The projects: Gang and non-gang families in East Los Angeles

The Projects: Gang and Non-Gang Families in East Los Angeles

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-239

  Vigil, James Diego ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84898191588     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (230)

1. Alexander, J. F., and B. V. Parsons. 1982. Functional Family Therapy. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
2. Amato, P., and B. Keith. 1991. "Parental Divorce and the Well-being of Children: A Meta Analysis." Psychological Bulletin 110: 26-46.
3. Anderson, E. 1989. "Moral Leadership and Transitions in the Urban Black Community." in H. J. Bershady, ed., Social Class and Democratic Leadership: Essays in Honor of E. Digby Balzell, 123-146. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
4. -. 1990. Streetwise: Race, Class, and Change in an Urban Community. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
5. -. 1999. The Code of the Streets. New York: W. W. Norton.
6. Anderson, E., and D. Massey. 2001. Problem of the Century: Racial Stratification in the United States. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
7. Ashbury, H. 1927. Gangs of New York: An Informal History of the Underworld. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
8. Banh, J. 1996. "A Newly Independent and Dangerous Gang: Female Southeast Asian Gangsters-Research and Public Policy." Undergraduate paper, Anthropology Department, UCLa.
9. Barnard, H. R. 2000. Research Methods in Cultural Anthropology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
10. Becker, R. 1971. Parents Are Teachers: A Child Management Program. Eugene, OR: Castalia.
11. Bennett, W. J., J. J. DeLulio, Jr., and J. P. Walters. 1996. Body Count: Moral Poverty⋯ and How to Win America's War against Crime and Drugs. New York: Simon and Schuster.
12. Berry, M. F., and J. W. Blassingame. Long Memory: The Black Experience in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.
13. Bogardus, E. 1926. The City Boy and His Problems. Los Angeles: House of Ralston, Rotary Club of Los Angeles.
14. -. 1943. "Gangs of Mexican American Youth." Sociology and Social Research 28: 55-56.
15. Brody, G., X. Ge, R. Conger, F. Gibbons, V. M. Murry, M. Gerrard, and R. L. Simons. 2001. "The Influence of Neighborhood Disadvantage, Collective Socialization, and Parenting on African American Children's Affiliation with Deviant Peers." Child Development 72 (14): 1231-1248.
16. Brody, G., X. Ge, S. Kim, V. M. Murry, R. L. Simons, F. Gibbons, M. Gerrard, and R. Conger. 2003. "Neighborhood Disadvantage Moderates Associations of Parenting and Older Sibling Problem Attitudes and Behavior with Conduct Disorders in African-American Children." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 71 (2): 211-222.
17. Bronfenbrenner, U. 1979. The Ecology of Human Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
18. Brown, W. K. 1977. "Black Female Gangs in Philadelphia." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 21 (3): 221-228.
19. Bustillo, M. 2002. "State, Youth Sports Advocates Clash over Best Use of Parks." Los Angeles Times, December 22, B1, 12.
20. Campbell, A. 1990. "Female Participation in Gangs." in C. R. Huff, ed., Gangs in America: Diffusion, Diversity, and Public Policy, 163-182. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
21. -. 1991. The Girls in the Gang. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
22. Canada, G. 1995. Fist Stick Knife Gun. Boston: Beacon.
23. Cardenas, J. 2001. "Programs to Lower Drug Use Face Cuts." Los Angeles Times, June 16, B3.
24. Cartwright, D. S., B. Tomson, and H. Schwartz. 1975. Gang Delinquency. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
25. Chesney-Lind, M. 1993. "Girls, Gangs and Violence: Anatomy of a Backlash." Humanity and Society 17: 321-344.
26. Chesney-Lind, M., and J. Hagedorn, eds. 1999. Female Gangs in America: Essays on Girls, Gangs, and Gender. Chicago: Lake View.
27. Chesney-Lind, M., and R. G. Sheldon. 1992. Girls: Delinquency and Juvenile Justice. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
28. Chesney-Lind, M., R. G. Sheldon, and K. A. Joe. 1996. "Girls, Delinquency, and Gang Membership." in C. R. Huff, ed., Gangs in America, 2nd ed., 185-204. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
29. Chicano Pinto Research Project (Cprp). 1979. The Los Angeles Pinto: Background Papers and Advanced Report of the Chicano Pinto Research Project. Los Angeles: Chicano Pinto Research Project.
