Revisiting the digital divide in Canada: The impact of demographic factors on access to the internet, level of online activity, and social networking site usage

Information Communication and Society

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 503-519

  Haight, Michael ^a   Quan Haase, Anabel ^a   Corbett, Bradley A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

Author keywords

digital divide; digital inequality; level of online activity; social media; social networking sites

Indexed keywords

EID: 84897464643     PISSN: 1369118X     EISSN: 14684462     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2014.891633     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Alkalimat, A., & Williams, K. (2001). Social capital and cyberpower in the African-American community: A case study of a community technology centre in the dual city. In L. Keeble & B. D. Loader (Eds.), Community informatics: Shaping computer-mediated social networks (pp. 177-204). London: Routledge.
2. Attewell, P. (2001). The first and second digital divides. Sociology of Education, 74(3), 252-259. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2673277 doi: 10.2307/2673277
3. Barth, M., & Veit, D. J. (2011, February). How digital divide affects public e-services: The role of migration background. Paper presented at the meeting of Wirtschaftinformatik, Zurich. Retrieved from http://aisel.aisnet.org/wi2011/118
4. Beunte, W., & Robbin, A. (2008). Trends in internet information behavior 2000-2004. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 59(11), 1743-1760. doi:10.1002/asi.20883 doi: 10.1002/asi.20883
5. Bimber, B. (2000). Measuring the gender gap on the internet. Social Science Quarterly, 81(3), 868-876. Retrieved from http://www.dleg.state.mi.us/mpsc/electric/workgroups/lowincome/internet_gender_gap.pdf
6. Chen, W. (2013). The implications of social capital for the digital divides in America. The Information Society, 29(1), 13-25. doi:10.1080/01972243.2012.739265 doi: 10.1080/01972243.2012.739265
7. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. (2010). Immigration overview: Permanent and temporary residents. Ottawa: Government of Canada. Retrieved from www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/statistics/facts2010/permanent/01.asp
8. City of Toronto. (2006). Toronto's racial diversity. Retrieved from City of Toronto website http://www.toronto.ca/toronto_facts/diversity.htm
9. Collins, J. L., & Wellman, B. (2010). Small town in the internet society: Chapleau is no longer an island. American Behavioral Scientist, 53(9), 1344-1366. doi:10.1177/0002764210361689 doi: 10.1177/0002764210361689
10. van Deursen, A., & van Dijk, J. (2010). Internet skills and the digital divide. New Media & Society, 13(6), 893-911. doi:10.1177/1461444810386774 doi: 10.1177/1461444810386774
11. DiMaggio, P., & Bonikowski, B. (2008). Make money surfing the web? The impact of Internet use on the earnings of US workers. American Sociological Review, 73(2), 227-250. doi:10.1177/000312240807300203 doi: 10.1177/000312240807300203
12. DiMaggio, P., & Hargittai, E. (2001). From the 'digital divide to 'digital inequality': Studying internet use as penetration increases (Working Paper #15). Retrieved from Princeton University website https://www.princeton.edu/~artspol/workpap/WP15%20%20DiMaggio%2BHargittai.pdf
13. Duggan, M. (2013). It's a woman's (social media) world. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/09/12/its-a-womans-social-media-world/
14. Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook 'friends': Social capital and college students' use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143-1168. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x doi: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x
15. Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2011). Connection strategies: Social capital implications of Facebook-enabled communication practices. New Media and Society, 16(6), 873-892. doi:10.1177/1461444810385389 doi: 10.1177/1461444810385389
16. Epstein, D., Nisbet, E. C., & Gillespie, T. (2011). Who's responsible for the digital divide? Public perceptions and policy implications. The Information Society, 27(2), 92-104. doi:10.1080/01972243.2011.548695 doi: 10.1080/01972243.2011.548695
17. Eshet-Alkalai, Y. (2004). Digital literacy: A conceptual framework for survival skills in the digital era. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 13(1), 93-106. Retrieved from http://leadidf.edu.haifa.ac.il/files/final-test-articles/2013/9-Digital-literacy-JEMH.pdf
