What physicians should know about the management of chronic hepatitis B in children: East side story

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 20, Issue 13, 2014, Pages 3582-3589

  Choe, Hun Jee ^a   Choe, Byung Ho ^b  

^a Seoul National University College of Medicine   (South Korea)

^b Kyungpook National University School of Medicine   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Diagnosis; Hepatitis B virus; Lamivudine; Natural course; Resistance; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ADEFOVIR; ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ENTECAVIR; HEPATITIS B(E) ANTIGEN; INTERFERON; LAMIVUDINE; PEGINTERFERON ALPHA; TENOFOVIR; VIRUS DNA; ANTIVIRUS AGENT;

ANTIVIRAL RESISTANCE; CHILD; CHILD CARE; DISEASE CARRIER; EDUCATION PROGRAM; HEPATITIS B; HUMAN; LIVER BIOPSY; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MEDICATION COMPLIANCE; MONITORING; PHYSICIAN; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW; SEROCONVERSION; VIRAL CLEARANCE; BIOPSY; COMPLICATION; DIAGNOSTIC ERROR; DRUG EFFECTS; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HEPATITIS B, CHRONIC; LIVER TUMOR; PEDIATRICS; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PROCEDURES; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; BIOPSY; CARCINOMA, HEPATOCELLULAR; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DIAGNOSTIC ERRORS; DRUG RESISTANCE, VIRAL; EDUCATION, MEDICAL, CONTINUING; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HEPATITIS B, CHRONIC; HUMANS; LAMIVUDINE; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER NEOPLASMS; PEDIATRICS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84897530025     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: 22192840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i13.3582     Document Type: Review

References (61)