30. Cohen, A. 1955. Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
31. Cohen, J., and G. Tita. 1999. "Spatial Diffusion in Homicide: Exploring a General Method of Detecting Spatial Diffusion Processes." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 15 (4): 451-493.
32. Cohen, P., L. Robins, and C. Slomkowski. 1999. "The Relation of Community and Family Risk among Urban Poor Adolescents." in P. Cohen, L. Robins, and C. Slomkowski, eds., Where and When: Influence of Historical Time and Place on Aspects of Psychopathology, 281-299. Hillside, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
33. Cole, M., and S. Cole. 1989. The Development of Children. New York: W. H. Freeman.
34. Coleman, J. 1988. "Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital." American Journal of Sociology 94 (Suppl.): 95-120.
35. Colvin, M., F. Cullen, and T. V. Van. 2002. "Coercion, Social Support, and Crime: An Emerging Theoretical Consensus." Criminology 40 (1): 19-42.
36. Condon, M. 1989. "Public Housing, Crime, and the Labor Market." Master's thesis, Harvard University.
37. Conger, R. D., X. Ge, G. Elder, F. Lorenz, and R. Simons. 1994. "Economic Stress, Coercive Family Processes, and Developmental Problems of Adolescents." Child Development 65: 541-561.
38. Copeland, A. P. 1991. Studying Families. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
39. Curry, G. D. 1995. "Responding to Female Gang Involvement." Paper presented at the American Society of Criminology annual meeting, November.
40. Daly, K., and M. Chesney-Lind. 1988. "Feminism and Criminology." Justice Quarterly 5 (4): 497-538.
41. Dawley, D. 1990. A Nation of Lords. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.
42. Decker, S. H. 1996. "Collective and Normative Features of Gang Violence." Justice Quarterly 13: 243-264.
43. Decker, S. H., and D. Curry. 2003. "Suppression without Prevention, Prevention without Suppression: Gang Intervention in St. Louis." in S. H. Decker, ed., Policing Gangs and Youth Violence, 191-213. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Thomson Learning.
44. Decker, S. H., and B. Van Winkle. 1996. Life in the Gang: Family, Friends, and Violence. New York: Cambridge University Press.
45. Dinkmeyer, D., and G. D. McKay. 1976. Systematic Training for Effective Parenting. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance.
46. Dodge, K. A., G. S. Pettit, and J. E. Bates. 1994. "Socialization Mediators of the Relation between Socioeconomic Status and Child Conduct Problems." Child Development 65: 649-665.
47. Dornbusch, S. N., J. M. Carlsmith, S. J. Bushwall, P. L. Ritter, H. Leiderman, A. H. Hastorf, and R. T. Gross. 1985. "Single Parents, Extended Households, and the Control of Adolescents." Child Development 56: 326-341.
48. Dubrow, N., and J. Garbarino. 1989. "Living in the War Zone: Mothers and Young Children in a Public Housing Development." Child Welfare 68: 3-20.
49. Dunworth, T. 1994. Drugs and Crime in Public Housing: A Three-City Analysis. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.
50. Duran, M. 1992. Don't Spit on My Corner. Los Angeles: self-published.
51. Elder, G. H., Jr., and R. D. Conger. 2000. Children of the Land: Adversity and Success in Rural America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
52. Elliott, D. S., D. Huizinga, and S. Menard. 1989. Multiple Problem Youth. New York: Springer.
53. Erikson, E. 1968. "Psychosocial Identity." in D. Sills, ed., International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, Vol. 7, 61-65. New York: Macmillan; Free Press.
54. Esbensen, F.-A. 2004. Evaluating GREAT: A School-Based Gang Prevention Program. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.
55. Esbensen, F.-A., and L. T. Winfree. 1998. "Race and Gender Differences between Gang and Non-Gang Youth: Results from a Multisite Survey." Justice Quarterly 15 (3): 505-526.
56. Escobar, E. 1998. Race, Police, and the Making of a Political Identity: Police-Chicano Relations in Los Angeles, 1900-1945. Berkeley: University of California Press.
57. Fanon, F. 1965. The Wretched of the Earth. New York: Grove.
58. Farrington, D. P. 1994. "Early Developmental Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency." Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 4: 209-227.
59. -. 2002. "Key Results from the First Forty Years of the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development." in T. P. Thornberry and K. Krohn, eds., Taking Stock of Delinquent Development, 311-335. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
60. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). 1996. Uniform Crime Reports. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
61. "Female Ofenders in the Juvenile Justice System: Statistic Summary." 1996. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP).
