Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography for surgical repair of mitral regurgitation

Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography

Volumn 27, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 345-366

  Sidebotham, David Andrew ^a   Allen, Sara Jane ^a   Gerber, Ivor L ^a   Fayers, Trevor ^b  

^a AUCKLAND CITY HOSPITAL   (New Zealand)

^b Holy Spirit Northside Private Hospital Australia   (Australia)

Author keywords

Cardiac surgery; Intraoperative; Mitral valve repair; TEE; Transesophageal echocardiography

Indexed keywords

CHORDA TENDINEA; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; ENDOCARDITIS; HEART FUNCTION; HEART PAPILLARY MUSCLE; HUMAN; INTRAOPERATIVE PERIOD; MITRAL VALVE; MITRAL VALVE REGURGITATION; MITRAL VALVE REPAIR; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW; RHEUMATIC DISEASE; RUPTURE; SURGICAL ANATOMY; THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGING; TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; COMPUTER ASSISTED SURGERY; ECHOGRAPHY; IMAGE ENHANCEMENT; MITRAL ANNULOPLASTY; MITRAL VALVE INSUFFICIENCY; PATIENT MONITORING; PATIENT SELECTION; PROCEDURES;

ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, TRANSESOPHAGEAL; HUMANS; IMAGE ENHANCEMENT; MITRAL VALVE ANNULOPLASTY; MITRAL VALVE INSUFFICIENCY; MONITORING, INTRAOPERATIVE; PATIENT SELECTION; SURGERY, COMPUTER-ASSISTED;

