Lower pill burden and once-daily antiretroviral treatment regimens for HIV infection: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Clinical Infectious Diseases

Volumn 58, Issue 9, 2014, Pages 1297-1307

  Nachega, Jean B ^a,b,c   Parienti, Jean Jacques ^d,e   Uthman, Olalekan A ^c,f,g   Gross, Robert ^h   Dowdy, David W ^b   Sax, Paul E ⁱ   Gallant, Joel E ^j   Mugavero, Michael J ^k   Mills, Edward J ^l   Giordano, Thomas P ^m  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH GRADUATE SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF STELLENBOSCH   (South Africa)

^d CHU CÔTE DE NACRE   (France)

^e UNIVERSITÉ DE CAEN   (France)

^f UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

^g LIVERPOOL SCHOOL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^h UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

ⁱ BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^j Southwest CARE Center   (Mexico)

^k UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM   (United States)

^l UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

^m BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

ART; fixed dose combination; once daily; randomized controlled trials; twice daily

Indexed keywords

ABACAVIR; ANTI HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AGENT; ATAZANAVIR PLUS RITONAVIR; DARUNAVIR PLUS RITONAVIR; EFAVIRENZ; EMTRICITABINE; LAMIVUDINE; LOPINAVIR PLUS RITONAVIR; NEVIRAPINE; NONNUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR; STAVUDINE; TENOFOVIR; ZIDOVUDINE;

ARTICLE; DATA BASE; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; META ANALYSIS; PILL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RISK ASSESSMENT; VIRUS LOAD; ADULT; HIV INFECTIONS; PATIENT COMPLIANCE;

ADULT; ANTI-HIV AGENTS; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; VIRAL LOAD;