62. Fishman, L. T. 1988. "'The Vice Queens': An Ethnographic Study of Black Female Gang Behavior." Paper presented at the American Society of Criminology annual meeting, Chicago, November 11.
63. Fleisher, M. 1998. Dead End Kids: Gang Girls and the Boys They Know. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
64. Franzese, R. J., H. C. Covey, and S. Menard. 2006. Youth Gangs. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
65. Fremon, C. 2004. G-Dog and the Homeboys: Father Boyle and the Gangs of East Los Angeles. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
66. Furstenberg, F. 1993. "How Families Manage Risk and Opportunity in Dangerous Neighborhoods." in W. J. Wilson, ed., Sociology and the Public Agenda, 231-258. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
67. Garland, R. 1996. "Gangs and Girls in the 'Hood." Reclaiming Children and Youth 5 (2): 74-75.
68. Garrison, J. 2006. "Outspoken LapD Critic a Gang Backer, Police Say." Los Angeles Times, August 6, B1, 14-15.
69. Gehlke-Baez, R. A. 2004. The Relationship between Hispanic Gangs and the Structure of the Hispanic Family. Ann Arbor, MI: Umi Dissertation Services.
70. Geis, G. 1965. Juvenile Gangs. Washington, DC: President's Committee on Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Crime.
71. Geisman, L., and K. Wood. 1986. Family and Delinquency: Resocializing the Young Offender. New York: Human Sciences Press.
72. "Gender and Gangs." 1994. Prepared by Gang Crime and Law Enforcement Record Keeping. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.
73. Giordano, P. C. 1978. "Girls, Guys, and Gangs: The Changing Social Context of Female Delinquency." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 69 (1): 126-132.
74. Glueck, S., and E. Glueck. 1950. Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency. New York: Commonwealth Fund.
75. Goering, J., and M. Coulibably. 1989. "Investigating Public Housing Segregation: Conceptual and Methodological Issues." Urban Affairs Quarterly 25: 265-297.
76. Gonzalez, N. A., A. M. Cauce, R. J. Friedman, and C. A. Mason. 1996. "Family, Peer, and Neighborhood Influences on Academic Achievement among African American Adolescents: One-Year Prospective Effects." American Journal of Community Psychology 24 (3): 365-387.
77. Gorman-Smith, D., P. Tolan, R. Loeber, and D. B. Henry. 1998. "Relation of Family Problems to Patterns of Delinquent Involvement among Urban Youth." Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 26 (5): 319-344.
78. Gorman-Smith, D., P. Tolan, and D. B. Henry. 1999. "The Relation of Community and Family Risk among Urban Poor Adolescents." in P. Cohen, L. Robins, and C. Slomkowski, eds., Where and When: Influence of Historical Time and Place on Aspects of Psychopathology, 217-238. Hillside, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
79. -. 2002. "A Developmental-Ecological Model of the Relation of Family Functioning to Patterns of Delinquency." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 16 (2): 169-198.
80. Greenwood, P. W., K. E. Model, C. P. Rydell, and J. Chiesa. 1996. Diverting Children from a Life of Crime: Measuring Costs and Benefits. Santa Monica, CA: Rand.
81. Haapasalo, J., and E. Pokela. 1999. "Child Rearing and Child Abuse Antecedents of Criminality." Aggression and Violent Behavior 4 (1): 107-127.
82. Hagedorn, J. 1988. People and Folks: Gangs, Crime, and the Underclass in a Rustbelt City. Chicago: Lake View.
83. -. 2002. "Gangs and the Informal Economy." in C. R. Huff, ed., Gangs in America III, 101-120. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
84. Hamburg, D. 1992. Today's Children: Creating a Future for a Generation in Crisis. New York: Times Books.
85. Hannerz, U. 1969. Soulside: Inquiries into Ghetto Culture and Community. New York: Columbia University Press.
86. Hanson, K. 1964. Rebels in the Street: The Story of New York's Girl Gangs. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
87. Harris, M. 1988. Cholas. New York: ams Press.
88. Hayasaki, E. 2001. "A Bridge Successfully Crossed: LA Bridges Anti-Gang Program; Facts on Middle School Graduates." Los Angeles Times, June 26, CC, 3.
