From blind to quantitative steganalysis

IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 445-454

  Pevný, Tomáš ^a   Fridrich, Jessica ^b   Ker, Andrew D ^c  

^a CZECH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY IN PRAGUE   (Czech Republic)

^b State University of New York at Binghamton   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Blind steganalysis; message length estimation; quantitative steganalysis; regression

Indexed keywords

BLIND STEGANALYSIS; FEATURE VECTORS; FORENSIC TOOLS; GENERAL METHOD; MESSAGE LENGTH; REGRESSION; SPATIAL DOMAINS; STEGANALYSIS; STEGANOGRAPHIC ALGORITHMS; SUPPORT VECTOR REGRESSION (SVR);

ALGORITHMS; ESTIMATION;

STEGANOGRAPHY;

EID: 84858191862     PISSN: 15566013     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TIFS.2011.2175918     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (39)

1. J. Fridrich, M. Goljan, D. Hogea, and D. Soukal, "Quantitative steganalysis of digital images: Estimating the secret message length," ACM Multimedia Syst. J., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 288-302, 2003.
2. S. Dumitrescu, X. Wu, and Z. Wang, "Detection of LSB steganography via sample pair analysis," in Proc. 5th Int. Workshop Information Hiding, F. A. P. Petitcolas, Ed., Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands, Oct. 7-9, 2002, vol. 2578, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 355-372, Springer-Verlag, New York.
3. T. Zhang and X. Ping, "A fast and effective steganalytic technique against JSteg-like algorithms," in Proc. ACM Symp. Applied Computing, Melbourne, FL, Mar. 9-12, 2003, pp. 307-311.
4. J. Fridrich and M. Goljan, "On estimation of secret message length in LSB steganography in spatial domain," in Proc. SPIE, Electronic Imaging, Security, Steganography, and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents VI, E. J. Delp and P. W. Wong, Eds., San Jose, CA, Jan. 19-22, 2004, vol. 5306, pp. 23-34.
5. A. D. Ker, "A general framework for structural analysis of LSB replacement," in Proc. 7th Int. Workshop Information Hiding, M. Barni, J. Herrera, S. Katzenbeisser, and F. Pérez-González, Eds., Barcelona, Spain, Jun. 6-8, 2005, vol. 3727, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 296-311, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
6. K. Lee and A.Westfeld, "Generalized category attack-Improving histogram- based attack on JPEG LSB embedding," in Proc. 9th Int.Workshop Information Hiding, T. Furon, F. Cayre, G. Doërr, and P. Bas, Eds., Saint Malo, France, Jun. 11-13, 2007, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 378-392, Springer-Verlag.
7. R. Böhme, "Weighted stego-image steganalysis for JPEG covers," in Proc. 10th Int. Workshop Information Hiding, K. Solanki, Ed., Santa Barbara, CA, Jun. 19-21, 2008, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 178-194, Springer-Verlag, New York.
8. A. Westfeld, "Generic adoption of spatial steganalysis to transformed domain," in Proc. 10th Int. Workshop Information Hiding, K. Solanki, Ed., Santa Barbara, CA, Jun. 19-21, 2008, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 161-177, Springer-Verlag, New York.
9. D. Soukal, J. Fridrich, and M. Goljan, "Maximum likelihood estimation of secret message length embedded using steganography in spatial domain," in Proc. SPIE, Electronic Imaging, Security, Steganography, and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents VII, E. J. Delp and P. W. Wong, Eds., San Jose, CA, Jan. 16-20, 2005, vol. 5681, pp. 595-606.
10. Q. Guan, J. Dong, and T. Tan, "Blind quantitative steganalysis based on feature fusion and gradient boosting," in Proc. 9th Int. Conf. DigitalWatermarking (IWDW'10), Berlin, Heidelberg, 2011, pp. 266-279, Springer-Verlag.
11. S. Lyu and H. Farid, "Steganalysis using higher-order image statistics," IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Security, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 111-119, Mar. 2006.
12. G.Xuan,Y. Q. Shi, J.Gao, D. Zou, C.Yang,Z.Z.P.Chai, C.Chen, and W. Chen, "Steganalysis based onmultiple features formed by statistical moments of wavelet characteristic functions," in Proc. 7th Int. Workshop Information Hiding, M. Barni, J. Herrera, S. Katzenbeisser, and F. Pérez- González, Eds., Barcelona, Spain, Jun. 6-8, 2005, vol. 3727, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 262-277, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
13. Y. Q. Shi, C. Chen, and W. Chen, "A Markov process based approach to effective attacking JPEG steganography," in Proc. 8th Int.Workshop Information Hiding, J. L. Camenisch, C. S. Collberg, N. F. Johnson, and P. Sallee, Eds., Alexandria, VA, Jul. 10-12, 2006, vol. 4437, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 249-264, Springer-Verlag, New York.
14. T. Pevný and J. Fridrich, "Merging Markov and DCT features for multi-class JPEG steganalysis," in Proc. SPIE, Electronic Imaging, Security, Steganography, and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents IX, E. J. Delp and P.W.Wong, Eds., San Jose, CA, Jan./Feb. 29 - 1, 2007, vol. 6505, pp. 3 1-3 14.
15. T. Pevný, P. Bas, and J. Fridrich, "Steganalysis by subtractive pixel adjacency matrix," in Proc. 11th Workshop on Multimedia & Security, J. Dittmann, J. Fridrich, and S. Craver, Eds., New York, Sep. 7-8, 2009, pp. 75-84, ACM.
