Regional scale ozone data assimilation using an ensemble Kalman filter and the CHIMERE chemical transport model

Geoscientific Model Development

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 283-302

  Gaubert, B ^a   Coman, A ^a   Foret, G ^a   Meleux, F ^b   Ung, A ^b   Rouil, L ^b   Ionescu, A ^c   Candau, Y ^c   Beekmann, M ^a  

^a CNRS   (France)

^b INSTITUT NATIONAL DE L ENVIRONNEMENT INDUSTRIEL ET DES RISQUES INERIS   (France)

^c UNIVERSITÉ PARIS EST CRÉTEIL   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR QUALITY; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; CORRELATION; DATA ASSIMILATION; GROUND-BASED MEASUREMENT; KALMAN FILTER; OZONE; TEMPORAL PERIOD; ATMOSPHERIC MODELING; DATA SET; DIURNAL VARIATION; ERROR ANALYSIS; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT;

EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE;

EID: 84897594834     PISSN: 1991959X     EISSN: 19919603     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/gmd-7-283-2014     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Agudelo, O. M., Barrero, O., Peter, V., and De Moor, B.: Assimilation of ozone measurements in the air quality model AURORA by using the Ensemble Kalman Filter, Decision and Control and European Control Conference (CDCECC), 2011 50th IEEE 12-15 December 2011, 4430-4435, doi:10.1109/CDC.2011.6160444, 2011.
2. Beekmann, M. and Derognat, C.: Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis of a regional-scale transport chemistry model constrained by measurements from the Atmospheric Pollution Over the Paris Area (ESQUIF) campaign, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8559-8559, 2003.
3. Bell, M. L., Dominici, F., and Samet, J. M.: A Meta-Analysis of Time-Series Studies of Ozone and Mortality With Comparison to the National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study, Epidemiology, 16, 436-445, 2005. (Pubitemid 40847827)
4. Bessagnet, B., Hodzic, A., Vautard, R., Beekmann, M., Cheinet, S., Honoré, C., Liousse, C., and Rouil, L.: Aerosol modeling with CHIMERE - preliminary evaluation at the continental scale, Atmos. Environ., 38, 2803-2817, 2004. (Pubitemid 38692310)
5. Blond, N. and Vautard, R.: Three-dimensional ozone analyses and their use for short-term ozone forecasts, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D17303, doi:10.1029/2004JD004515, 2004. (Pubitemid 39547477)
6. Blond, N., Bel, L., and Vautard, R.: Three-dimensional ozone data analysis with an air quality model over the Paris area, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4744, doi:10.1029/2003JD003679, 2003.
7. Boynard, A., Beekmann, M., Foret, G., Ung, A., Szopa, S., Schmechtig, C., and Coman, A.: An ensemble assessment of regional ozone model uncertainty with an explicit error representation, Atmos. Environ., 45, 784-793, 2011.
8. Brunner, D., Henne, S., Keller, C. A., Reimann, S., Vollmer, M. K., O'Doherty, S., and Maione, M.: An extended Kalman-filter for regional scale inverse emission estimation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3455-3478, doi:10.5194/acp-12-3455-2012, 2012.
9. Burgers, G., Van Leeuwen, P. J. and Evensen, G.: Analysis scheme in the ensemble Kalman filter, Mon. Weather Rev., 126, 1719-1724, 1998. (Pubitemid 128597660)
10. Candille, G., Cot'e, C., Houtekamer, P. L., and Pellerin, G.: Verification of an Ensemble Prediction System against Observations, Mon. Weather Rev., 135, 2688-2699, doi:10.1175/MWR3414.1, 2007. (Pubitemid 47208830)
11. Carmichael, G. R., Chai, T., Sandu, A., Constantinescu, E. M., and Daescu, D.: Predicting air quality: Improvements through advanced methods to integrate models and measurements, J. Comp. Phys., 227, 3540-3571, 2008.