89. Hayden, T. 2004. Street Wars. New York: New Press.
90. Hazlehurst, K., and C. Hazlehurst, eds. 1998. Gangs and Youth Subcultures: International Explorations. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
91. Heath, S. B., and M. W. McLaughlin, eds. 1993. Identity and Inner-City Youth: Beyond Ethnicity and Gender. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University.
92. Herrenkohl, E. C., R. C. Herrenkohl, and B. P. Egolf. 2003. "The Psychological Consequences of Living Environment Instability on Maltreated Children." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 73 (4): 367-380.
93. Hil, R., and A. McMahon. 2001. Families, Crime, and Juvenile Justice. New York: Peter Lang.
94. Hirschi, T. 1969. Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley: University of California Press.
95. -. 1995. "The Family." in J. Q. Wilson and J. Petersilia, eds., Crime, 121-140. San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies Press.
96. Holzman, H. 1996. "Criminological Research on Public Housing: Towards a Better Understanding of People, Places, and Spaces." Crime and Delinquency 42: 361-378.
97. Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles. 1990. "Public Housing Drug Elimination Grant Application: Public Housing Drug Elimination Program." Application submitted to hUD, Los Angeles, California.
98. Huff, C. R. 1996. "The Gang in the Community." in C. R. Huff, ed., Gangs in America, 2nd ed., 75-102. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
99. Huizinga, D., F. A. Esbensen, and A. N. Weiber. 1991. "Are There Multiple Paths to Delinquency?" Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 82 (1): 83-118.
100. Hunt, G., and K. Joe-Laidler. 2001. "Situations of Violence in the Lives of Girl Gang Members." Health Care for Women International 22: 363-384.
101. Hunt, G., K. Joe-Laidler, and K. MacKenzie. 2000. "Chillin', Being Dogged, and Getting Buzzed: Alcohol in the Lives of Female Gang Members." Drugs: Education, Prevention, and Policy 7: 331-353.
102. Jarrett, R. 1990. "A Comparative Examination of Socialization Patterns among Low-Income African-Americans, Chicanos, Puerto Ricans, and Whites: A Review of the Ethnographic Literature." Unpublished manuscript. New York: Social Science Research Council.
103. Jencks, C., and S. C. Mayer. 1988. "The Social Consequences of Growing Up in a Poor Neighborhood." in L. Lynn Jr. and M. G. McGeary, eds., Inner City Poverty in the United States, 117-156. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
104. Joe, K., and M. Chesney-Lind. 1995. "'Just Every Mother's Angel': An Analysis of Gender and Ethnic Variations in Youth Gang Membership." Gender and Society 9 (4): 408-431.
105. Johnson, V., and R. J. Pandina. 1991. "Effects of the Family Environment on Adolescent Substance Abuse, Delinquency, and Coping Styles." American Journal of Drug Alcohol Abuse 17: 71-88.
106. Jones, A. P., and R. G. Demaree. 1975. "Family Disruption, Social Indices, and Problem Behavior: A Preliminary Study." Marriage and the Family 37: 497-504.
107. Kitano, H. 1989. Japanese Americans: The Evolution of a Subculture. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
108. Klein, M. W. 1971. Street Gangs and Street Workers. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
109. -. 1995. The American Street Gang: Its Nature, Prevalence, and Control. New York: Oxford University Press.
110. Klein, M. W., and C. Maxson. 2006. Street Gang Patterns and Policies. New York: Oxford University Press.
111. Knight, G. P., L. M. Virdin, and M. Roosa. 1994. "Socialization and Family Correlates of Mental Health Outcomes among Hispanic and Anglo American Children: Consideration of Cross-Ethnic Scalar Equivalence." Child Development 65: 212-224.
112. Kruttschmitt, C., L. Heath, and D. Ward. 1986. "Family Violence, Television Viewing Habits, and Other Adolescent Experiences Related to Violent Criminal Behavior." Criminology 24 (2): 235-267.
113. Lauderback, D., J. Hanson, and D. Waldorf. 1992. "'Sisters Are Doin' It for Themselves': A Black Female Gang in San Francisco." Gang Journal 1: 57-72.
