Formal specification: A roadmap

Proceedings of the Conference on the Future of Software Engineering, ICSE 2000

Volumn , Issue , 2000, Pages 147-159

  Van Lamsweerde, Axel ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING; SPECIFICATIONS;

CURRENT STRENGTH; EVALUATION CRITERIA; INDUSTRIAL USE; ROADMAP;

FORMAL SPECIFICATION;

EID: 84898316272     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Conference Proceeding    
DOI: 10.1145/336512.336546     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (119)

1. [Aba95] M. Abadi and L. Lamport, "Conjoining Specifications", ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems Vol. 17 No. 3, May 1995, 507-535.
2. [Abr80] J.R. Abrial, "The Specification Language Z: Syntax and Semantics". Programming Research Group, Oxford Univ., 1980.
3. [Abr96] J.R. Abrial, The B-Book: Assigning Programs to Meanings. Cambridge University Press, 1996.
4. [Al189] J.E Allen and P.J. Hayes, "Moments and Points in an Interval-Based Temporal Logic", Computational Intelligence, Vol. 5, 1989, 225-238.
5. [Ast86] Astesiano, E., Wirsing, M., "An introduction to ASL", Proc. IFIP WG2.1 Conf. on Program Specifications and Transformations, North-Holland, 1986.
6. [At193] J.M. Atlee, State-Based Model Checking of Event-Driven System Requirements, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering Vol. 19 No. 1, January 1993, 24-40.
7. [Ba182] R.M. Balzer, N.M. Goldman, and D.S. Wile, "Operational Specification as the Basis for Rapid Prototyping", ACM S1GSOFTSoftw. Eng. Notes Vol. 7 No. 5, Dec. 1982, 3-16.
8. [Beh99] E Behm, E Benoit, A. Faivre and J.M. Meynadier, "Mtttor: A Successful Application of B in a Large Project", Proc. FM-99-World Conference on Formal Methods in the Development of Computing Systems, LNCS 1708, Springer-Verlag, 1999, 369-387.
9. [Ben96] S. Bensalem, Y. Lakhnech and H. Sadi, "Powerful Techniques for the Automatic Generation of Invariants", Proc. CAV'96-8th Intl Conference on Computer-Aided Verification, LNCS 1102, Springer-Verlag, 1996, 323-335.
10. [Ber91] G. Bernot, M.C. Gaudel, ad B. Marre, "Software Testing Based on Formal Specifications: A Theory and a Tool", Software Engineering Journal, 1991.
11. [Bor95] A. Borgida, J. Mylopoulos and R. Reiter, "On the Frame Problem in Procedure Specifications", IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol. 21 No. 10, October 1995, 785-798.
12. [Car90] C. Morgan, Programming from Specifications. Prentice Hall, 1990.
13. [Cla86] E.M.Clarke and E.A. Emerson, "Automatic Verification of Finite-State Concurrent Systems Using Temporal Logic Specifications", ACM Trans. Program. Lang. Systems Vol. 8 No. 2, 1986, 244-263.
14. [Cla96] E.M. Clarke, J.M. Wing et al, "Formal Methods: State of the Art and Future Directions", ACM Computing Surveys Vol. 28 No. 4, December 1996, 626-643.
15. [Cla99] E.M. Clarke O. Grumberg D.A. Peled. Model Checking. MIT Press, 1999.
16. [Cra93] D.Craigen, S. Gerhart and T. Ralston, An International Survey of Industrial Applications of Formal Methods. US Dept. Commerce, NIST, Computer Systems Lab., NISTGCR 93/626, March 1993.
17. [Cra95] D. Cralgen, S. Gerhart and T. Ralston, "Formal Methods Technology Transfer: Impediments and Innovation", in Applications of Formal Methods, M.G. Hinchey and J.P. Bowen (eds.), Prentice Hall, 1995, 399-419.