12. Chai, T., Carmichael, G. R., Tang, Y., Sandu, A., Hardesty, M., Pilewskie, P., Whitlow, S., Browell, E. V., Avery, M. A., Nédélec, P., Merrill, J. T., Thompson, A. M., and Williams, E.: Fourdimensional data assimilation experiments with International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation ozone measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D12S15, doi:10.1029/2006JD007763, 2007. (Pubitemid 47241670)
13. Cheinet, S. and Teixeira, J.: A simple formulation for the eddy diffusivity parameterization of cloud-topped boundary layers, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1930, doi:10.1029/2003GL017377, 2003.
14. Chevalier, A., Gheusi, F., Delmas, R., Ordóñez, C., Sarrat, C., Zbinden, R., Thouret, V., Athier, G., and Cousin, J.-M.: Influence of altitude on ozone levels and variability in the lower troposphere: a ground-based study for western Europe over the period 2001-2004, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4311-4326, doi:10.5194/acp-7-4311-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 47317992)
15. Coman, A., Foret, G., Beekmann, M., Eremenko, M., Dufour, G., Gaubert, B., Ung, A., Schmechtig, C., Flaud, J.-M., and Bergametti, G.: Assimilation of IASI partial tropospheric columns with an Ensemble Kalman Filter over Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 2513-2532, doi:10.5194/acp-12-2513-2012, 2012.
16. Constantinescu, E. M., Sandu, A., Chai, T., and Carmichael, G.: Ensemble-based chemical data assimilation I: General approach, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 133, 1229-1243, doi:10.1002/qj.76, 2007a. (Pubitemid 47316571)
17. Constantinescu, E. M., Sandu, A., Chai, T., and Carmichael, G. R.: Ensemble-based Chemical Data Assimilation II: Covariance Localization, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 133, 1245-1256, 2007b. (Pubitemid 47316572)
18. Courtier, P. and Talagrand, O.: Variational assimilation of meteorological observations with the adjointvorticity equation, II: Numerical results, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 113, 1329-1347, 1987.
19. Curci, G., Beekmann, M., Vautard, R., Smiatek, G., Steinbrecher, R., Theloke, J., and Friedrich, R.: Modelling study of the impact of isoprene and terpene biogenic emissions on European ozone levels, Atmos. Environ., 43, 1444-1455, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.02.070, 2009.
20. Curier, R. L., Timmermans, R., Calabretta-Jongen, S., Eskes, H., Segers, A., Swart, D., and Schaap, M.: Improving ozone forecasts over Europe by synergistic use of the LOTOS-EUROS chemical transport model and in-situ measurements, Atmos. Environ., 60, 217-226, 2012.
21. Desroziers, G., Berre, L., Chapnik, B., and Poli P.: Diagnosis of observation, background and analysis-error statistics in observation space, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 131, 3385-3396, 2005.
22. Elbern, H. and Schmidt, H.: Ozone episode analysis by fourdimensional variational chemistry data assimilation, J. Geophys. Res., 106,3569-3590, 2001.
23. Elbern, H., Schmidt, H., and Ebel, A.: Variational data assimilation for tropospheric chemistry modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 15967-15985, 1997.
24. Elbern, H., Strunk, A., Schmidt, H., and Talagrand, O.: Emission rate and chemical state estimation by 4-dimensional variational inversion, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3749-3769, doi:10.5194/acp- 7-3749-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 47120428)
25. European Parliament: DIRECTIVE 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe.
26. Evensen, G.: Sequential data assimilation with a nonlinear quasi-geostrophic model using Monte Carlo methods to forecast error statistics, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 10143-10162, doi:10.1029/94JC00572, 1994.
27. Evensen, G.: The Ensemble Kalman Filter: Theoretical Formulation and Practical Implementation, Ocean Dynam., 53, 343-367, 2003.
28. Evensen G.: Sampling strategies and square root analysis schemes for the EnKF, Ocean Dynam., 54, 539-560, 2004. (Pubitemid 40003080)
29. Felzer, B., Kicklighter, D., Melillo, J., Wang, C., Zhuang, Q., and Prinn, R.: Effects of ozone on net primary production and carbon sequestration in the conterminous United States using a biogeochemistry model, Tellus B, 56, 230-248, 2004. (Pubitemid 38904881)
30. Flemming, J., Van Loon, M., and Stern, R.: Data assimilation for CTM based on optimum interpolation and Kalman filter, in: Air Pollution Modelling and its Application XVI, edited by: Borrego, C. and Incecik, S., Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 373-383, 2004.