114. Liebow, E. 1967. Tally's Corner. Boston: Little, Brown.
115. Loeber, R., and D. P. Farrington. 2001. Child Delinquents: Development, Intervention, and Service Needs. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
116. Loeber, R., and M. Stouthamer-Loeber. 1986. "Family Factors as Correlates and Predictors of Juvenile Conduct Problems and Delinquency." in M. Tonry and N. Morris, eds., Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research, Vol. 7, 29-149. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
117. Lofland, J., and L. H. Lofland. 2005. Analyzing Social Settings. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
118. Maniglia, R. 1996. "New Directions for Young Women in the Juvenile Justice System." Reclaiming Children and Youth 5 (2): 96-101.
119. Mason, C. A., A. M. Cauce, N. Gonzalez, and Y. Hiraga. 1996. "Neither Too Sweet nor Too Sour: Problem Peers, Maternal Control and Problem Behavior in African American Adolescents." Child Development 67: 2115-2130.
120. Massey, D., and N. Denton. 1993. American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of an Underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
121. Massey, D., and S. Kanaiaupuni. 1993. "Public Housing and the Concentration of Poverty." Social Science Quarterly 74: 109-122.
122. Matsueda, R., and K. Heimer. 1987. "Race, Family Structure, and Delinquency: A Test of Differential Association and Social Control Theories." American Sociological Review 52 (December): 826-840.
123. Maxson, C., and M. L. Whitlock. 2002. "Joining the Gang: Gender Differences in Risk Factors for Gang Membership." in C. R. Huff, ed., Gangs in America III, 19-36. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
124. Maynard, R. A., and E. M. Garry. 1997. "Adolescent Motherhood: Implications for the Juvenile Justice System." Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Fact Sheet no. 50. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
125. Mayo, Y. Q., and R. P. Resnick. 1996. "The Impact of Machismo on Women." Journal of Women and Social Work 11 (3): 257-277.
126. McCartney, A. 2002. "Theft, Disrespect Upset Graffiti Removal Workers." Los Angeles Times, July 13, B3.
127. McCord, J., C. S. Widom, and N. Crowell, eds. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
128. McDonald, J. 2000. Project Girl. Berkeley: University of California Press.
129. McGloin, J. M. 2005. "Policy and Intervention Consideration of a Network Analysis of Street Gangs." Criminology and Public Policy 4 (3): 607-636.
130. McLanahan, S., and K. Booth. 1989. "Mother-Only Families: Problems, Prospects, and Politics." Journal of Marriage and Family 51 (August): 557-580.
131. McLanahan, S., and G. Sandefur. 1994. Growing Up with a Single Parent: What Hurts, What Helps. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
132. McNulty, T., and S. Holloway. 2000. "Race, Crime, and Public Housing in Atlanta: Testing a Conditional Effect Hypothesis." Social Forces 79 (2): 707-726.
133. Mehren, E. 1996. "Jagged Justice." Los Angeles Times, July 9, E1.
134. Mendoza-Denton, N. 1996. "'Muy Macha': Gender and Ideology in Gang Girls' Discourse about Makeup." Ethos 61: 47-63.
135. Miller, J. 2001. One of the Guys: Girls, Gangs, and Gender. New York: Oxford University Press.
136. -. 2002. "The Girls in the Gang: What We've Learned from Two Decades of Research." in C. R. Huff, ed., Gangs in America III, 175-198. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
137. Miller, W. B. 1973. "The Molls." Society (2): 32-35.
138. Miranda, M. K. 2003. Homegirls in the Public Sphere. Austin: University of Texas Press.
139. Moore, J. W. 1978. Homeboys: Gangs, Drugs, and Prison in the Barrios of Los Angeles. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
140. -. 1989. "Is There a Hispanic Underclass?" Social Science Quarterly 70 (2): 265-284.
141. -. 1991. Going Down to the Barrio: Homeboys and Homegirls in Change. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
142. -. 1994. "The Chola Life Course." Unpublished paper.
143. Moore, J. W., and J. M. Hagedorn. 1996. "What Happens to Girls in the Gang?" in C. Ronald Huff, Gangs in America, 2nd ed., 205-220. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
144. Moore, J. W., and J. M. Long. 1981. Barrio Impact of High Incarceration Rates. Final report for nimh. Los Angeles: Chicano Pinto Research Project.
145. Moore, J. W., and A. Mata. 1981. Women and Heroin in Chicano Communities. Los Angeles: Chicano Pinto Research Project.
146. Moore, J. W., and R. Pinderhughes, eds. 1993. In the Barrios: Latinos and the Underclass Debate. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
147. Moore, J. W., and J. D. Vigil. 1987. "Chicano Gangs: Group Norms and Individual Factors Related to Adult Criminality." Aztlan 18 (2): 27-44.