18. [Cro95] J. Crow, S. Owre, J. Rushby, N. Shankar, M. Srivas, "A Tutorial Introduction to PVS". Proc. WIFT'95-Workshop on Industrial-Strength Formal Specification Techniques, Boca Raton, April 1995. http://www.csl.sri.com/sri-csl-fm.html.
19. [Dar93] A. Dardenne, A. Van Lamsweerde and S. Fickas, "Goal-Directed Requirements Acquisition", Science of Computer Programming, Vol. 20, 1993, 3-50.
20. [Dar96] R. Darimont and A. Van Lamsweerde, "Formal Refinement Patterns for Goal-Driven Requirements Elaboration", Proc. FSE'4-Fourth ACM SIGSOFT Syrup. on the Foundations of Software Engineering, San Francisco, October 1996, 179-190.
21. [Dij75] E.W. Dijkstra, "Guarded commands, nondeterminacy and the formal derivation of programs", Comm. ACM Vol. 18, August 1975, 453-457.
22. [Doug94] J. Douglas and R.A. Kemmerer, "Aslantest: A Symbolic Execution Tool for Testing ASLAN Formal Specifications", Proc. ISTSTA '94-Intl. Syrup. on Software Testing and Analysis, ACM So tw. Eng. Notes, 1994, 15-27.
23. [Dub91] Dubois, E., Hagelstein, J., Rifaut, A., "A Formal Language for the Requirements Engineering of Computer Systems", in Introducing a Logic Based Approach to Artificial Intelligence, A. Thayse (Ed.), Vol. 3, Wiley, 1991, 357-433.
24. [Dub93] E. Dubois, Ph. Du Bois and M. Petit, "Object-Oriented Requirements Analysis: An Agent Perspective", Proc. ECOOP'93-7th European Conf. on Object-Oriented Programming, Springer-Verlag LNCS 707, 1993, 458-481.
25. [Dwy99] M.B. Dwyer, G.S. Avrunin and J.C. Corbett, "Patterns in Property Specifications for Finite-State Verification", Proc. ICSE-99: 21th Intrnational Conference on Software Enginering, Los Angeles, 411-420.
26. [Eme86] E.A. Emerson and J.Y. Halperu, ""Sometime" and "not Never" Revisited: on Branching versus Linear Time Temporal Logic", Journal oftheACM Vol. 33 No. 1, 1986, 151-178.
27. [Eru99] M.D. Ernst, J. Cockrell, W.G. Griswold, and D. Notkin, "Dynamically Discovering Likely Program Invariants to Support Program Evolution", Proc. ICSE-99: 21th Intrnational Conference on Software Enginering, Los Angeles, 213-224.
28. [Fau92] S. Faulk, J. Brackett, E Ward and J. Kirby, "The CORE Method for Real-Time Requirements", IEEE Software, September 1992, 22-33.
29. [Fea87] M. Feather, "Language Support for the Specification and Development of Composite Systems", ACM Trans. on Programming Languages and Systems 9(2), Apr. 87, 198-234.
30. [Fea98] M. Feather, S. Fickas, A. Van Lamsweerde, and C. Ponsard, "Reconciling System Requirements and Runtime Behaviour", Proc. 1WSSD'98-9th International Workshop on Software Specification andDesign, Isobe, IEEE CS Press, April 1998.
31. [Fic92] S. Fickas and R. Helm, "Knowledge Representation and Reasoning in the Design of Composite Systems", IEEE Trans. on Software Engineering, June 1992, 470-482.
32. [Fit67] R. Floyd, "Assigning Meanings to Programs", In. Mathematical Aspects of Computer Science, Proc. Syrup. Appl. Maths., Vol. 19, American Mathematical Society, 1967, 19-32.
33. [Fut85] K. Futatsugi, J. Goguen, J.-E Jounnaud, and J. Mesguer, "Principles of OBJ", Proc. POPL'85-ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, 1985, 52-66.
34. [Gan96] G.C. Gannod and B.H. Cheng, "Strongest Postcondition Semantics as the Formal Basis for Reverse Engineering", Journal of Automated Software Engineering Vol. 3, June 1996, 139-164.