31. Flemming, J., Stern, R., and Yamartino, R. J.: A new air quality regime classification scheme for O3, NO2, SO2 and PM10 observations sites, Atmos. Environ., 39, 6121-6129, 2005.
32. Flemming, J., Inness, A., Flentje, H., Huijnen, V., Moinat, P., Schultz, M. G., and Stein, O.: Coupling global chemistry transport models to ECMWF's integrated forecast system, Geosci. Model Dev., 2, 253-265, doi:10.5194/gmd-2- 253-2009, 2009.
33. Fowler, D., Pilegaard, K., Sutton, M., Ambus, P., Raivonen, M., Duyzer, J., Simpson, D., Fagerli, H., Fuzzi, S., Schjoerring, J., Granier, C., Neftel, A., Isaksen, I., Laj, P., Maione, M., Monks, P., Burkhardt, J., Daemmgen, U., Neirynck, J., Personne, E., Wichink-Kruit, R., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Flechard, C., Tuovinen, J., Coyle, M., Gerosa, G., Loubet, B., Altimir, N., Gruenhage, L., Ammann, C., Cieslik, S., Paoletti, E., Mikkelsen, T., Ro-Poulsen, H., Cellier, P., Cape, J., Horvath, L., Loreto, F., Niinemets, U., Palmer, P., Rinne, J., Misztal, P., Nemitz, E., Nilsson, D., Pryor, S., Gallagher, M., Vesala, T., Skiba, U., Bruggemann, N., Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S.,Williams, J., O'Dowd, C., Facchini, M., de Leeuw, G., Flossman, A., Chaumerliac, N., and Erisman, J.: Atmospheric composition change: Ecosystems-Atmosphere interactions, Atmos. Environ., 43, 5193-5267, 2009.
34. Frydendall, J., Brandt, J., and Christensen, J. H.: Implementation and testing of a simple data assimilation algorithm in the regional air pollution forecast model, DEOM, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5475-5488, doi:10.5194/acp-9-5475- 2009, 2009.
35. Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. I., and Geron, C.: Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3181-3210, doi:10.5194/acp-6- 3181-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 44197400)
36. Hamill, T. M., Whitaker, J. S., and Snyder, C.: Distance-dependent filtering of background error covariance estimates in an ensemble Kalman filter, Mon. Weather Rev., 129, 2776-2790, 2001. (Pubitemid 33079980)
37. Hanea, R. G., Velders, G. J. M., and Heemink, A.: Data assimilation of ground-level ozone in Europe with a Kalman filter and chemistry transport, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D10302, doi:10.1029/2003JD004283, 2004. (Pubitemid 39112636)
38. Hanna, S. R., Zhigang, L., Frey C. H, Wheeler, N., Vukovich, J., Arunachalam, S., Fernau, M., and Hansen, A. D.: Uncertainties in predicted ozone concentrations due to input uncertainties for the UAM-V photochemical grid model applied to the July 1995 OTAG domain, Atmos. Environ., 35, 891-903, 2001. (Pubitemid 32170381)
39. Henne, S., Brunner, D., Folini, D., Solberg, S., Klausen, J., and Buchmann, B.: Assessment of parameters describing representativeness of air quality in-situ measurement sites, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3561-3581, doi:10.5194/acp-10-3561-2010, 2010.
40. Hollingsworth, A. and Lönnberg, P.: The statistical structure of short-range forecast errors as determined from radiosonde data, Part I: The wind field, Tellus A, 38A, 111-136, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0870.1986.tb00460.x, 1986.
41. Honoré, C., Rouil, L., Vautard, R., Beekmann, M., Bessagnet, B., Dufour, A., Elichegaray, C., Flaud, J.-M., Malherbe, L., Meleux, F., Menut, L., Martin, D., Peuch, A., Peuch, V.-H., and Poisson, N.: Predictability of European air quality : Assessment of 3 years of operational forecasts and analyses by the PREV'AIR system, J. Geophys. Res., D113, D04301, doi:10.1029/2007JD008761, 2008.