1. Choe BH. The epidemiology and present status of chronic hepatitis B in Korean children. Korean J Pediatr 2008; 51: 696-703 [DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2008.51.7.696]
2. World Health Organization. Hepatitis B Fact Sheet No. 204 (Updated July 2013), 2013. Available from: URL: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/
3. Liu J, Fan D. Hepatitis B in China. Lancet 2007; 369: 1582-1583 [PMID: 17499584 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60723-5]
4. Ni YH, Chang MH, Wu JF, Hsu HY, Chen HL, Chen DS. Minimization of hepatitis B infection by a 25-year universal vaccination program. J Hepatol 2012; 57: 730-735 [PMID: 22668640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.05.021]
5. McMahon BJ, Alward WL, Hall DB, Heyward WL, Bender TR, Francis DP, Maynard JE. Acute hepatitis B virus infection: relation of age to the clinical expression of disease and subsequent development of the carrier state. J Infect Dis 1985; 151: 599-603 [PMID: 3973412 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/151.4.599]
6. Shapiro CN. Epidemiology of hepatitis B. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993; 12: 433-437 [PMID: 8392167 DOI: 10.1097/00006454-199 305000-00036]
7. Choe BH. Hepatitis B Vaccine: Prevention of Perinatal Infection and Management of Nonresponder. Korean J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007; 10 suppl 1: 91-100
8. Choe BH. The management and treatment of chronic hepatitis B in Korean children. Korean J Pediatr 2007; 50: 823-834 [DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2007.50.9.823]
9. Chang MH. Natural history of hepatitis B virus infection in children. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000; 15 Suppl: E16-E19 [PMID: 10921376 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2000.02096.x]
10. Wen WH, Chang MH, Hsu HY, Ni YH, Chen HL. The development of hepatocellular carcinoma among prospectively followed children with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Pediatr 2004; 144: 397-399 [PMID: 15001956 DOI: 10.1016/ j.jpeds.2003.11.022]
11. Desmet VJ. Immunopathology of chronic viral hepatitis. Hepatogastroenterology 1991; 38: 14-21 [PMID: 1902815]
12. Hsu YS, Chien RN, Yeh CT, Sheen IS, Chiou HY, Chu CM, Liaw YF. Long-term outcome after spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2002; 35: 1522-1527 [PMID: 12029639 DOI: 10.1053/ jhep.2002.33638]
13. Lok AS, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2001; 34: 1225-1241 [PMID: 11732013 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2001.29401]
14. Chang MH. Natural history and clinical management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in children. Hepatol Int 2008; 2: 28-36 [PMID: 19669296 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-008-9050-9]
15. Chang MH, Sung JL, Lee CY, Chen CJ, Chen JS, Hsu HY, Lee PI, Chen DS. Factors affecting clearance of hepatitis B e antigen in hepatitis B surface antigen carrier children. J Pediatr 1989; 115: 385-390 [PMID: 2769497 DOI: 10.1016/ S0022-3476(89)80836-4]
16. Kim Y, Baek SY, Eom JH, Chung KS. Natural History of Chronic Hepatitis B in Children. Korean J Pediatr 2004; 47: 282-289
17. Marx G, Martin SR, Chicoine JF, Alvarez F. Long-term follow-up of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in children of different ethnic origins. J Infect Dis 2002; 186: 295-301 [PMID: 12134225 DOI: 10.1086/341508]
18. Zacharakis G, Koskinas J, Kotsiou S, Pouliou E, Papoutselis M, Tzara F, Vafeiadis N, Maltezos E, Archimandritis A, Papoutselis K. Natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in children of different ethnic origins: a cohort study with up to 12 years' follow-up in northern Greece. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007; 44: 84-91 [PMID: 17204959 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpg.0000243438.47334.07]
19. Bortolotti F, Guido M, Bartolacci S, Cadrobbi P, Crivellaro C, Noventa F, Morsica G, Moriondo M, Gatta A. Chronic hepatitis B in children after e antigen seroclearance: final report of a 29-year longitudinal study. Hepatology 2006; 43: 556-562 [PMID: 16496323 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21077]
20. Hsu HY, Chang MH, Chen DS, Lee CY, Sung JL. Baseline seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in children in Taipei, 1984: a study just before mass hepatitis B vaccination program in Taiwan. J Med Virol 1986; 18: 301-307 [PMID: 2940332 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890180402]
21. Hsu HY, Chang MH, Lee CY, Chen JS, Hsu HC, Chen DS. Spontaneous loss of HBsAg in children with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 1992; 15: 382-386 [PMID: 1544619 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840150304]
22. Hong SJ, Park HJ, Chu MA, Choi BS, Choe BH. The rate of conversion from Immune-tolerant phase early immuneclearance phase in children with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2014; 17: 41-46 [DOI: 10.5223/pghn.2014.17.1.41]