EID: 84898050780     PISSN: 10584838     EISSN: 15376591     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu046     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Bangsberg DR, Perry S, Charlebois ED, et al. Non-Adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy predicts progression to AIDS. AIDS 2001; 15:1181-3
2. Nachega JB, Hislop M, Dowdy DW, Chaisson RE, Regensberg L, Maartens G. Adherence to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitorbased HIV therapy and virologic outcomes. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146: 564-73
3. Wood E, Hogg RS, Yip B, Harrigan PR, O'ShaughnessyMV, Montaner JS. Effect of medication adherence on survival of HIV-infected adults who start highly active antiretroviral therapy when the CD4+ cell count is 0.200 to 0.350×10(9) cells/L. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139:810-6
4. Nachega JB, Mugavero MJ, Zeier M, Vitoria M, Gallant JE. Treatment simplification in HIV-infected adults as a strategy to prevent toxicity, improve adherence, quality of life and decrease healthcare costs. Patient Prefer Adherence 2011; 5:357-67
5. Gallant JE, DeJesus E, Arribas JR, et al. Tenofovir DF, emtricitabine, and efavirenz vs. zidovudine, lamivudine, and efavirenz for HIV. New Engl J Med 2006; 354:251-60
6. Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2013
7. Cohen CJ, Andrade-Villanueva J, Clotet B, et al. Rilpivirine versus efavirenz with two background nucleoside or nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors in treatment-naive adults infected with HIV-1 (THRIVE): A phase 3, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2011; 378:229-37
8. Sax PE, DeJesus E, Mills A, et al. Co-formulated elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir versus co-formulated efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir for initial treatment of HIV-1 infection: A randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial, analysis of results after 48 weeks. Lancet 2012; 379:2439-48
9. Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Recommendation on Integrase Inhibitor Use in Antiretroviral Treatment-Naive HIV-Infected Individuals from the HHS Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents (October 30, 2013). Department of Health and Human Services. 2013. Available at: Http://aidsinfo.nih. gov/contentfiles/upload/ AdultARV-INSTIRecommendations.pdf. 10. Sax PE. Generic lamivudine has arrived. HIV and ID Observations. WATCH Blogs Web site, 2012
10. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations. Silver Spring, MD, USA: Orange Book, 2012
11. Parienti JJ, Bangsberg DR, Verdon R, Gardner EM. Better adherence with once-daily antiretroviral regimens: A meta-Analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48:484-8
12. Thorlund K, Anema A, Mills E. Interpreting meta-Analysis according to the adequacy of sample size. An example using isoniazid chemoprophylaxis for tuberculosis in purified protein derivative negative HIV-infected individuals. Clin Epidemiol 2010; 2:57-66
13. Molina JM, Lamarca A, Andrade-Villanueva J, et al. Efficacy and safety of once daily elvitegravir versus twice daily raltegravir in treatmentexperienced patients with HIV-1 receiving a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor: Randomised, double-blind, phase 3, non-inferiority study. Lancet Infect Dis 2012; 12:27-36
14. Maserati R, Brandolini M, Cattelan A, et al. Once-A-day (QD) vs. twicedaily (BID) nevirapine as simplification in PI-Treated patients after 2 mos. of BID induction. Curr HIV Res 2011; 9:166-73
15. Eron JJ Jr., Rockstroh JK, Reynes J, et al. Raltegravir once daily or twice daily in previously untreated patients with HIV-1: A randomised, activecontrolled, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2011; 11:907-15
16. Cahn P, Fourie J, Grinsztejn B, et al. Week 48 analysis of once-daily vs. twice-daily darunavir/ritonavir in treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS 2011; 25:929-39
17. Arasteh K,Ward D, Plettenberg A, et al. Twenty-four-week efficacy and safety of switching virologically suppressed HIV-1-infected patients from nevirapine immediate release 200 mg twice daily to nevirapine extended release 400 mg once daily (TRANxITION). HIV Med 2012; 13:236-44
18. Zajdenverg R, Podsadecki TJ, Badal-Faesen S, et al. Similar safety and efficacy of once- And twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir tablets in treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected subjects at 48 weeks. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010; 54:143-51
19. Vispo E, Barreiro P, Maida I, et al. Simplification from protease inhibitors to once- or twice-daily raltegravir: The ODIS trial. HIV Clin Trials 2010; 11:197-204
20. Gonzalez-Garcia J, Cohen D, Johnson M, et al. Short communication: Comparable safety and efficacy with once-daily versus twice-daily dosing of lopinavir/ritonavir tablets with emtricitabine + tenofovir DF in antiretroviral-naive, HIV type 1-infected subjects: 96 week final results of the randomized trial M05-730. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2010; 26:841-5