35. [Gau92] M.-C. Gandel, "Structuring and Modularizing Algebraic Specifications: the PLUSS specification language, evolutions and perspectives", Proc. STAS'92, LNCS 557, 1992, 3-18.
36. [Ghe91] C. Ghezzi and R.A. Kemmerer, "ASTRAL: An Assertion Language for Specifying Real-Time Systems", Proc. ESEC'91-3rd European Softwre Engineering Conference, LNCS 550, Springer-Vedag, 1991.
37. [Get95] C. George, A.E. Haxthansen, S. Hughes, R. Milne S. Prehn and J.S. Pedersen, The RAISE Development Method. Prentice Hall, 1995.
38. [Gor93] M. Gordon and T.E Melham, Introduction to HOL. Cambridge University Press, 1993.
39. [Gre86] S.J. Greenspan, A. Borgida and J. Mylopoulos, "A Requirements Modeling Language and its Logic", Information Systems Vol. 11 No. 1, 1986, 9-23.
40. [Gri81] D. Gries, The Science of Programming. Springer-Verlag, 1981.
41. [Gut93] J.V. Guttag and J.J. Horning, LARCH: Languages and Tools for Formal Specification, Springer-Verlag, 1993.
42. [Hal95] R.J. Hall, "Systematic Incremental Validation of Reactive Systems via Sound Scenario Generalization", Automated Software Engineering, Vol. 2, 1995, 131-166.
43. [Hal96] A.Hall, "Using Formal Methods to Develop an ATC Information System", IEEE Software Vol. 12 No. 6, March 1996, 66-76.
44. [Hal98] R.J. Hall, "Explanation-Based Scenario Generation for Reactive System Models", ASE'98, Hawaii, Oct. 1998.
45. [Han91] K.M. Hansen, A.E Ravn and H. Rischel, "Specifying and Verifying Requirements of Real-Time Systems", Proc. ACM SIGSOFT'91 Conference on Software for Critical Systems, New Orleans, December 1991.
46. [Har87] D. Harel, "Statecbarts: A Visual Formalism for Complex Systems", Science of Computer Programming Vol. 8, 1987, 231-274.
47. [Hat90] D.Harel, H. Lachover, A. Naamad, A. Pnueli, M. Politi, R. Sherman, A. Shtull-Tranring, and M. Trakhtenbrot, "STATEMATE: A Working Environment for the Development of Complex Reactive Systems", IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol. 16 No. 4, April 1990, 403-414.
48. [Helm96] M.E Heimdahl and N.G. Leveson, "Completeness and Consistency in Hierarchical State-Based Requirements", IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering Vol. 22 No. 6, June 1996, 363-377.
49. [Heit96] C. Heitmeyer, R. Jeffords and B. Labaw, "Automated Consistency Checking of Requirements Specificatons", ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology Vol. 5 No. 3, July 1996, 231-261.
50. [Hei98a] C. Heitmeyer, J. Kirkby, B. Labaw, M. Archer and R. Bharadwaj, "Using Abstraction and Model Checking to Detect Safety Violations in Requirements Specifications", IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering Vol. 24 No. 11, November 1998, 927-948.
51. [Hei98b] C. Heitmeyer, J. Kirkby, B. Labaw, and R. Bharadwaj, "SCR: A Toolset for specifying and Analyzing Software Requirements", Proc. CAV'98-10th Annual Conference on Comuter-Aided Verification, Vancouver, 1998, 526-531.
52. [Hek88] S. Hekmatpour and D. Ince, Software Prototyping, Formal Methods, and VDM. Addison-Wesley, 1988.
53. [Hen80] K.L. Heninger, "Specifying Software Requirements for Complex Systems: New Techniques and their Application", IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering Vol. 6 No. 1, January 1980, 2-13.
54. [Hin95] M.G. Hinchey and J.P. Bowen (eds.), Applications of Formal Methods. Prentice Hall, 1995
55. [Hoa69] C.A.R. Hoare, "An Axiomatic Basis for Computer Programming", Comm. ACM Vol. 12 No. 12 No. 10, Oct. 1969, 576-583.