42. Hollingsworth, A., Engelen, R. J., Textor, C., Benedetti, A., Boucher, O., Chevallier, F., Dethof, A., Elbern, H., Eskes, H., Flemming, J., Granier, C., Kaiser, J.W., Morcrette, J.-J., Rayner, P., Peuch, V.-H., Rouil, L., Schultz, M. G., Simmons, A. J., and the GEMS Consortium: Toward a monitoring and forecasting system for atmospheric composition: The GEMS Project", B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 89, 1147-1164, 2008.
43. Houtekamer, P. L. and Mitchell, H. L.: Data assimilation using an Ensemble Kalman Filter technique, Mon. Weather Rev., 126, 796-811, 1998. (Pubitemid 128581567)
44. Houtekamer, P. L. and Mitchell, H. L.: A Sequential Ensemble Kalman Filter for Atmospheric Data Assimilation, Mon.Weather Rev., 129, 123-137, 2001. (Pubitemid 32180439)
45. Huijnen, V., Eskes, H. J., Poupkou, A., Elbern, H., Boersma, K. F., Foret, G., Sofiev, M., Valdebenito, A., Flemming, J., Stein, O., Gross, A., Robertson, L., D'Isidoro, M., Kioutsioukis, I., Friese, E., Amstrup, B., Bergstrom, R., Strunk, A., Vira, J., Zyryanov, D., Maurizi, A., Melas, D., Peuch, V.-H., and Zerefos, C.: Comparison of OMI NO2 tropospheric columns with an ensemble of global and European regional air quality models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3273-3296, doi:10.5194/acp-10-3273-2010, 2010.
46. Hunt, B. R., Kostelich, E. J., and Szunyogh, I.: Efficient data assimilation for spatiotemporal chaos: A local ensemble transform Kalman filter, Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, 230, 112-126, 2007. (Pubitemid 46776911)
47. Hunter, J. D.: Matplotlib: A 2D Graphics Environment, Comput. Sci. Eng., 9, 90-95, doi:10.1109/MCSE.2007.55, 2007. (Pubitemid 46646874)
48. Jaumouillé, E., Massart, S., Piacentini, A., Cariolle, D., and Peuch, V.-H.: Impact of a time-dependent background error covariance matrix on air quality analysis, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 1075- 1090, doi:10.5194/gmd-5-1075- 2012, 2012.
49. Joly, M. and Peuch, V.-H.: Objective classification of air quality monitoring sites over Europe, Atmos. Environ., 47, 111-123, 2012.
50. Kinnison, D. E., Brasseur, G. P., Walters, S., Garcia, R. R., Marsh, D. R., Sassi, F., Harvey, V. L., Randall, C. E., Emmons, L., Lamarque, J. F., Hess, P., Orlando, J. J., Tie, X. X., Randel, W., Pan, L. L., Gettelman, A., Granier, C., Diehl, T., Niemeier, U., and Simmons, A. J.: Sensitivity of chemical tracers to meteorological parameters in the MOZART-3 chemical transport model, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D20302, doi:10.1029/2006JD007879, 2007. (Pubitemid 350285723)
51. Kukkonen, J., Olsson, T., Schultz, D. M., Baklanov, A., Klein, T., Miranda, A. I., Monteiro, A., Hirtl, M., Tarvainen, V., Boy, M., Peuch, V.-H., Poupkou, A., Kioutsioukis, I., Finardi, S., Sofiev, M., Sokhi, R., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Karatzas, K., San José, R., Astitha, M., Kallos, G., Schaap, M., Reimer, E., Jakobs, H., and Eben, K.: A review of operational, regional-scale, chemical weather forecasting models in Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1-87, doi:10.5194/acp-12-1-2012, 2012.
52. Li, H., Kalnay, E., Miyoshi, T. and Danforth, C. M.: Accounting for model errors in ensemble data assimilation, Mon. Weather Rev., 137, 3407-3419, 2009a.
53. Li, H., Kalnay, E., and Miyoshi, T.: Simultaneous estimation of covariance inflation and observation errors within an ensemble Kalman filter, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 135, 523-533, 2009b.