21. Flexner C, Tierney C, Gross R, et al. Comparison of once-daily versus twice-daily combination antiretroviral therapy in treatmentnaive patients: Results of AIDS clinical trials group (ACTG) A5073, a 48-week randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 50:1041-52
22. Cooper DA, Heera J, Goodrich J, et al. Maraviroc versus efavirenz, both in combination with zidovudine-lamivudine, for the treatment of antiretroviral-naive subjects with CCR5-Tropic HIV-1 infection. J Infect Dis 2010; 201:803-13
23. Campo RE, Cohen C, Grimm K, Shangguan T, Maa J, Seekins D. Switch from protease inhibitor- To efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy improves quality of life, treatment satisfaction and adherence with low rates of virological failure in virologically suppressed patients. Int J STD AIDS 2010; 21:166-71
24. King MS, Lawal AA, Fredrick LM, Rode RA, Podsadecki TJ, Bernstein BM. Improved Treatment Compliance with Once-Daily (QD) Compared to Twice-Daily (BID) Lopinavir/Ritonavir (LPV/r) in HIV-1-Infected, Antiretroviral-Experienced Subjects. In: 12th European AIDS Conference Cologne. Germany, 2009
25. Gathe J, da Silva BA, Cohen DE, et al. A once-daily lopinavir/ ritonavirbased regimen is noninferior to twice-daily dosing and results in similar safety and tolerability in antiretroviral-naive subjects through 48 weeks. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 50:474-81
26. Garfield S, Clifford S, Eliasson L, Barber N, Willson A. Suitability of measures of self-reported medication adherence for routine clinical use: A systematic review. BMC Med Res Methodol 2011; 11:149
27. Kimmerling M, Wagner G, Ghosh-Dastidar B. Factors associated with accurate self-reported adherence to HIV antiretrovirals. Int J STD AIDS 2003; 14:281-4
28. Melbourne KM, Geletko SM, Brown SL, Willey-Lessne C, Chase S, Fisher A. Medication adherence in patients with HIV infection: A comparison of two measurement methods. AIDS Read 1999; 9:329-38
29. Wagner GJ, Rabkin JG. Measuring medication adherence: Are missed doses reported more accurately then perfect adherence?. AIDS Care 2000; 12:405-8
30. Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC, et al. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 2011; 343: D5928
31. Hozo SP, Djulbegovic B, Hozo I. Estimating the mean and variance from the median, range, and the size of a sample. BMC Med Res Methodol 2005; 5:13
32. DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-Analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials 1986; 7:177-88
33. Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a metaanalysis. StatMed 2002; 21:1539-58
34. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-Analyses. BMJ 2003; 327:557-60
35. Brok J, Thorlund K, Gluud C, Wetterslev J. Trial sequential analysis reveals insufficient information size and potentially false positive results in many meta-Analyses. J Clin Epidemiol 2008; 61:763-9
36. Higgins JP, Whitehead A, Simmonds M. Sequential methods for random-effects meta-Analysis. Stat Med 2011; 30:903-21
37. Wetterslev J, Thorlund K, Brok J, Gluud C. Trial sequential analysis may establish when firm evidence is reached in cumulative meta-Analysis. J Clin Epidemiol 2008; 61:64-75
38. Wetterslev J, Thorlund K, Brok J, Gluud C. Estimating required information size by quantifying diversity in random-effects model metaanalyses. BMC Med Res Methodol 2009; 9:86
39. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-Analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: Explanation and elaboration. BMJ 2009; 339:b2700
40. Benson CA, van der Horst C, Lamarca A, et al. A randomized study of emtricitabine and lamivudine in stably suppressed patients with HIV. AIDS 2004; 18:2269-76
41. Boyle BA, Jayaweera D,Witt MD, Grimm K, Maa JF, Seekins DW. Randomization to once-daily stavudine extended release/lamivudine/efavirenz versus a more frequent regimen improves adherence while maintaining viral suppression. HIV Clin Trials 2008; 9:164-76
42. Eron JJ, Feinberg J, Kessler HA, et al. Once-daily versus twice-daily lopinavir/ ritonavir in antiretroviral-naive HIV-positive patients: A 48-week randomized clinical trial. J Infect Dis 2004; 189:265-72
43. Kubota M, Cohen C, Scribner A, et al. Short-Term Safety and Tolerability of ABC/3TC Administered Once-daily (QD) Compared with the Separate Components Administered Twice-daily (BID): Results from ESS101822 (ALOHA). In: The 46th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC). San Francisco, CA, USA, 2006
44. Lamarca A, Clumeck N, Plettenberg A, et al. Efficacy and safety of a once-daily fixed-dose combination of abacavir/lamivudine compared with abacavir twice daily and lamivudine once daily as separate entities in antiretroviral-experienced HIV-1-infected patients (CAL30001 Study). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006; 41:598-606
45. Maitland D, Jackson A, Osorio J, Mandalia S, Gazzard BG, Moyle GJ. Switching from twice-daily abacavir and lamivudine to the once-daily fixed-dose combination tablet of abacavir and lamivudine improves patient adherence and satisfaction with therapy. HIV Med 2008; 9:667-72