16. J. Kodovský and J. Fridrich, "Influence of embedding strategies on security of steganographic methods in the JPEG domain," in Proc. SPIE, Electronic Imaging, Security, Forensics, Steganography, and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents X, E. J. Delp and P.W.Wong, Eds., San Jose, CA, Jan. 27-31, 2008.
17. D. Zo, Y. Q. Shi,W. Su, and G. Xuan, "Steganalysis based on Markov model of thresholded prediction-error image," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Multimedia and Expo., Toronto, Canada, Jul. 9-12, 2006, pp. 1365-1368.
18. T. Pevný, J. Fridrich, and A. D. Ker, "From blind to quantitative steganalysis," in Proc. SPIE, Electronic Imaging, Security, Steganography, and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents XI, E. Delp and P. Wong, Eds., Jan. 19-22, 2009.
19. J. Fridrich and D. Soukal, "Matrix embedding for large payloads," in Proc. SPIE, Electronic Imaging, Security, Steganography, and Watermarking ofMultimedia Contents VIII, E. J.Delp and P.W.Wong,Eds., San Jose, CA, Jan. 16-19, 2006, vol. 6072, pp. W1-W10.
20. A. Westfeld, "High capacity despite better steganalysis (F5 - A steganographic algorithm)," in Proc. 4th Int. Workshop Information Hiding, I. S. Moskowitz, Ed., Pittsburgh, PA, Apr. 25-27, 2001, vol. 2137, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 289-302, Springer-Verlag, New York.
21. A. J. Smola and B. Schölkopf, A Tutorial on Support Vector Regression NeuroCOLT2 Tech. Rep. NC2-TR-1998-030, 1998.
22. B. Schölkopf and A. Smola, Learning with Kernels: Support Vector Machines, Regularization, Optimization, and Beyond (Adaptive Computation andMachine Learning). Cambridge,MA: MIT Press, 2001.
23. A. Latham, Steganography [Online]. Available: http://linux01. gwdg.de/~alatham/stego.html
24. D. Upham, JSteg source [Online]. Available: http://zooid.org/~paul/ crypto/jsteg/
25. P. Sallee, "Model-based steganography," in Proc. 2nd Int. Workshop Digital Watermarking, T. Kalker, I. J. Cox, and Y. M. Ro, Eds., Seoul, Korea, Oct. 20-22, 2003, vol. 2939, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 154-167, Springer-Verlag, New York.
26. Y. Kim, Z. Duric, and D. Richards, "Modified matrix encoding technique for minimal distortion steganography," in Proc. 8th Int. Workshop Information Hiding, J. L. Camenisch, C. S. Collberg, N. F. Johnson, and P. Sallee, Eds., Alexandria, VA, Jul. 10-12, 2006, vol. 4437, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 314-327, Springer-Verlag, New York.
27. J. Fridrich, T. Pevný, and J. Kodovský, "Statistically undetectable JPEG steganography: Dead ends, challenges, and opportunities," in Proc. 9th ACM Multimedia & Security Workshop, J. Dittmann and J. Fridrich, Eds., Dallas, TX, Sep. 20-21, 2007, pp. 3-14.
28. N. Provos, "Defending against statistical steganalysis," in Proc. ACM Symp. Applied Computing, 10th USENIX Security Symp., Aug. 13-17, 2001.
29. J. Fridrich, M. Goljan, and D. Soukal, "Perturbed quantization steganography," ACM Multimedia Syst. J., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 98-107, 2005.
30. S. Hetzl and P. Mutzel, "Agraph-theoretic approach to steganography," in Proc. 9th IFIP TC-6 TC-11 Int. Conf. Communications and Multimedia Security (CMS 2005), J. Dittmann, S. Katzenbeisser, and A. Uhl, Eds., Salzburg, Austria, Sep. 19-21, 2005, vol. 3677, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 119-128.
31. R. Böhme and A. D. Ker, "A two-factor error model for quantitative steganalysis," in Proc. SPIE, Electronic Imaging, Security, Steganography, and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents VIII, E. J. Delp and P. W. Wong, Eds., San Jose, CA, Jan. 16-19, 2006, vol. 6072, pp. 59-74.
32. G. Cancelli, G. Doërr, I. Cox, and M. Barni, "Detection of steganography based on the amplitude of histogram local extrema," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Image Processing (ICIP), San Diego, CA, Oct. 12-15, 2008.
33. M. Goljan, J. Fridrich, and T. Holotyak, "New blind steganalysis and its implications," in Proc. SPIE, Electronic Imaging, Security, Steganography, and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents VIII, E. J. Delp and P. W.Wong, Eds., San Jose, CA, Jan. 16-19, 2006, vol. 6072, pp. 1-13.
34. [Online]. Available: http://www.imagemagick.org
35. S. Dumitrescu and X. Wu, "LSB steganalysis based on higher-order statistics," in Proc. 7th ACM Multimedia & Security Workshop, A.M. Eskicioglu, J. Fridrich, and J. Dittmann, Eds., New York, NY, Aug. 1-2, 2005, pp. 25-32.
36. R. Böhme, "Improved Statistical Steganalysis using Models of Heterogeneous Cover Signals," Ph.D. degree, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, Sep. 2008.
37. P. Royston, "An extension of Shapiro and Wilk's test for normality to large samples," Appl. Statist., vol. 31, pp. 115-124, 1982.
38. A. Greenspun [Online]. Available: http://www.greenspun.com
39. A. D. Ker and R. Böhme, "Revisiting weighted stego-image steganalysis," in Proc. SPIE, Electronic Imaging, Security, Forensics, Steganography, and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents X, E. J. Delp and P. W. Wong, Eds., San Jose, CA, Jan. 27-31, 2008, vol. 6819, pp. 5-1-5-17.