Statistical model of quantized dCT coefficients: Application in the steganalysis of jsteg algorithm

IEEE Transactions on Image Processing

Volumn 23, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 1980-1993

  Thai, Thanh Hai ^a   Cogranne, Remi ^a   Retraint, Florent ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE TECHNOLOGIE DE TROYES   (France)

Author keywords

Digital image model; discrete cosine transform; hypothesis testing.; JPEG compression; steganalysis

Indexed keywords

ALGORITHMS; DISCRETE COSINE TRANSFORMS; IMAGE PROCESSING; MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION; STATISTICAL TESTS; STEGANOGRAPHY;

DIGITAL IMAGE; DISCRETE COSINE TRANSFORM COEFFICIENTS; HYPOTHESIS TESTING; IMAGE PROCESSING PIPELINE; JPEG COMPRESSION; MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATOR; QUANTIZED DCT COEFFICIENTS; STEGANALYSIS;

COMPUTER SIMULATION;

EID: 84898049332     PISSN: 10577149     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TIP.2014.2310126     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. W. K. Pratt, Digital Image Processing. New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 1978.
2. P. K. Singh, "Segmentation of regions in JPEG compressed medical images," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Image Process., vol. 5. Oct. 2004, pp. 3483-3486. (Pubitemid 40820825)
3. M. F. Sabir, H. R. Sheikh, R. W. Heath, and A. C. Bovik, "A joint source-channel distortion model for JPEG compressed images," IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 1349-1364, Jun. 2006. (Pubitemid 43778916)
4. J. R. Price and M. Rabbani, "Biased reconstruction for JPEG decoding," IEEE Signal Process. Lett., vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 297-299, Dec. 1999. (Pubitemid 30519148)
5. Z. Daidi and I. Defee, "Pattern recognition in compressed DCT domain," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Image Process., vol. 3. Oct. 2004, pp. 2031-2034. (Pubitemid 40820639)
6. D. Y. Gang, C. Ying, W. L. Feng, and Y. Zheng, "Distributions of the DCT coefficient for watermark detection," in Proc. Int. Conf. Comput. Appl. Syst. Model. (ICCASM), vol. 13. Oct. 2010, pp. 96-98.
7. P. Sallee, "Model-based steganography," Digit. Watermarking, vol. 2939, pp. 154-167, Jan. 2004. (Pubitemid 39736535)
8. M. C. Stamm and K. J. R. Liu, "Forensic detection of image manipulation using statistical intrinsic fingerprints," IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Security, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 492-506, Sep. 2010.
9. R. Reininger and J. Gibson, "Distributions of the two-dimensional DCT coefficients for images," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 835-839, Jun. 1983. (Pubitemid 13556051)
10. T. Eude, R. Grisel, H. Cherifi, and R. Debrie, "On the distribution of the DCT coefficients," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Image Process., Apr. 1994, pp. 365-368.
11. J. E. Eggerton and M. D. Srinath, "Statistical distributions of image DCT coefficients," Comput. Elect. Eng., vol. 12, nos. 3-4, pp. 137-145, Jan. 1986.
12. F. Muller, "Distribution shape of two-dimensional DCT coefficients of natural images," Electro. Lett., vol. 29, no. 22, pp. 1935-1936, Oct. 1993.
13. J.-H. Chang, J.-W. Shin, N. S. Kim, and S. K. Mitra, "Image probability distribution based on generalized gamma function," IEEE Signal Process. Lett., vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 325-328, Apr. 2005. (Pubitemid 40555682)
14. E. Y. Lam and J. W. Goodman, "A mathematical analysis of the DCT coefficient distributions for images," IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 1661-1666, Oct. 2000.
15. A. Hjorungnes, J. M. Lervik, and T. A. Ramstad, "Entropy coding of composite sources modeled by infinite gaussian mixture distributions," in Proc. IEEE Digital Signal Process. Workshop, Sep. 1996, pp. 235-238.
16. F. Perez-Gonzalez, G. L. Heileman, and C. T. Abdallah, "Benford's law in image processing," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Image Process., vol. 1. 2007, pp. 405-408.
17. T. H. Thai, R. Cogranne, and F. Retraint, "Statistical model of natural images," in Proc. IEEE. Int. Conf. Image Process., Sep. 2012, pp. 2525-2528.
18. D. Upham. (1993). Steganographic Algorithm Jsteg [Online]. Available: http://zooid.org/paul/crypto/jsteg
19. C. Cachin, "An information-theoretic model for steganography," in Proc. Int. Workshop Inf. Hiding, Apr. 1998, pp. 306-318.
20. E. L. Lehmann and J. P. Romano, Testing Statistical Hypotheses, 3rd ed. New York, NY, USA: Springer-Verlag, 2005.
21. X. Yu, Y. Wang, and T. Tan, "Model based steganalysis," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Image Process., vol. 4. Oct. 2004, pp. 2625-2628. (Pubitemid 40820433)
22. C. Zitzmann, R. Cogranne, L. Fillatre, I. Nikiforov, F. Retraint, and P. Cornu, "Hidden information detection based on quantized Laplacian distribution," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process., Mar. 2012, pp. 1793-1796.
