blame Killings on Poverty," Share Newspaper (Toronto), 23 August 2001;
914. Raynier Maharaj, "Turning Racism Around," The Caribbean Camera (Toronto), 23 August 2001.
915. James, "Issues of Race in Employment."
916. Torczyner, "Diversity, Mobility, and Change," 35.
917. G.W.F. Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit, trans. A.V. Miller (Oxford: Oxford up, 1977), 277.
918. Alan Simmons, "Canadian Immigration Policy: An Analysis of Imagined Futures," paper prepared for the Symposium on Immigration and Integration," Winnipeg, University of Manitoba, Department of Sociology, 25-27 October 1996;
919. Alan Simmons, "Racism and Immigration Policy," in Racism and Social Inequality in Canada: Concepts, Controversies and Strategies of Resistance, Vic Stazewich (Toronto: Thompson Educational Publishing, 1998).
920. Mike Phillips and Trevor Phillips, Windrush: The Irresistible Rise of Multi-Racial Britain (London: HarperCollins, 1998).
921. Elaine Arnold, "Issues of Reunification of Migrant West Indian Children in the United Kingdom," in Caribbean Families: Diversity among Ethnic Groups, ed. Jaipaul Roopnarine and Janet Brown (Greenwich, Conn.: Ablex Publishing, 1997), 244.
922. Phillips and Phillips, Windrush, 201.
923. David A. Baptiste Jr, Kenneth V. Hardy, and Laurie Lewis, "Clinical Practice with Caribbean Immigrant Families in the United States: The Intersection of Emigration, Immigration, Culture, and Race," in Caribbean Families: Diversity among Ethnic Groups, ed. Jaipaul Roopnarine and Janet Brown (Greenwich, Conn.:Ablex Publishing, 1997), 277.
924. Madhu Dubey, Black Women Novelists and the Nationalist Aesthetic (Bloomington: Indiana up, 1994).
925. Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man (New York: Vintage International, 1995), 391.
926. Paule Marshall, Brown Girl, Brown Stone (New York: Random House, 1959).
927. Toni Morrison, Sula (New York: New American Library, 1982);
928. Alice Walker, The Color Purple (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1992);
929. Dubey, Black Women Novelists.
930. Edith Clarke, My Mother Who Fathered Me: A Study of the Family in Three Selected Communities in Jamaica (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1957).
931. Hyacinth Evans and Rose Davies, "Overview of Issues in Childhood Socialization in the Caribbean," in Caribbean Families: Diversity among Ethnic Groups, ed. Jaipaul Roopnarine and Janet Brown (Greenwich, Conn.: Ablex Publishing, 1997).
932. Elsa A. Leo-Rhymie, "Class, Race, and Gender Issues in Child Rearing in the Caribbean," in Caribbean Families: Diversity among Ethnic Groups, Jaipaul Roopnarine and Janet Brown (Greenwich, Conn.: Ablex Publishing, 1997).
933. Evans and Davies, "Overview of Issues in Childhood Socialization."
934. Leo-Rhymie, "Class, Race, and Gender Issues in Child Rearing."
935. William Julius Wilson, The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
936. Foster, A Place Called Heaven;
937. Rinaldo Walcott, ed., Rude: Contemporary Black Canadian Cultural Criticism (Toronto: Insomniac Press, 2000);
938. Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit.
939. Pierre Elliott Trudeau, The Essential Trudeau, ed. Ron Graham (Toronto:McClelland and Stewart, 1998), 19.