148. -. 1993. "Barrios in Transition." in J. W. Moore and R. Pinderhughes, eds., In the Barrios: Latinos and the Underclass Debate, 27-49. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
149. Moore, J. W., J. D. Vigil, and R. Garcia. 1983. "Residence and Territoriality in Chicano Gangs." Social Problems 31 (2): 182-194.
150. Moore, J. W., J. D. Vigil, and J. Levy. 1995. "Huisas of the Street: Chicana Gang Members." Latino Studies Journal 6 (1): 27-48.
151. Morales, A. 1972. Ando Sangrando (I Am Bleeding). La Puente, CA.: Perspectiva.
152. -. 1982. "The Mexican American Gang Member: Evaluation and Treatment." in R. M. Becerra, M. Karno, and J. I. Escobar, eds., Mental Health and Hispanic Americans, 139-155. New York: Grune and Stratton.
153. Morenoff, J., R. Sampson, and S. Raudenbush. 2001. "Neighborhood Inequality, Collective Efficacy, and the Spatial Dynamics of Urban Violence." Criminology 39 (3): 517-559.
154. Park, R., and E. Burgess. 1924. Introduction to the Science of Sociology. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
155. Patterson, G. R. 1975. Families: Applications of Social Learning to Family Life. Champaign, IL: Research Press.
156. Patterson, G. R., J. B. Reid, and T. J. Dishion. 1992. Antisocial Boys: An Interactional Approach. Vol. 4. Eugene, OR: Castalia.
157. Peterson, D., and F.-A. Esbensen. 2004. "The Outlook Is great: What Educators Say about School-Based Prevention and the Gang Resistance Education and Training (great) Program." Evaluation Review 28 (3): 215-245.
158. Popkin, S., V. Gwiasda, L. Olson, D. Rosenbaum, and L. Buron. 2000. The Hidden War: Crime and Tragedy of Public Housing. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
159. Putnam, R. 1993. "The Prosperous Community: Social Capital and Community Life." American Prospect (Spring): 35-42.
160. Quicker, J. C. 1983. Homegirls: Characterizing Chicana Gangs. San Pedro, CA: International Universities Press.
161. Rainwater, L. 1970. Behind Ghetto Walls: Black Families in a Federal Slum. Chicago: Aldine.
162. Rebellion, C. 2002. "Reconsidering the Broken Homes/Delinquency Relationship and Exploring Its Mediating Mechanism(s)." Criminology 40 (1): 103-135.
163. Reiboldt, W. 2001. "Adolescent Interactions with Gangs, Family, and Neighbors: An Ethnographic Investigation." Journal of Family Issues 22 (2): 211-247.
164. Robins, P. K. 1986. "Child Support, Welfare Dependency, and Poverty." American Economic Review 76 (4): 768-786.
165. Rodriguez, D. 1990. "Chicana Gang Member." Undergraduate paper, Culture Change and the Mexican People course, University of Southern California.
166. Romo, H. D., and T. Falbo. 1996. Latino High School Graduation. Austin: University of Texas Press.
167. Rosenbaum, J. L. 1989. "Family Dysfunction and Female Delinquency." Crime and Delinquency 35: 31-44.
168. Rubinowitz, L., and J. E. Rosenbaum. 2000. Cross the Class and Color Lines: From Public Housing to Suburbia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
169. Sampson, R. J. 2002. "The Community." in J. Q. Wilson and J. Petersilia, eds., Crime, 193-216. San Francisco, CA: Institute for Contemporary Studies Press.
170. Sampson, R. J., and W. B. Groves. 1989. "Community Structures and Crime: Testing Social Disorganization Theory." American Journal of Sociology 94: 774-802.
171. Sampson, R. J., and J. Laub. 1994. "Urban Poverty and the Family Context of Delinquency: A New Look at Structure and Process in a Classic Study." Child Development 65: 523-540.
172. Sampson, R. J., S. Raudenbaush, and F. Earls. 1997. "Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy." Science (277): 918-924.
173. Sampson, R. J., J. Morenoff, and F. Earls. 1999. "Beyond Social Capital: Spatial Dynamics of Collective Efficacy for Children." American Sociological Review 64: 633-660.