23. J. Kodovsky and J. Fridrich, "Quantitative structural steganalysis of Jsteg," IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Security, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 681-693, Dec. 2010.
24. K. Lee and A. Westfeld, "Generalized category attack: Improving histogram-based attack on JPEG LSB embedding," in Proc. Int. Workshop Inf. Hiding, Jun. 2007, pp. 378-392.
25. T. Pevny, J. Fridrich, and A. D. Ker, "From blind to quantitative steganalysis," IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Security, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 445-454, Apr. 2012.
26. C. Scott, "Performance measures for Neyman-Pearson classification," IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 53, no. 8, pp. 2852-2863, Aug. 2007. (Pubitemid 47249851)
27. R. Ramanath, W. E. Snyder, Y. Yoo, and M. S. Drew, "Color image processing pipeline," IEEE Signal Process. Mag., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 34-43, Jan. 2005. (Pubitemid 40319546)
28. R. Ramanath, W. E. Snyder, and G. L. Bilbro, "Demosaicking methods for Bayer color arrays," J. Electron. Imag., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 306-615, Jul. 2002.
29. W. Pennebaker and J. Mitchell, JPEG Still Image Compression Data. New York, NY, USA: Springer-Verlag, 1992.
30. G. E. Healey and R. Kondepudy, "Radiometric CCD camera calibration and noise estimation," IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 267-276, Mar. 1994.
31. A. Foi, M. Trimeche, V. Katkovnik, and K. Egiazarian, "Practical Poissonian-Gaussian noise modeling and fitting for single-image rawdata," IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 1737-1754, Oct. 2008.
32. T. H. Thai, R. Cogranne, and F. Retraint, "Camera model identification based on the heteroscedastic noise model," IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 250-263, Jan. 2014.
33. M. Blum, "On the central limit theorem for correlated random variables," Proc. IEEE, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 308-309, Mar. 1964.
34. S. Louhichi, "Rates of convergence in the central limit theorem for some weakly dependent random variables," Theory Probab. Appl., vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 297-315, 1998.
35. L. Chen, "The rate of convergence in a central limit theorem for dependent random variables with arbitrary index set," Ann. Probab., 1987.
36. M.-S. Alouini, A. Abdi, and M. Kaveh, "Sum of gamma variates and performance of wireless communication systems over nakagami-fading channels," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 1471-1480, Nov. 2001. (Pubitemid 33137855)
37. I. M. Ryzhik and I. S. Gradshteyn, Tables of Integrals, Series, and Products. New York, NY, USA: Elsevier, 2007.
38. P. Bas, T. Filler, and T. Pevný, "Break our steganographic system-The ins and outs of organizing boss," in Proc. Int. Workshop Inf. Hiding, May 2011.
39. B. Widrow, I. Kollar, and M.-C. Liu, "Statistical theory of quantization," IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 353-361, Apr. 1996. (Pubitemid 126781477)
40. J. A. Nelder and R. Mead, "A simplex method for function minimization," Comput. J., vol. 7, pp. 308-313, 1965.
41. O. Dabeer, K. Sullivan, U. Madhow, S. Chandrasekaran, and B. Manjunath, "Detection of hiding in the least significant bit," IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 52, no. 10, pp. 3046-3058, Oct. 2004.
42. R. Cogranne, C. Zitzmann, L. Fillatre, F. Retraint, I. Nikiforov, and P. Cornu, "Statistical decision by using quantized observations," in Proc. IEEE Int. Inf. Theory, Aug. 2011, pp. 1210-1214.
43. C. Zitzmann, R. Cogranne, F. Retraint, I. Nikiforov, L. Fillatre, and P. Cornu, "Statistical decision methods in hidden information detection," in Proc. Int. Workshop Inf. Hiding, May 2011, pp. 163-177.
44. D. Birkes, "Generalized likelihood ratio tests and uniformly most powerful tests," Amer. Statist., vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 163-166, 1990.
45. A. Wald, "Some generalizations of the theory of cumulative sums of random variable," Ann. Math. Statist., vol. 16, pp. 221-318, Sep. 1945.
46. A. D. Ker, "A fusion of maximum likelihood and structural steganalysis," in Proc. Int. Workshop Inf. Hiding, Jun. 2007, pp. 204-219.
47. T. Gloe and R. Bohme, "The Dresden image database for benchmarking digital image forensics," in Proc. ACM Symp. Appl. Comput., vol. 2. 2010, pp. 1585-1591.
48. T. Zhang and X. Ping, "A fast and effective steganalytic technique against jsteg-like algorithms," in Proc. ACM Symp. Appl. Comput., 2003, pp. 307-311.
49. R. Böhme, "Weighted stego-image steganalysis for JPEG covers," in Proc. Int. Workshop Inf. Hiding, May 2007, pp. 178-194.
50. J. Fan and I. Gijbels, Local Polynomial Modelling and Its Applications. Boston, MA, USA: Chapman & Hall, 1996.
51. C. Tu and T. D. Tran, "Context-based entropy coding of block transform coefficients for image compression," IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 1271-1283, Nov. 2002.
52. J. Fridrich, "Feature-based steganalysis for JPEG images and its implications for future design of steganographic schemes," in Proc. Int. Workshop Inf. Hiding, May 2004, pp. 67-81. (Pubitemid 39745168)