56. [Hoa85] C.A.R.Hoare. Communicating Sequential Processes. Prenrice Hall 1985.
57. [Ho191] G.Holzman, Design and Validation of Computer Protocols. Prentice Hall, 1991.
58. [Ho197] G. Holzman, "The Model Checker SPIN", IEEE Trans. on Software Engineering Vol. 23 No. 5, May 1997, 279-295.
59. [Hun98] A. Hunter and B. Nuseibeh, "Managing Inconsistent Specifications: Reasoning, Analysis and Action", ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology, Vol. 7 No. 4. October 1998, 335-367.
60. [Jac93] M. Jackson and P. Zave, "Domain Descriptions", Proc. RE'93-1st IntL IEEE Symp. on Requirements Engineering, Jan. 1993, 56-64.
61. [Jac95] D. Jackson, "Structuring Z Specifications with Views", ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology Vol. 4 No. 4, October 1995, 365-389.
62. [Jac96] D. Jackson and C.A. Damon, Elements of Style: Analyzing a Software Design Feature with a Counterexample Detector, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering Vol. 22 No. 7, July 1996, 484-495.
63. [Jah86] E Jahanian and A.K. Mok, "Safety Analysis of Timing Properties in Real-Time Systems", IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol. 12, September 1986, 890-904.
64. [Jef98] R. Jeffords and C. Heitmeyer, "Automatic Generation of State Invariants from Requirements Specifications", Proc. FSE-6: 6th ACM SIGSOFT lntl Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering, Lake Buena Vista, 1998, 56-69.
65. [Jon90] Jones, C.B., Systematic Software using VDM, 2nd ed., Prentice Hall, 1990.
66. [Jon93] A.J. Jones and M. Sergot, "On the Characterization of Law and Computer Systems: the Normative System Perspective", in J.Ch. Meyer and R.J. Wieringa (Eds.), Deontic Logic in Computer Science-Normative System Specification, Wiley, 1993.
67. [Kat87] S. Katz, C.A. Richter, K.S. The, "PARIS: A System for Reusing Partially Interpreted Schemas", Proc. ICSE-87: 9th Intrnational Conference on Software Enginering, Monterey, CA, March 1987, 377-385.
68. [Koy92] R. Koymans, Specifying message passing and time-critical systems with temporal logic, LNCS 651, Springer-Verlag, 1992.
69. [Lain79] A.van Lamsweerde and M. Sintzoff, "Formal Derivation of Strongly Correct Concurrent Programs", Acta Informatica Vol. 12, 1979, 1-31.
70. [Lam98a] A. Van Lamsweerde and E. Letier, "Integrating Obstacles in Goal-Driven Requirements Engineering", Proc. ICSE-98: 20th Intrnational Conference on Software Enginering, Kyoto, April 1998.
71. [Lam98b] A. Van Lamsweerde, R. Darimont and E. Letier, "Managing Conflicts in Goal-Driven Requirements Engineering", IEEE Trans. on Sofware. Engineering, Special Issue on Inconsistency Management in Software Development, November 1998.
72. [Lam98c] A. Van Lamsweerde and L. Willemet, "Inferring Declarative Requirements Specifications from Operational Scenarios", IEEE Trans. on Sofware. Engineering, Special Issue on Scenario Management, December 1998, 1089-1114.
73. [Lam2K] A. Van Lamsweerde and E. Letier, "Handling Obstacles in Goal-Oriented Requirements Engineering", IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Special Issue on Exception Handling, 2000.
74. [Lamp94] L. Lamport, "The Temporal Logic of Actions", ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems Vol. 16 No. 3, May 1994, 872-923.
75. [Lan95] Lano, K., Formal Object-Oriented Development, Springer-Verlag, 1995.
76. [Lev94] N.G. Leveson, M.P. Heimdahl and H. Hildtreth, "Requirements Specification for Process-Control Systems", IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering Vol. 20 No. 9, September 1994, 684-706.