174. Schoor, L. D. 1988. Within Our Reach: Breaking the Cycle of Disadvantage. New York: Doubleday.
175. Shaw, C., and H. McKay. 1942. Juvenile Delinquency in Urban Areas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
176. Shelden, R., S. Tracy, and W. Brown. 1997. Youth Gangs in American Society. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
177. Short, J. F., Jr. 1996. "Personal, Gang, and Community Careers." in C. R. Huff, Gangs in America, 2nd ed., 3-11. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
178. -. 2001. "Youth Collectivities and Violence." in S. White, ed., Handbook of Youth and Justice, 237-264. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
179. Short, J. F., Jr., and F. L. Strodtbeck. 1965. Group Process and Gang Delinquency. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
180. Sikes, G. 1993. 8 Ball Chicks. New York: Anchor Books.
181. Smith, C.A., C. Rivera, and T. P. Thornberry. 1997. Family Disruption and Delinquency: The Impact of Changes in Family Structure on Adolescent Development. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (oJJDp).
182. Stanton, M. D., and T. Todd. 1982. Principles and Techniques for Getting "Resistant" Families into Treatment. In D. Stanton and T. Todd, eds., The Family Therapy of Drug Abuse and Addiction, 131-144. New York: Guilford.
183. Stein, B. D., S. Kataoka, L. H. Jaycox, M. Wong, A. Fink, P. Escudero, and C. Zaragoza. 2003. "Theoretical Basis and Program Design of a School-Based Mental Health Intervention for Traumatized Immigrant Children: A Collaborative Research Partnership." Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research 29 (3): 603-611.
184. Steinberg, L., S. D. Lamborn, N. Darling, N. S. Mounts, and S. M. Dornbusch. 1994. "Over-Time Changes in Adjustment and Competence among Adolescents from Authoritative, Authoritarian, Indulgent, and Neglectful Families." Child Development 65: 754-770.
185. Stole, M. 2004. African Americans and the Color Line. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
186. Streeter, K. 2005. "Gangs on Back Burner at the Homegirl Café." Los Angeles Times, September 5, B1, 12.
187. Stromquist, N., and J. D. Vigil. 1996. "Violence in Schools in the United States of America: Trends, Causes, and Responses." In J. C. Tedesco, ed., "Violence in the School," special issue, Prospects 27 (2): 361-383. Paris: UnesCo, International Bureau of Education.
188. Stuewig, J., and L. A. McCloskey. 2005. "The Relation of Child Maltreatment to Shame and Guilt among Adolescents: Psychological Routes to Depression and Delinquency." Child Maltreatment 10 (4): 324-336.
189. Suarez-Orozco, C., and M. Suarez-Orozco. 1995. "Migration: Generational Discontinuities and the Making of Latino Identities." in L. Romanucci-Ross and G. De Vos, eds., Ethnic Identity: Creation, Conflict, and Accommodation, 321-348. London: Altamira Press.
190. Sullivan, M. 1989. "Getting Paid": Youth Crime and Work in the Inner City. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
191. Suttles, G. 1968. The Social Order of the Slum: Ethnicity and Territory in the Inner City. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
192. Thornberry, T. 1987. "Toward an Interactional Theory of Delinquency." Criminology 251: 863-892.
193. Thornberry, T., and M. Krohn. 2001. "The Development of Delinquency: An Interactionist Perspective." in S. White, ed., Handbook of Youth and Justice, 289-305. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
194. Thornberry, T., C. Smith, C. Rivera, D. Huizinga, and M. Stouthamer-Loeber. 1999. Family Disruption and Delinquency. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
195. Thrasher, F. M. 1927. The Gang: A Study of 1, 313 Gangs in Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
196. Tiet, Q., H. Bird, M. Davies, C. Hoven, P. Cohen, P. Jensen, and S. Goodman. 1998. "Adverse Life Events and Resilience." Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 37 (11): 1191-1201.
197. U.S. Census Bureau. 2000. United States Census 2000. http://www.census. gov/main/www/cen2000.html.
198. Valdez, Avelardo. 2007. Mexican American Girls and Gang Violence. New York: Palgrave.
199. Vale, L. 2000. From the Puritans to the Projects: Public Housing and Public Neighborhoods. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
200. Venkatesh, S. A. 1996. "The Gang in the Community." in C. R. Huff, ed., Gangs in America, 2nd ed., 241-256. Thousand Oaks, CA.: Sage.