18. Eurostat. (2011). Internet access and use in 2011: Almost a quarter of persons aged 16-74 in the EU27 have never used the internet. Luxembourg: Eurostat Press Office. Retrieved from http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_STAT-11-188_en.htm
19. Facebook. (2013). Newsroom: Key facts. Retrieved from http://newsroom.fb.com/Key-Facts
20. Fallows, D. (2005). How women and men use the internet. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2005/How-Women-and-Men-Use-the-Internet.aspx
21. Fox, S. (2004). Older Americans and the internet. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2004/Older-Americans-and-the-Internet.aspx
22. Frank, K. A., Zhao, Y., & Borman, K. (2004). Social capital and the diffusion of innovations within organizations: The case of computer technology in schools. Sociology of Education, 77, 148-171. doi:10.1177/003804070407700203 doi: 10.1177/003804070407700203
23. Goldin, C., & Katz, L. (2008). The race between education and technology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
24. Gross, E. F. (2004). Adolescent Internet use: What we expect, what teens report. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 25(6), 633-649. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2004.09.005 doi: 10.1016/j.appdev.2004.09.005
25. Hale, T. M., Cotten, S. R., Drentea, P., & Goldner, M. (2010). Rural-urban differences in general and health-related internet use. American Behavioral Scientist, 53(9), 1304-1325. doi:10.1177/0002764210361685 doi: 10.1177/0002764210361685
26. Hargittai, E. (2002). Second-level digital divide: Differences in people's online skills. First Monday, 7(4). doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5210%2Ffm.v7i4.942 doi: 10.5210/fm.v7i4.942
27. Hargittai, E. (2010). Digital na(t)ives? Variation in internet skills and uses among members of the 'net generation'. Sociological Inquiry, 80(1), 92-113. doi:10.1111/j.1475-682X.2009.00317.x doi: 10.1111/j.1475-682X.2009.00317.x
28. Hargittai, E., & Hinnant, A. (2008). Digital inequality: Differences in young adults' use of the internet. Communication Research, 35(5), 602-621. doi:10.1177/0093650208321782 doi: 10.1177/0093650208321782
29. Hargittai, E., & Hsieh, Y. P. (2010). Predictors and consequences of differentiated social network site uses. Information, Communication and Society, 13(4), 515-536. doi:10.1080/13691181003639866 doi: 10.1080/13691181003639866
30. Hargittai, E., & Hsieh, Y. P. (2012). Succinct survey measures of web-use skills. Social Science Computer Review, 30(1), 95-107. doi:10.1177/0894439310397146 doi: 10.1177/0894439310397146
31. Hoffman, D. L., Novak, T. P., & Venkatesh, A. (2004). Has the internet become indispensable? Empirical findings and model development. Communications of the ACM, 47(7), 37-42. doi:10.1.1.94.4505 doi: 10.1145/1005817.1005818
32. Horrigan, J. (2009). Home broadband adoption 2009 report: Broadband, mobile, communities. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2009/10-Home-Broadband-Adoption-2009.aspx
33. Howard, P. N., Busch, L., & Sheets, P. (2010). Comparing digital divides: Internet access and social inequality in Canada and the United States. Canadian Journal of Communication, 35(1), 109-128. Retrieved from http://www.cjc-online.ca/index.php/journal/article/view/2192
34. Illinois General Assembly. (2000). An act to eliminate the digital divide. Springfield: State of Illinois. Retrieved from http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs5.asp?ActID=574&ChapterID=7
35. Jones, B. R., & Flannigan, S. L. (2006). Connecting the digital dots: Literacy of the 21st century. EDUCAUSE Quarterly, 29(2), 8-10. Retrieved from http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/eqm0621.pdf
36. Katz, J. E., & Aspden, P. (1997). Motives, hurdles and dropouts: Who is on the internet and why? Communications of the ACM, 40(4), 97-102. doi:10.1145/248448.248464 doi: 10.1145/248448.248464
37. Katz, J. E., & Rice, R. E. (2002). Social consequences of Internet use: Access, involvement, and interaction. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
38. Kayahara, J., Wellman, B., Boase, J., Hogan, B., & Kennedy, T. (2005). Canadians, culture, and computers. Ottawa: Heritage Canada. Retrieved from http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellman/publications/canadians_culture_and_computers/canadians_culture_and_computers.pdf
39. Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukophadhyay, T., & Scherlis, W. (1998). Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?. American psychologist, 53(9), 1017. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.53.9.1017