77. [Lis75] B.H. Liskov and S.N. Zilles, "Specification Techniques for Data Abstractions", IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering Vol. 1. No. 1, March 1975, 7-18.
78. [MaM95] D. Mandrioli, S. Morasca, A. Morzenti, "Generating test cases for real-time systems from logic specifications", ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, Vo1.13 No.4, Nov. 1995, pp.365-398.
79. [Man92] Z. Manna and A. Pnueli, The Temporal Logic of Reactive and Concurrent Systems, Springer-Verlag, 1992.
80. [Man96] Z. Manna and the STep Group, "STEP: Deductive-Algorithmic Verification of Reactive and Real-Time Systems", Proc. CAV'96-8th Intl. Conf. on Computer-Aided Verification, LNCS 1102, Springer-Verlag, July 1996, 415-418.
81. [Mas97] P. Massonet and A. Van Lamsweerde, "Analogical Reuse of Requirements Frameworks", Proc. RE-97-3rd Int. Symp. on Requirements Engineering, Annapolis, 1997, 26-37.
82. [McM93] K.L. McMillan, Symbolic Model Checking: An Approach to the State Explosion Problem, Kluwer, 1993.
83. [Mey85] B. Meyer, "On Formalism in Specifications", IEEE Software, Vol. 2 No. 1, January 1985, 6-26.
84. [Mi189] R.Milner, Communication and Concurrency. Prentice Hall, 1989.
85. [Mor92] A. Morzenti, D. Mandrioli, and C. Ghezzi, "A Model Parametric Real-Time Logic", ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, Vol. 14 No. 4, October 1992, 521-573.
86. [Mos97] L. Moser, Y. Ramakrishna, G. Kutty, P.M. Melliar-Smith and L. Dillon, "A Graphical Environment for the Design of Concurrent Real-Time Systems", ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology, Vol. 6 No. 1, January 1997, 31-79.
87. [My192] Mylopoulos, J., Chung, L., Nixon, B., "Representing and Using Nonfunctional Requirements: A Process-Oriented Approach", IEEE Trans. on Sofware. Engineering, Vol. 18 No. 6, June 1992, pp. 483-497.
88. [My198] J. Mylopoulos, "Information Modeling in the Time of the Revolution", Invited Review, Information Systems Vol. 23 No. 3/4, 1998, 127-155.
89. [My199] J. Mylopoulos, L. Chung and E. Yu, "From Object-Oriented to Goal-Oriented Requirements Analysis", Communications of the ACM, Vol. 42 No. 1, January 1999, 31-37.
90. [Nau69] P Naur, "Proofs of algorithms by General Snapshots", BIT Vol. 6, 1969, 310-316.
91. [Nis89] C. Niskier, T. Maibaum and D. Schwabe, "A Pluralistic Knowledge-Based Approach to Software Specification", Proc. ESEC-89-2nd European Software Engineering Conference, LNCS 387, September 1989, 411-423.
92. [Nus93] B. Nuseibeh, J. Kramer and A. Finkelstein, "A Framework for Expressing the Relationships Between Multiple Views in Requirements Specifications", IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol. 20 No. 10, October 1994, 760-773.
93. [Owr95] S. Owre, J. Rushby, and N. Shankar, "Formal Verification for Fault-Tolerant Architectures: Prolegomena to the Design of PVS", IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering Vol. 21 No. 2, Feb. 95, 107-125.
94. [Par72] D.L.Parnas, "A Technique for Software Module Specification With Examples", Comm. ACM Vol. 15, May 1972.
95. [Par77] D.L. Parnas, "The Use of Precise Specifications in the Development of Software", Proc. IFIP'77-Information Processing 77, North Holland, 1977, 849-867.
96. [Par95] D.L. Parnas and J. Madey, "Functional Documents for Computer Systems", Science of Computer Programming, Vol. 25, 1995, 41-61.