23. Paganelli M, Stephenne X, Sokal EM. Chronic hepatitis B in children and adolescents. J Hepatol 2012; 57: 885-896 [PMID: 22634122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.03.036]
24. Hsu HC, Lin YH, Chang MH, Su IJ, Chen DS. Pathology of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in children: with special reference to the intrahepatic expression of hepatitis B virus antigens. Hepatology 1988; 8: 378-382 [PMID: 3356420 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840080232]
25. Bortolotti F, Calzia R, Cadrobbi P, Giacchini R, Ciravegna B, Armigliato M, Piscopo R, Realdi G. Liver cirrhosis associated with chronic hepatitis B virus infection in childhood. J Pediatr 1986; 108: 224-227 [PMID: 3944707 DOI: 10.1016/ S0022-3476(86)80987-8]
26. Hsu HC, Wu MZ, Chang MH, Su IJ, Chen DS. Childhood hepatocellular carcinoma develops exclusively in hepatitis B surface antigen carriers in three decades in Taiwan. Report of 51 cases strongly associated with rapid development of liver cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1987; 5: 260-267 [PMID: 2828461 DOI: 10.1016/S0168-8278(87)80030-2]
27. Chu CM, Hung SJ, Lin J, Tai DI, Liaw YF. Natural history of hepatitis B e antigen to antibody seroconversion in patients with normal serum aminotransferase levels. Am J Med 2004; 116: 829-834 [PMID: 15178498 DOI: 10.1016/ j.amjmed.2003.12.040]
28. Choe BH. Hepatitis B Virus: Pathogenesis, Molecular Diagnosis, and Clinical Significance of Mutation. Korean J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007; 10: 51-65
29. Hadziyannis SJ, Vassilopoulos D. Hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2001; 34: 617-624 [PMID: 11584355]
30. Kemnitz P, Moer-Lisewska I, Mania A, Michalak M, Woźniak A, Kowala-Piaskowska A, Figlerowicz M, Pohland J, Słuzewski W. Clinical importance of transcutaneous needle biopsy of the liver in children with chronic hepatitis B. Exp Clin Hep 2009; 5: OR38-OR43
31. Sokal EM, Conjeevaram HS, Roberts EA, Alvarez F, Bern EM, Goyens P, Rosenthal P, Lachaux A, Shelton M, Sarles J, Hoofnagle J. Interferon alfa therapy for chronic hepatitis B in children: a multinational randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 1998; 114: 988-995 [PMID: 9558288 DOI: 10.1016/ S0016-5085(98)70318-X]
32. Lee SY, Ko JS, Kim CJ, Jang JJ, Seo JK. Chronic HBV Infection in Children: The histopathologic classification and its correlation with clinical findings. Korean J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1998; 1: 56-78
33. Hui CK, Leung N, Yuen ST, Zhang HY, Leung KW, Lu L, Cheung SK, Wong WM, Lau GK. Natural history and disease progression in Chinese chronic hepatitis B patients in immune-tolerant phase. Hepatology 2007; 46: 395-401 [PMID: 17628874 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21724]
34. Chung WK, Han JY. Pattern of histologic progression from acute and chronic hepatitis B to cirrhosis. Korean J Hepatol 1996; 2: 134-144
35. Godra A, Jonas M, Perez-Atayde A. Histopathology of the liver in children with chronic hepatitis B. Mod Pathol 2005; 18: 346A
36. Kim BK, Kim HS, Park JY, Kim do Y, Ahn SH, Chon CY, Park YN, Han KH, Kim SU. Prospective validation of ELF test in comparison with Fibroscan and FibroTest to predict liver fibrosis in Asian subjects with chronic hepatitis B. PLoS One 2012; 7: e41964 [PMID: 22848675 DOI: 10.1371/journal. pone.0041964]
37. Hong SJ, Kim YH, Choe BH, Park HJ, Tak WY, Kweon YO. Current role of Lamivudine regarding therapeutic response and resistance in children with chronic hepatitis B. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2013; 16: 80-88 [PMID: 24010111 DOI: 10.5223/pghn.2013.16.2.80]
38. Perrillo RP. Treatment of chronic hepatitis B with interferon: experience in western countries. Semin Liver Dis 1989; 9: 240-248 [PMID: 2481342]
39. Chen CJ, Yang HI, Su J, Jen CL, You SL, Lu SN, Huang GT, Iloeje UH. Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma across a biological gradient of serum hepatitis B virus DNA level. JAMA 2006; 295: 65-73 [PMID: 16391218 DOI: 10.1001/jama.295.1.65]
40. Jonas MM, Mizerski J, Badia IB, Areias JA, Schwarz KB, Little NR, Greensmith MJ, Gardner SD, Bell MS, Sokal EM. Clinical trial of lamivudine in children with chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 1706-1713 [PMID: 12037150 DOI: 10.1001/jama.295.1.65]
41. Kobak GE, MacKenzie T, Sokol RJ, Narkewicz MR. Interferon treatment for chronic hepatitis B: enhanced response in children 5 years old or younger. J Pediatr 2004; 145: 340-345 [PMID: 15343187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.05.046]
42. Wai CT, Chu CJ, Hussain M, Lok AS. HBV genotype B is associated with better response to interferon therapy in HBeAg(+) chronic hepatitis than genotype C. Hepatology 2002; 36: 1425-1430 [PMID: 12447868 DOI: 10.1053/ jhep.2002.37139]
43. Choe BH, Ko C. Combined Therapy of Alfa-Interferon and Thymodulin on Children with Chronic Active Hepatitis B. Korean J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1998; 1: 79-89
