Relationship between urbanization and CO2 emissions depends on income level and policy

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 48, Issue 7, 2014, Pages 3632-3639

  Ponce De Leon Barido, Diego ^a   Marshall, Julian D ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON DIOXIDE; ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFECTS; ELASTICITY; EMISSION CONTROL; ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS;

ELASTICITY VALUES; ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDICES; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; GLOBAL POPULATION; KYOTO PROTOCOL; LOCAL CONTEXTS; RANDOM EFFECTS MODEL; STATISTICAL MODELING;

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION;

CARBON DIOXIDE;

CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBON EMISSION; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; GLOBAL CHANGE; NUMERICAL MODEL; PANEL DATA; TEMPORAL PERIOD; URBANIZATION;

AFRICA; ARTICLE; CARBON FOOTPRINT; CONTROLLED STUDY; ELASTICITY; ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING; EUROPE; GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT; HUMAN; INCOME; INDIA; NAMED INVENTORIES, QUESTIONNAIRES AND RATING SCALES; POPULATION GROWTH; SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA; STATISTICAL MODEL; URBAN AREA; URBANIZATION; YALE ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDEX; AGRICULTURE; AIR POLLUTANT; ECONOMICS; GEOGRAPHY; STATISTICS;

AFRICA; EUROPE; INDIA; LATIN AMERICA;

AGRICULTURE; AIR POLLUTANTS; CARBON DIOXIDE; ELASTICITY; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; GEOGRAPHY; INCOME; STATISTICS AS TOPIC; URBANIZATION;