97. [Par98] D.Y. Park, J. Skakkebaek, and D.L. Dill, "Static Analysis to Identify Invariants in RSML Specifications", Proc. FTRTFT'98-Formal Techniques for Real Time or Fault Tolerance, 1998.
98. [Pnu77] A. Pnueli, "The Temporal Logics of Programs", Proc. 18th IEEE Symp. on Foundations of Computer Science, 1977, 46-57.
99. [Pot96] B. Potter, J. Sinclair and D. Till, An Introduction to Formal Specification and Z. Second edition, Prentice Hall, 1996.
100. [Que82] J. Queille and J. Sifakis, "Specification and Verification of Concurrent Systems in CAESAR", Proc. 5th International Symposium on Programming, LNCS 137, 1982.
101. [Ran73] B. Randell, The Origin of Digital Computers. Springer-Verlag, 1973.
102. [Reu91] H.B. Reubenstein and R.C. Waters, "The Requirements Apprentice: Automated Assistance for Requirements Acquisition", IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol. 17 No. 3, March 1991, 226-240.
103. [Ric92] D.J. Richardson, S. Leif Aha, T.O. O'Malley, "Specification-based test oracles for reactive systems", International Conference on Software Engineering, Melbourne, Australia, 11-15 May 1992. ACM, 1992, pp.105-118.
104. [Roo94] D. Roong-Ko, P.G. Frankl, "The ASTOOT approach to testing object-oriented programs", ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology, Vol.3, No.2, April 1994, pp.101-130.
105. [SCP2K] Science of Computer Programming, Special Issue on Formal Methods in Industry, Vol. 36 No. 1, January 2000.
106. [Sou93] J. Souqui res and N. Levy, "Description of Specification Developments", Proc. RE'93-First IEEE Symposium on Requirements Engineering, San Diego, 1993, 216-223.
107. [Spi92] J.M. Spivey The Z Notation-A Reference Manual. Second Edition, Prentice Hall, 1992.
108. [SRS79]Proceedings SRS-Specification of Reliable Software. IEEE Catalog No. 79 CH1401-9C, 1979.
109. [Swa82] W. Swartout and R. Balzer, "On the Inevitable Intertwining of Specification and Implementation", Communications of theACM, Vol. 25 No. 7, July 1982, 438-440.
110. [Tho99] J.M. Thompson, M.E. Heimdahl, and S.P. Miller, "Specification-Based Prototyping for Embedded Systems", Proc. ESEC/FSE'99, Toulouse, ACM SIGSOFT, LNCS 1687, Springer-Verlag, 1999, 163-179.
111. [Wey94] E. Weyuker, T. Goradia, A. Singh, "Automatically generating test data from a Boolean specification", IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol.20, No.5, May 1994, pp.353-363.
112. [Win90] J.M. Wing, "A Specifier's Introduction to Formal Methods", IEEE Computer Vol. 23 No. 9, September 1990.
113. [Win99] J.M. Wing, J. Woodcock and J. Davies (eds.), FM-99-Worm Conference on Formal Methods in the Development of Computing Systems, LNCS 1708 and 1709, Springer-Verlag, 1999.
114. [Yue87] K. Yue, "What Does It Mean to Say that a Specification is Complete?", Proc. IWSSD-4, Fourth International Workshop on Software Specification and Design, Monterey, 1987.
115. [Zar97] A.M. Zaremski and J. Wing "Specification Matching of Software Components", ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology, Vol. 6 No. 4, October 1997, 333-369.
116. [Zav82] P. Zave, "An Operational Approach to Requirements Specification for Embedded Systems", IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol. 8 No. 3, May 1982, 250-269.
117. [Zav93] E Zave and M. Jackson, "Conjunction as Composition", ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology, Vol. 2 No. 4, October 1993, 379-411.
118. [Zav96] P. Zave and M. Jackson, "Where Do Operations Come From? A Multiparadigm Specification Technique", IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol. 22 No. 7, July 1996, 508-528.
119. [Zav97] E Zave and M. Jackson, "Four Dark Corners of Requirements Engineering", ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology, 1997, 1-30.