44. Jang CH, Lee KH, Hwang WK, Oh KW, Park WS, Lee JH, Ko CW, Choe BH. The Comparison of Interferon-alpha Treatment by Dosages and Retreatment for Chronic Hepatitis B in Children. Korean J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2003; 6: 152-160
45. Choe BH, Lee JH, Jang YC, Jang CH, Oh KW, Kwon S, Hyun MC, Ko CW, Lee KS, Lee WK. Long-term therapeutic efficacy of lamivudine compared with interferon-alpha in children with chronic hepatitis B: the younger the better. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007; 44: 92-98 [PMID:17204960 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpg.0000243439.47334.4e]
46. Chu M, Cho SM, Choe BH, Cho MH, Kwon S, Lee WK. Virologic responses to add-on adefovir dipivoxil treatment versus entecavir monotherapy in children with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2012; 55: 648-652 [PMID: 22688509 DOI: 10.1097/ MPG.0b013e318262a737]
47. Liaw YF, Leung N, Guan R, Lau GK, Merican I, McCaughan G, Gane E, Kao JH, Omata M. Asian-Pacific consensus statement on the management of chronic hepatitis B: a 2005 update. Liver Int 2005; 25: 472-489 [PMID: 15910483]
48. Korean Association for the Study of the Liver. KASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of chronic hepatitis B. Clin Mol Hepatol 2012; 18: 109-162 [PMID: 22893865 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2012.18.2.109]
49. Mommeja-Marin H, Mondou E, Blum MR, Rousseau F. Serum HBV DNA as a marker of efficacy during therapy for chronic HBV infection: analysis and review of the literature. Hepatology 2003; 37: 1309-1319 [PMID: 12774009 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2003.50208]
50. Moraleda G, Saputelli J, Aldrich CE, Averett D, Condreay L, Mason WS. Lack of effect of antiviral therapy in nondividing hepatocyte cultures on the closed circular DNA of woodchuck hepatitis virus. J Virol 1997; 71: 9392-9399 [PMID: 9371599]
51. European Association For The Study Of The Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: Management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol 2012; 57: 167-185 [PMID: 22436845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.02.010]
52. Kim JM, Hong SJ, Choi BH, Chu MA, Cho SM, Choe BH. Clinical Experience with Long-term Lamivudine Therapy to- Determine the Adequate Duration of Treatment in Childrenand Adolescents with HBeAg-Negative Chronic Hepatitis B. Korean J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009; 12: 23-29
53. Kim JM, Choe BH, Chu MA, Cho SM. [Comparison of lamivudine- induced HBsAg loss rate according to age in children with chronic hepatitis B]. Korean J Hepatol 2009; 15: 168-178 [PMID: 19581769 DOI: 10.3350/kjhep.2009.15.2.168]
54. Lee EH, Jang JY, Kim KM. Efficacy of lamivudine therapy for chronic hepatitis B in children. Korean J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2008; 11: 130-136
55. Yoe S, Na SY, Yang HR, Chang JY, Ko JS, Kim BS, Kang GH, Seo JK. Incidence and risk factors of the YMDD mutation during lamivudine therapy in children with chronic hepatitis B. Proceedings of the 11th Congress of the Asian Pan-Pacific Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (APPSPGHAN); 2009 Sep 25-28; South Korea. Seoul, South Korea: APPSPGHAN, 2009: 106
56. Allen MI, Deslauriers M, Andrews CW, Tipples GA, Walters KA, Tyrrell DL, Brown N, Condreay LD. Identification and characterization of mutations in hepatitis B virus resistant to lamivudine. Lamivudine Clinical Investigation Group. Hepatology 1998; 27: 1670-1677 [PMID: 9620341]
57. Lok AS, Lai CL, Leung N, Yao GB, Cui ZY, Schiff ER, Dienstag JL, Heathcote EJ, Little NR, Griffiths DA, Gardner SD, Castiglia M. Long-term safety of lamivudine treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 2003; 125: 1714-1722 [PMID: 14724824]
58. Sokal EM, Kelly DA, Mizerski J, Badia IB, Areias JA, Schwarz KB, Vegnente A, Little NR, Gardener SD, Jonas MM. Long-term lamivudine therapy for children with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2006; 43: 225-232 [PMID: 16440364 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21020]
59. Hong SJ, Choe BH. Strategy to Overcome Drug Resistance That Develops during Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B in Children. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2012; 15: 63-73 [DOI: 10.5223/pghn.2012.15.2.63]
60. Kamezaki H, Kanda T, Arai M, Wu S, Nakamoto S, Chiba T, Maruyama H, Fujiwara K, Kanai F, Imazeki F, Nomura F, Yokosuka O. Adherence to medication is a more important contributor to viral breakthrough in chronic hepatitis B patients treated with entecavir than in those with Lamivudine. Int J Med Sci 2013; 10: 567-574 [PMID: 23533048 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.5795]
61. Yuen MF, Sablon E, Hui CK, Yuan HJ, Decraemer H, Lai CL. Factors associated with hepatitis B virus DNA breakthrough in patients receiving prolonged lamivudine therapy. Hepatology 2001; 34: 785-791 [PMID: 11584376]