201. -. 2000. American Project: The Rise and Fall of a Modern Ghetto. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
202. Vigil, J. D. 1983. "Chicano Gangs: One Response to Mexican Urban Adaptation in the Los Angeles Area." Urban Anthropology 12 (1): 45-75.
203. -. 1988a. Barrio Gangs: Street Life and Identity in Southern California. Austin: University of Texas Press.
204. -. 1988b. "Group Processes and Street Identity: Adolescent Chicano Gang Members." Ethos 16 (4): 421-445.
205. -. 1993. "Gangs, Social Control, and Ethnicity: Ways to Redirect Youth." in S. B. Heath and M. W. McLaughlin, eds., Identity and Inner City Youth: Beyond Ethnicity and Gender, 94-119. New York: Columbia University Press.
206. -. 1996. "Street Baptism: Chicano Gang Initiation." Human Organization 55 (2): 149-153.
207. -. 1997. Personas Mexicanas: Chicano Highschoolers in a Changing Los Angeles. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers.
208. -. 1998. From Indians to Chicanos: The Dynamics of Mexican American Culture. 2nd ed. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland. (1st ed., 1980; reprint, 1984.)
209. -. 1999. "Streets and Schools: How Educators Can Help Chicano Marginalized Gang Youth." Harvard Educational Review 69 (3): 270-288.
210. -. 2002a. "Community Dynamics and the Rise of Street Gangs." in M. Suarez-Orozco and M. M. Paez, eds., Latinos! Remaking America, David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, Harvard University, 97-109. Berkeley: University of California Press.
211. -. 2002b. A Rainbow of Gangs: Street Cultures in the Mega-City. Austin: University of Texas Press.
212. -. 2003a [1997]. Personas Mexicanas: Chicano High Schoolers in a Changing Los Angeles. Belmont, CA: Tomson.
213. -. 2003b. "Urban Violence and Street Gangs." Annual Review of Anthropology 32: 225-242.
214. -. 2004. "Gangs and Group Membership: Implications for Schooling." in M. Gibson, P. Gandara, and J. Koyama, eds., Peers, Schools, and the Educational Achievement of U.S.-Mexican Youth, 87-106. New York: Columbia Teachers College Press.
215. Vigil, J. D., and B. Caldwell. N.d. "Chicana Street Youth: Lives of East L.A." Unpublished manuscript.
216. Vigil, J. D., and J. M. Long. 1990. "Emic and Etic Perspectives of Gang Culture: The Chicano Case." in C. R. Huff, ed., Gangs in America: Diffusion, Diversity, and Public Policy, 55-68. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
217. Vigil, J. D., and S. C. Yun. 1996. "Southern California Gangs: Comparative Ethnicity and Social Control." in C. R. Huff, ed., Gangs in America, 2nd ed., 139-156. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
218. -. 2001. "A Cross-Cultural Framework for Understanding Gangs: Multiple Marginality and Los Angeles." in C. R. Huff, ed., Gangs in America III, 161-174. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
219. Walker-Barnes, C., and C. A. Mason. 2001. "Ethnic Differences in the Effect of Parenting on Gang Involvement and Gang Delinquency: A Longitudinal, Hierarchical Linear Modeling Perspective." Child Development 72 (6): 1814-1832.
220. Waters, T. 1999. Crime and Immigrant Youth. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
221. Weatherburn, D., and B. Lind. 2001. Delinquent-Prone Communities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
222. Websdale, N. 2001. Policing the Poor: From Slave Plantation to Public Housing. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
223. Weisner, T. S. 1997. "The Ecocultural Project of Human Development: Why Ethnography and Its Findings Matter." Ethos 25 (2): 177-190.
224. Weppner, R. S., ed. 1977. Street Ethnography. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
225. Wilson, J. Q., and J. Petersilia. 1995. "The Family." in J. Q. Wilson and J. Petersilia, eds., 121-140. Crime. San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies.
226. Wilson, W. J. 1987. The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner-City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
227. -. 1991. "Studying Inner-City Social Dislocation." American Sociological Review 56: 1-14.
228. -. 1996. When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor. New York: Knopf.
229. Wright, J. P., and F. Cullen. 2001. "Parental Efficacy and Delinquent Behavior: Do Control and Support Matter?" Criminology 39 (3): 677-706.
230. Young, P. 1929. "The Russian Molokan Community in Los Angeles." American Journal of Sociology 35 (3): 393-402.