EID: 84897477307     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: 15205851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/es405117n     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. United States Agency for International Development. http://www.usaid.gov/ press/frontlines/fl-mar05/.
2. United Nations Human Settlement Program. http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/ listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=2562.
3. Seto, K.; Sanchez, R.; Fragkias, M the new geography of contemporary urbanization and the environment Annu. Rev. Env. Resour. 2010, 35, 167-194
4. Bloom, D. E.; Canning, D.; Fink, G. Urbanization and the wealth of nations Science 2008, 319, 772-775 (Pubitemid 351225835)
5. Charles, S.; Jin-Hsia, L. Urban concentration and sectoral income distribution J. Dev. Areas 1986, 20, 357-368
6. Glaeser, E. Cities, productivity, and quality of life Science 2011, 333, 592-594
7. United Nations Human Settlement Program. http://www.unhabitat.org/ content.asp?cid=3397&catid=7&typeid=46&subMenuId=0.
8. Rydin, Y.; Bleahu, A.; Davies, M.; Davila, J.; Friel, S.; De Grandis, G. Shaping cities for health: Complexity and the planning of urban environments in the 21st century Lancet 2012, 379, 2079-2108
9. Satterthwaite, D the Scale Of Urban Change Worldwide 1950-2000 and Its Underpinnings; International Institute for Environment and Development Press: London, U.K., 2005.
10. Marshall, J. D. Energy-efficient urban form Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 3133-3137
11. Growing Cooler: The Evidence on Urban Development and Climate Change; Report; Urban Land Institute: Chicago, 2007; http://postcarboncities.net/files/ SGA-GrowingCooler9-18-07small.pdf.
12. McGranahan, G. Urban Environments, Wealth and Health: Shifting Burdens and Possible Responses in Low and Middle Income Nations; International Institute for Environment and Development Press: London, U.K., 2007.
13. Bettencourt, L. M.; Lobo, J.; Helbing, D. C.; Kuhnert, G. B. Growth, innovation, scaling, and the pace of life in cities Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2006, 104, 7301-7306
14. Batty, M the size, scale, and shape of cities Science 2008, 369, 769-771 (Pubitemid 351225833)
15. The World Bank World Development Indicators. http://data.worldbank.org/ data-catalog/world-development-indicators
16. The Energy Information Association. http://www.eia.gov/emeu/ international/carbondioxide.html
17. The World Bank. http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications.
18. Zagheni, E the leverage of demographic dynamics on carbon dioxide emissions: Does age structure matter? Demography 2011, 48, 371-399
19. York, R.; Rosa, E. A.; Dietz, T. Footprints on the Earth: The environmental consequences of modernity Am. Sociol. Rev. 2003, 68, 279-300 (Pubitemid 36696075)
20. Yale University Environmental Performance Index. http://epi.yale.edu/.
21. Clark, S. T.; Linzer, A. D. Should I Use Fixed or Random Effects? Department of Political Science, Emory University: Atlanta, GA. http://userwww.service.emory.edu/tclark7/randomeffects.pdf.
22. The World Bank: World Development Indicators. http://data.worldbank.org/ data-catalog/world-development-indicator.
23. The Energy Information Administration: International Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Carbon Intensity. http://www.eia.gov/emeu/international/ carbondioxide.html.
24. United Nations-Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2011 Revision Methodology, 2012.
25. Glaeser, E.; Edward, L.; Khan, M the greenness of cities: carbon dioxide emissions and urban development J. Urban Econ. 2008, 67, 404-418
26. Liddle, B. Demographic dynamics and per capita environmental impact: using panel regressions and household decompositions to examine population and transport Popul. Environ. 2004, 26, 23-29
27. Energy-Smart Food for People and Climate. Issue Paper; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome, Italy, 2011; http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2454e/i2454e00.pdf.
28. Gaigne, C.; Riou, S.; Thisse, J. F. Are compact cities environmentally friendly? J. Urban Econ. 2012, 72, 123-136
29. Khan, E. M. Urban growth and climate change Annu. Rev. Resour. Econ. 2009, 1, 333-349
30. Population Density and Efficiency in Energy Consumption: An Empirical Analysis of Service Establishments. Issue Paper; Research Institute of Economy, Trade, and Industry: Tokyo, Japan, 2011. http://www.rieti.go.jp/jp/publications/ dp/11e058.pdf.
31. United Nations Human Settlement Program. http://www.unhabitat.org/ content.asp?cid=3397&catid=7&typeid=46&subMenuId=0.
32. Satterthwaite, D the implications of population growth and urbanization for climate change Environ. Urban 2009, 21, 545-567
33. Henderson, V. Urbanization in developing countries World Bank Res. Obs. 2012, 17, 89-112
34. Henderson, V. How Urban Concentration Affects Economic Growth. Policy Research Working Paper 2326; World Bank, Infrastructure and Environment, Development Research, 1999; 2326.
35. United Nations Human Settlement Program WEBSITE; http://www.unhabitat. org/categories.asp?catid=555
36. Sperling, D. Climate and Transportation Solutions: Findings from the 2009 Asilomar Conference on Transportation and Energy Policy; Institute of Transportation Studies: UC Davis, 2009.
37. World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). http://www.wbcsd.org/plugins/DocSearch/details.asp?type=DocDet&ObjectId=NjA.
38. Statistical Yearbook of Asia and the Pacific. http://www.unescap.org/ publications/detail.asp?id=1515.
39. Asian Development Bank Transport and Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Forecasts, Options Analysis, and Evaluation Sustainable Development Working Papers 2009, 2071-9450
40. Carbon Emissions, Climate Change, and Impacts in Indias Cities. http://www.idfc.com/pdf/report/Chapter-21.pdf.
41. Global Metropolitan Studies. http://metrostudies.berkeley.edu/.
42. The African Development Bank. http://www.afdb.org/en/blogs/afdb- championing-inclusive-growth-across-africa/post/urbanization-in-africa-10143/.
43. Aghedo, A. M. A review of African emissions and air quality: the need for a detailed regional inventory; Max Planck Institute for Metereology: Hamburg, Germany. http://www.ddrn.dk/filer/forum/File/african-emissions-and-AQM-network- 2.pdf.
44. Stern, D. I the rise and fall of the environmental Kuznets curve World Dev. 2004, 32, 1419-1439 (Pubitemid 38964623)
45. Stern, D. I.; Common, M. S. Economic growth and environmental degradation: The environmental Kuznets curve and sustainable development World Dev. 1996, 24, 1151-1160
46. Exploring the Carbon Kuznets Hypothesis. Issue Paper; Oxford Institute for Energy Studies: Oxford, U.K., 2004. www.oxfordclimatepolicy.org/ publications/documents/EV34.pdf.
47. Cervero, R.; Murakami, J. Effects of built environments on vehicle miles traveled: Evidence from 370 US urbanized areas Environ. Plann. A 2010, 42, 400-418
48. 2 emissions in the Asia Pacific Asia Pac. Viewp. 2007, 48, 355-377 (Pubitemid 350066551)
49. 2 emissions: Evidence from developing countries Ecol. Econ. 2011, 70, 1344-1353
50. ONeill, B. C.; Dalton, M.; Fuchs, R.; Leiwen, J.; Pachauri, S.; Zigova, K. Global demographic trends and future carbon emissions Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2010, 107, 1-6
51. Poumanyvong, P.; Kaneko, S.; Dhakal, S. Impacts of urbanization on national transport and road energy use: Evidence from low, middle and high-income countries Energ. Policy 2012, 46, 268-277
52. 2 emissions: A nonparametric approach J. Public Econ. 2006, 90, 1347-1363 (Pubitemid 44294029)
53. Heinonen, J.; Junnila, S. Implications of urban structure on carbon consumption in metropolitan areas Environ. Res. Lett. 2011, 6, 1-8
54. Heinonen, J.; Jalas, M.; Juntunen, J. Situated lifestyles: I. How lifestyles change along with the level of urbanization and what the greenhouse gas implications are-a study of Finland Environ. Res. Lett. 2013, 8, 1-13
55. Peters, G. P. From production-based to consumption-based national emission inventories Ecol. Econ. 2008, 65, 13-23
56. Ramaswami, A.; Hillman, T.; Janson, B. A demand-centered, hybrid life-cycle methodology for city-scale greenhouse gas inventories Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 6455-6136
57. 2 emission trends in developing countries differ from historic trends in the United States J. Environ. Dev. 2005, 14, 125-148 (Pubitemid 40345582)
58. 2 emissions using continuous measurements and high resolution meteorology. American Geophysical Union. 2010, Fall Meeting 2010, abstract #A13F-0280.
59. Rosa, E. A.; Dietz, T. Human drivers of national greenhouse gas emissions Nat. Clim. Change 2012, 2, 581-586
60. Shi, A the impact of population pressure on global carbon dioxide emissions, 1975-1996: Evidence from pooled cross-country data Ecol. Econ. 2003, 44, 29-42 (Pubitemid 36264240)
61. 2 emissions? A cross-country analysis Ecol. Econ. 2010, 70, 434-444
62. 2 emissions using the STIRPAT model Environ. Impact Asses. 2006, 26, 377-395
63. Cole, M. A.; Neumayer, E. Examining the impact of demographic factors on air pollution Popul. Environ. 2004, 26, 5-21 (Pubitemid 39174503)
64. York, R.; Rosa, E. A.; Dietz, T. STIRPAT, IPAT and ImPACT: Analytic tools for unpacking the driving forces of environmental impacts Ecol. Econ. 2003, 46, 351-365 (Pubitemid 37496572)