40. Livingstone, S., Bober, M., & Helsper, E. (2005). Internet literacy among children and young people: Findings from the UK Children Go Online project. London: LSE Research Online. Retrieved from http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/399/
41. Madden, M. (2006). Internet penetration and impact. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2006/Internet-Penetration-and-Impact.aspx
42. McKeown, L., Noce, A., & Czerny, P. (2007). Factors associated with internet use: Does rurality matter? Ottawa: Statistics Canada. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/21-006-x/21-006-x2007003-eng.htm
43. Norris, P. (2001). Digital divide: Civic engagement, information poverty, and the internet worldwide. New York: Cambridge University Press.
44. Ono, H., & Zavodny, M. (2003). Gender and the internet. Social Science Quarterly, 84(1), 111-121. doi:10.1111/1540-6237.t01-1-8401007 doi: 10.1111/1540-6237.t01-1-8401007
45. Ono, H., & Zavodny, M. (2007). Digital inequality: A five country comparison using microdata. Social Science Research, 36(3), 1135-1155. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2006.09.001 doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2006.09.001
46. Ono, H., & Zavodny, M. (2008). Immigrants, English ability and the digital divide. Social Forces, 86(4), 1455-1479. doi:10.1353/sof.0.0052 doi: 10.1353/sof.0.0052
47. Papastergiou, M., & Solomonidou, C. (2005). Gender issues in Internet access and favourite Internet activities among Greek high school pupils inside and outside school. Computers & Education, 44(4), 377-393. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2004.04.002 doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2004.04.002
48. Pew Research Center. (2013). What internet users do online. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from http://pewinternet.org/Trend-Data-(Adults)/Online-Activites-Total.aspx
49. Quan-Haase, A. (2013). Technology and society: Inequality, power, and social networks. Don Mills: Oxford University Press.
50. Quan-Haase, A., & Wellman, B. (2004). How does the internet affect social capital? In M. Huysman & V. Wulf (Eds.), Social capital and information technology (pp. 151-176). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
51. Statistics Canada. (2009). Urban areas (UA). Ottawa: Government of Canada. Retrieved from http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/ref/dict/geo049-eng.cfm
52. Stevenson, S. (2009). Digital divide: A discursive move away from the real inequities. The Information Society, 25(1), 1-22. doi:10.1080/01972240802587539 doi: 10.1080/01972240802587539
53. Teo, T. S. (2001). Demographic and motivation variables associated with Internet usage activities. Internet Research, 11(2), 125-137. doi:10.1108/10662240110695089 doi: 10.1108/10662240110695089
54. Tumblr. (2013). Tumblr at a glance. Retrieved from http://www.tumblr.com/about
55. Twitter. (2013). Celebrating #Twitter7. Retrieved from https://blog.twitter.com/2013/celebrating-twitter7
56. Veenhof, B., Wellman, B., Quell, C., & Hogan, B. (2008). How Canadians' use of the internet affects social life and civic participation. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/56f0004m/56f0004m2008016-eng.htm
57. Vehovar, V., Sicherl, P., Husing, T., & Dolnicar, V. (2006). Methodological challenges of digital divide measurements. The Information Society, 22, 279-290. doi:10.1080/01972240600904076 doi: 10.1080/01972240600904076
58. Wasserman, I., & Richmond-Abbott, M. (2005). Gender and the internet: Causes of variation in access, level, and scope of use. Social Science Quarterly, 86(1), 252-270. doi:10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00301.x doi: 10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00301.x
59. Wellman, B., Quan-Haase, A., Witte, J., & Hampton, K. (2001). Does the internet increase, decrease, or supplement social capital? Social networks, participation, and community commitment. American Behavioral Scientist, 45(3), 436-455. doi:10.1177/00027640121957286 doi: 10.1177/00027640121957286
60. Witte, J. C., & Mannon, S. E. (2009). The internet and social inequalities. New York: Routledge.
61. Zickuhr, K. (2013). Who's not online and why. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2013/Non-internet-users.aspx
62. Zickuhr, K., & Smith, A. (2012). Digital differences. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from http://pewinternet.org/~/media/Files/Reports/2012/PIP_Digital_differences_041312.pdf