54. Mallet, V. and Sportisse, B.: Ensemble-based air quality forecasts: A multimodel approach applied to ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D18302, doi:10.1029/2005JD006675, 2006.
55. Massart, S., Piacentini, A., and Pannekoucke, O.: Importance of using ensemble estimated background error covariances for the quality of atmospheric ozone analyses, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 138, 889-905, 2012.
56. Menut, L., Bessagnet, B., Khvorostyanov, D., Beekmann, M., Blond, N., Colette, A., Coll, I., Curci, G., Foret, G., Hodzic, A., Mailler, S., Meleux, F., Monge, J.-L., Pison, I., Siour, G., Turquety, S., Valari, M., Vautard, R., and Vivanco, M. G.: CHIMERE 2013: a model for regional atmospheric composition modelling, Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 981-1028, doi:10.5194/gmd- 6-981-2013, 2013.
57. Miyazaki, K.,Eskes, H. J., Sudo, K., Takigawa, M., van Weele, M., and Boersma, K. F.: Simultaneous assimilation of satellite NO2, O3, CO, and HNO3 data for the analysis of tropospheric chemical composition and emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 9545- 9579, doi:10.5194/acp-12-9545-2012, 2012.
58. Rouil, L., Honore, C., Vautard, R., Beekmann, M., Bessagnet, B., Malherbe, L., Meleux, F., Dufour, A., Elichegaray, C., Flaud, J.- M., Menut, L., Martin, D., Peuch, A., Peuch, V.-H., and Poisson, N.: PREV'AIR: An Operational Forecasting and Mapping System for Air Quality in Europe, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 90, 73-83, 2009.
59. Sakov, P. and Bertino, L.: Relation between two common localisation methods for the EnKF, Comput. Geosci., 15, 225-237, 2010.
60. Sandu, A. and Chai, T. Chemical Data Assimilation - An Overview, Atmos. Environ., 2, 426-463, 2011.
61. Schmidt, H., Derognat, C., Vautard, R., and Beekmann, M.: A comparison of simulated and observed ozone mixing ratios for the summer of 1998 in Western Europe, Atmos. Environ., 35, 6277- 6297, 2001. (Pubitemid 33070508)
62. Schwinger, J. and Elbern, H.: Chemical state estimation for the middle atmosphere by four-dimensional variational data assimilation: A posteriori validation of error statistics in observation space, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D18307-D18307, 2010.
63. Semane, N., Peuch, V.-H., Pradier, S., Desroziers, G., El Amraoui, L., Brousseau, P., Massart, S., Chapnik, B., and Peuch, A.: On the extraction of wind information from the assimilation of ozone profiles in Météo- France 4-D-Var operational NWP suite, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4855-4867, doi:10.5194/acp-9-4855-2009, 2009.
64. Solazzo, E., Bianconi, R., Vautard, R., Appel, K. W., Moran, M. D., Hogrefe, C., Bessagnet, B., Brandt, J., Christensen, J. H., Chemel, C., Coll, I., van der Gon, H. D., Ferreira, J., Forkel, R., Francis, X. V., Grell, G., Grossi, P., Hansen, A. B., Jericevic, A., Kraljevic, L., Miranda, A. I., Nopmongcol, U., Pirovano, G., Prank, M., Riccio, A., Sartelet, K. N., Schaap, M., Silver, J. D., Sokhi, R. S., Vira, J., Werhahn, J., Wolke, R., Yarwood, G., Zhang, J., Rao, S., and Galmarini, S.: Model evaluation and ensemble modelling of surface-level ozone in Europe and North America in the context of AQMEII, Atmos. Environ., 53, 60-74, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.01.003, 2012b.
65. Spangl, W., Schneider, J., Moosmann, L., and Nagl, C.: Representativeness and classification of air quality monitoring stations, Umweltbundesamt report, 2007.
66. Talagrand, O. and Courtier, P.: Variational assimilation of meteorological observations with the adjointvorticity equation. I: Theory, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 113, 1311-1328, 1987.