46. Molina JM, Andrade-Villanueva J, Echevarria J, et al. Once-daily atazanavir/ ritonavir versus twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir, each in combination with tenofovir and emtricitabine, for management of antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients: 48 week efficacy and safety results of the CASTLE study. Lancet 2008; 372:646-55
47. Molina JM, Podsadecki TJ, Johnson MA, et al. A lopinavir/ritonavirbased once-daily regimen results in better compliance and is non-inferior to a twice-daily regimen through 96 weeks. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2007; 23:1505-14
48. Parienti JJ, Massari V, Reliquet V, et al. Effect of twice-daily nevirapine on adherence in HIV-1-infected patients: A randomized controlled study. AIDS 2007; 21:2217-22
49. Podsadecki TJ, Rode RA, Naylor C, Cohen DE, Marsh TM. Adherence with lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) tablet and SoftGel (SGC) capsule based antiretroviral regimens and predictors of early treatment compliance. J Int AIDS Soc 2008; 11(Suppl 1):P170
50. Portsmouth SD, Osorio J, McCormick K, Gazzard BG, Moyle GJ. Better maintained adherence on switching from twice-daily to once-daily therapy for HIV: A 24-week randomized trial of treatment simplification using stavudine prolonged-release capsules. HIV Med 2005; 6:185-90
51. Ruane P, Lang J, DeJesus E, et al. Pilot study of once-daily simplification therapy with abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine and efavirenz for treatment of HIV-1 infection. HIV Clin Trials 2006; 7: 229-36
52. Sosa N, Hill-Zabala C, Dejesus E, et al. Abacavir and lamivudine fixeddose combination tablet once daily compared with abacavir and lamivudine twice daily in HIV-infected patients over 48 weeks (ESS30008, SEAL). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 40:422-7
53. Gathe J, de Silva B, Loufty M. Study M05-730 primary efficacy results at week 48: Phase 3, randomized, open-label study of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) tablets once-daily (QD) versus twice daily (BID), co-Administered with tenofovir DF (TDF) + emtricitabine (FTC) in antiretroviralnaive (ARV) HIV-1 infected subjects [abstract 775]. In: Program and abstracts of the 15th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (Boston). Alexandria, VA: Foundation for Retrovirology and Human Health, 2008
54. Bangsberg DR, Ragland K, Monk A, Deeks SG. A single tablet regimen is associated with higher adherence and viral suppression than multiple tablet regimens in HIV+ homeless and marginally housed people. AIDS 2010; 24:2835-40
55. Hanna DB, Hessol NA, Golub ET, et al. Increase in single-Tablet regimen use and associated improvements in adherence-related outcomes in HIV-infected women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013
56. Cohen CJ, Meyers JL, Davis KL. Association between daily antiretroviral pill burden and treatment adherence, hospitalisation risk, and other healthcare utilisation and costs in a US Medicaid population with HIV. BMJ Open 2013; 3:pii:e003028
57. Buscher A, Hartman C, Kallen MA, Giordano TP. Impact of antiretroviral dosing frequency and pill burden on adherence among newly diagnosed, HAART naïve, HIV patients. Int J STD & AIDS 2012; 23: 351-5
58. Engsig F, Gerstoft J, Helleberg MK, Ronborg G, Mathiesen L, Obel N. Virological Response in Patients, Who for Economic Reasons Were Changed fromAtripla to aMulti-Tablet cART Regimen. Abstract #579. In: 20th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. March 3-6, 2013. Atlanta, GA, USA, 2013
59. Chesney MA. Factors affecting adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30 (Suppl 2): S171-6
60. Mills EJ, Nachega JB, Bangsberg DR, et al. Adherence to HAART: A systematic review of developed and developing nation patient-reported barriers and facilitators. PLoS Med 2006; 3:e438
61. Uchino BN. Social support and health: A review of physiological processes potentially underlying links to disease outcomes. J Behav Med 2006; 29:377-87
62. Petersen ML,Wang Y, van der Laan MJ, Guzman D, Riley E, Bangsberg DR. Pillbox organizers are associated with improved adherence to HIV antiretroviral therapy and viral suppression: A marginal structural model analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45:908-15
63. Barnighausen T, Chaiyachati K, Chimbindi N, Peoples A, Haberer J, Newell ML. Interventions to increase antiretroviral adherence in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review of evaluation studies. Lancet Infect Dis 2011; 11:942-51
64. Lester R, Karanja S. Mobile phones: Exceptional tools for HIV/AIDS, health, and crisis management. Lancet Infect Dis 2008; 8:738-9
65. Pop-Eleches C, Thirumurthy H, Habyarimana JP, et al. Mobile phone technologies improve adherence to antiretroviral treatment in a resource-limited setting: A randomized controlled trial of text message reminders. AIDS 2011; 25:825-34
66. Simoni JM, Pearson CR, Pantalone DW, Marks G, Crepaz N. Efficacy of interventions in improving highly active antiretroviral therapy adherence and HIV-1 RNA viral load. A meta-Analytic review of randomized controlled trials. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006; 43 (Suppl 1): S23-35