67. Tang, X., Zhu, J., Wang, Z. F., and Gbaguidi, A.: Improvement of ozone forecast over Beijing based on ensemble Kalman filter with simultaneous adjustment of initial conditions and emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12901-12916, doi:10.5194/acp- 11-12901-2011, 2011.
68. Tarasova, O. A., Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., Jöckel, P., Zvyagintsev, A. M., and Kuznetsov, G. I.: A climatology of surface ozone in the extra tropics: cluster analysis of observations and model results, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 6099-6117, doi:10.5194/acp-7- 6099-2007, 2007.
69. Tippett, M. K., Anderson, J. L., Bishop, C. H., Hamill, T. M., and Whitaker J. S.: Ensemble Square Root Filters, Mon. Weather Rev., 131, 1485-1490, 2003.
70. Troen, I. and Mahrt, L.: A simple model of the atmospheric boundary layer: Sensitivity to surface evaporation, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 37, 129-148, 1986.
71. Valari, M. and Menut, L.: Does an Increase in Air Quality Models Resolution Bring Surface Ozone Concentrations Closer to Reality?, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 25, 1955-1968, 2008.
72. Van Loon, M., Builtjes, P. J. H., and Segers, A. J.: Data assimilation of ozone in the atmospheric transport chemistry model LOTOS, Environ. Model. Softw., 15, 603-609, 2000. (Pubitemid 32948680)
73. Vautard, R., Builtjes, P., Thunis, P., Cuvelier, K., Bedogni, M., Bessagnet, B., Honoré, C., Moussiopoulos, N., Schaap, M., Stern, R., Tarrason, L., and van Loon, M.: Evaluation and intercomparison of Ozone and PM10 simulations by several chemistry-transport models over 4 European cities within the City-Delta project, Atmos. Environ., 41, 173-188, 2007. (Pubitemid 44872965)
74. Vautard, R., Schaap, M., Bergström, R., Bessagnet, B., Brandt, J., Builtjes, P., Christensen, J., Cuvelier, C., Foltescu, V., Graff, A., Kerschbaumer, A., Krol, M., Roberts, P., Rouil, L., Stern, R., Tarrason, L., Thunis, P., Vignati, E., and Wind, P.: Skill and uncer tainty of a regional air quality model ensemble, Atmos. Environ., 43, 4822-4832, 2009.
75. Visschedijk, A. J. H., Zandveld, P. Y. J., and Denier Van Der Gon, H. A. C.: A high resolution gridded European emission database for the EU Integrate Project GEMS, TNO, Apeldoorn, Netherlands, TNO report, 2007.
76. Whitaker, J. S. and Hamill, T. M.: Ensemble Data Assimilation without Perturbed Observations, Mon.Weather Rev., 130, 1913- 1924, 2002. (Pubitemid 34825252)
77. World Health Organization (WHO): Health aspects of air pollution with particulate matter, ozone and nitrogen dioxide, Report on a WHO Working Group, Regional Office for Europe; Bonn, Germany, EUR/03/5042688, 13-15 January 2003.
78. Wu, L., Mallet, V., Bocquet, M., and Sportisse, B.: A comparison study of data assimilation algorithms for ozone forecasts, J. Geophys. Res., 113 D20310, doi:10.1029/2008JD009991, 2008.
79. Zhang, Y., Bocquet, M., Mallet, V., Seigneur, C., and Baklanov, A.: Real-time air quality forecasting, part II: State of the science, current research needs, and future prospects, Atmos. Environ., 60, 656-676, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.041, 2012.
80. Zyryanov, D., Foret, G., Eremenko, M., Beekmann, M., Cammas, J.-P., D'Isidoro, M., Elbern, H., Flemming, J., Friese, E., Kioutsioutkis, I., Maurizi, A., Melas, D., Meleux, F., Menut, L., Moinat, P., Peuch, V.-H., Poupkou, A., Razinger, M., Schultz, M., Stein, O., Suttie, A. M., Valdebenito, A., Zerefos, C., Dufour, G., Bergametti, G., and Flaud, J.-M.: 3-D evaluation of tropospheric ozone simulations by an ensemble of regional Chemistry Transport Model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3219-3240, doi:10.5194/acp-12-3219-2012, 2012.