67. Gross R, Bellamy SL, Chapman J, et al. Managed problem solving for antiretroviral therapy adherence: A randomized trial. JAMA Int Med 2013; 173:300-6
68. Walensky RP, Sax PE, Nakamura YM, et al. Economic savings versus health losses: The cost-effectiveness of generic antiretroviral therapy in the United States. Ann Intern Med 2013; 158:84-92
69. van der Tweel I, Bollen C. Sequential meta-Analysis: An efficient decision-making tool. Clin Trials 2010; 7:136-46
70. Shaw AL, Shen G, Wakeford CW, Quinn JB, Rousseau FS. Once-Daily Emtricitabine Compared to Twice-Daily Abacavir Within a HAART Regimen in Antiretroviral Drug-Naive HIV-1-Infected Patients (ODECTA) (Poster 547). In: The 2nd IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment. Paris, France, 2003
71. DeJesus E, McCarty D, Farthing CF, et al. Once-daily versus twice-daily lamivudine, in combination with zidovudine and efavirenz, for the treatment of antiretroviral-naive adults with HIV infection: A randomized equivalence trial. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:411-8
72. Wright D, Rodriguez A, Godofsky E, et al. Efficacy and safety of 48 weeks of enfuvirtide 180 mg once-daily dosing versus 90 mg twicedaily dosing in HIV-infected patients. HIV Clin Trials 2008; 9:73-82
73. Martin A, Bloch M, Amin J, et al. Simplification of antiretroviral therapy with tenofovir-emtricitabine or abacavir-lamivudine: A randomized, 96-week trial. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49:1591-601
74. Martinez E, Arranz JA, Podzamczer D, et al. A simplification trial switching from nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors to oncedaily fixed-dose abacavir/lamivudine or tenofovir/emtricitabine in HIV-1-infected patients with virological suppression. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 51:290-7
75. Podzamczer D, Olmo M, Sanz J, et al. Safety of switching nevirapine twice daily to nevirapine once daily in virologically suppressed patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 50:390-6
76. Zajdenverg R, Badal-Faesen S, Andrade-Villanueva J, et al. Lopinavir/ ritonavir (LPV/r) tablets administered once-(QD) or twice-daily (BID) with NRTIs in antiretroviral-experienced HIV-1 Infected subjects: Results of a 48-week randomized trial (Study M06-802). In: 5th IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention. Cape Town, South Africa, 2009
77. Airoldi M, Zaccarelli M, Bisi L, et al. One-pill once-A-day HAART: A simplification strategy that improves adherence and quality of life of HIV-infected subjects. Patient Prefer Adherence 2010; 4:115-25
78. Cooper V, Horne R, Gellaitry G, et al. The impact of once-nightly versus twice-daily dosing and baseline beliefs about HAART on adherence to efavirenz-based HAART over 48 weeks: The NOCTE study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010; 53:369-77
79. Musiime V, Kendall L, Bakeera-Kitaka S, et al. Pharmacokinetics and acceptability of once- versus twice-daily lamivudine and abacavir in HIV type-1-infected Ugandan children in the ARROW Trial. Antivir Ther 2010; 15:1115-24
80. Nelson M, Girard PM, Demasi R, et al. Suboptimal adherence to darunavir/ ritonavir has minimal effect on efficacy compared with lopinavir/ ritonavir in treatment-naive, HIV-infected patients: 96 week ARTEMIS data. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65:1505-9
81. Clumeck N, Rieger A, Banhegyi D, et al. 96 week results from the MONET trial: A randomized comparison of darunavir/ritonavir with versus without nucleoside analogues, for patients with HIV RNA <50 copies/mL at baseline. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66:1878-85
82. Cohen C, Elion R, Ruane P, et al. Randomized, phase 2 evaluation of two single-Tablet regimens elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for the initial treatment of HIV infection. AIDS 2011; 25:F7-12
83. Honda M, Ishisaka M, Ishizuka N, Kimura S, Oka S. Open-label randomized multicenter selection study of once daily antiretroviral treatment regimen comparing ritonavir-boosted atazanavir to efavirenz with fixed-dose abacavir and lamivudine. Intern Med 2011; 50:699-705
84. Bunupuradah T, Chetchotisakd P, Ananworanich J, et al. A randomized comparison of second-line lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy versus tenofovir/ lamivudine/lopinavir/ritonavir in patients failing NNRTI regimens: The HIV STAR study. Antivir Ther 2012; 17:1351-61
85. Andersson LM, Vesterbacka J, Blaxhult A, et al. Lopinavir/ritonavir, atazanavir/ritonavir, and efavirenz in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected individuals over 144 weeks: An open-label randomized controlled trial. Scand J Infect Dis 2013
86. Reynes J, Trinh R, Pulido F, et al. Lopinavir/ritonavir combined with raltegravir or tenofovir/emtricitabine in antiretroviral-naive subjects: 96-week results of the PROGRESS study. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:256-65
87. Bonnet M, Bhatt N, Baudin E, et al. Nevirapine versus efavirenz for patients co-infected with HIV and tuberculosis: A randomised noninferiority trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2013.