EID: 84897438330     PISSN: 08947317     EISSN: 10976795     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2014.01.005     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. J.S. Gammie, S. Sheng, B.P. Griffith, E.D. Peterson, J.S. Rankin, and S.M. O'Brien et al. Trends in mitral valve surgery in the United States: results from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Cardiac Surgery Database Ann Thorac Surg 87 2009 1431 1437
2. V. Badhwar, E.D. Peterson, J.P. Jacobs, X. He, J.M. Brennan, and S.M. O'Brien et al. Longitudinal outcome of isolated mitral repair in older patients: results from 14,604 procedures performed from 1991 to 2007 Ann Thorac Surg 94 2012 1870 1879
3. J. Shuhaiber, and R.J. Anderson Meta-analysis of clinical outcomes following surgical mitral valve repair or replacement Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 31 2007 267 275
4. Practice guidelines for perioperative transesophageal echocardiography. A report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists Task Force on Transesophageal Echocardiography Anesthesiology 84 1996 986 1006
5. Practice guidelines for perioperative transesophageal echocardiography. An updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists Task Force on Transesophageal Echocardiography Anesthesiology 112 2010 1084 1096
6. J.J. Silbiger, and R. Bazaz Contemporary insights into the functional anatomy of the mitral valve Am Heart J 158 2009 887 895
7. M. Padala, R.A. Hutchison, L.R. Croft, J.H. Jimenez, R.C. Gorman, and J.H. Gorman III et al. Saddle shape of the mitral annulus reduces systolic strains on the P2 segment of the posterior mitral leaflet Ann Thorac Surg 88 2009 1499 1504
8. I.S. Salgo, J.H. Gorman III, R.C. Gorman, B.M. Jackson, F.W. Bowen, and T. Plappert et al. Effect of annular shape on leaflet curvature in reducing mitral leaflet stress Circulation 106 2002 711 717
9. J.J. Silbiger Anatomy, mechanics, and pathophysiology of the mitral annulus Am Heart J 164 2012 163 176
10. J. Grewal, R. Suri, S. Mankad, A. Tanaka, D.W. Mahoney, and H.V. Schaff et al. Mitral annular dynamics in myxomatous valve disease: new insights with real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography Circulation 121 2010 1423 1431
11. M. Shanks, V. Delgado, A.C. Ng, F. van der Kley, J.D. Schuijf, and E. Boersma et al. Mitral valve morphology assessment: three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography versus computed tomography Ann Thorac Surg 90 2010 1922 1929
12. A.F. Carpentier, A. Lessana, J.Y. Relland, E. Belli, S. Mihaileanu, and A.J. Berrebi et al. The "physio-ring": an advanced concept in mitral valve annuloplasty Ann Thorac Surg 60 1995 1177 1185
13. M. Enriquez-Sarano, C.W. Akins, and A. Vahanian Mitral regurgitation Lancet 373 2009 1382 1394
14. V. Gupta, J.E. Barzilla, J.S. Mendez, E.H. Stephens, E.L. Lee, and C.D. Collard et al. Abundance and location of proteoglycans and hyaluronan within normal and myxomatous mitral valves Cardiovasc Pathol 18 2009 191 197
15. R.I. Han, A. Black, G. Culshaw, A.T. French, and B.M. Corcoran Structural and cellular changes in canine myxomatous mitral valve disease: an image analysis study J Heart Valve Dis 19 2010 60 70
16. A.C. Anyanwu, and D.H. Adams Etiologic classification of degenerative mitral valve disease: Barlow's disease and fibroelastic deficiency Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 19 2007 90 96
17. D.H. Adams, and A.C. Anyanwu Seeking a higher standard for degenerative mitral valve repair: begin with etiology J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 136 2008 551 556
18. M.J. Eriksson, C.Y. Bitkover, A.S. Omran, T.E. David, J. Ivanov, and M.J. Ali et al. Mitral annular disjunction in advanced myxomatous mitral valve disease: echocardiographic detection and surgical correction J Am Soc Echocardiogr 18 2005 1014 1022
19. S. Chandra, I.S. Salgo, L. Sugeng, L. Weinert, W. Tsang, and M. Takeuchi et al. Characterization of degenerative mitral valve disease using morphologic analysis of real-time three-dimensional echocardiographic images: objective insight into complexity and planning of mitral valve repair Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 4 2011 24 32
20. M.M. Levack, A.S. Jassar, E.K. Shang, M. Vergnat, Y.J. Woo, and M.A. Acker et al. Three-dimensional echocardiographic analysis of mitral annular dynamics: implication for annuloplasty selection Circulation 126 2012 S183 S188
21. T.E. David, J. Ivanov, S. Armstrong, D. Christie, and H. Rakowski A comparison of outcomes of mitral valve repair for degenerative disease with posterior, anterior, and bileaflet prolapse J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 130 2005 1242 1249
22. D. Mohty, T.A. Orszulak, H.V. Schaff, J.F. Avierinos, J.A. Tajik, and M. Enriquez-Sarano Very long-term survival and durability of mitral valve repair for mitral valve prolapse Circulation 104 2001 I1 I7
23. D.R. Johnston, A.M. Gillinov, E.H. Blackstone, B. Griffin, W. Stewart, and J.F. Sabik III et al. Surgical repair of posterior mitral valve prolapse: implications for guidelines and percutaneous repair Ann Thorac Surg 89 2010 1385 1394
24. T. Mihaljevic, C.M. Jarrett, A.M. Gillinov, S.J. Williams, P.A. DeVilliers, and W.J. Stewart et al. Robotic repair of posterior mitral valve prolapse versus conventional approaches: potential realized J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 141 2011 72 80
25. J. Seeburger, M.A. Borger, N. Doll, T. Walther, J. Passage, and V. Falk et al. Comparison of outcomes of minimally invasive mitral valve surgery for posterior, anterior and bileaflet prolapse Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 36 2009 532 538
26. J.G. Castillo, A.C. Anyanwu, V. Fuster, and D.H. Adams A near 100% repair rate for mitral valve prolapse is achievable in a reference center: implications for future guidelines J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 144 2012 308 312
27. Y. Otsuji, R.A. Levine, M. Takeuchi, R. Sakata, and C. Tei Mechanism of ischemic mitral regurgitation J Cardiol 51 2008 145 156
28. S. He, A.A. Fontaine, E. Schwammenthal, A.P. Yoganathan, and R.A. Levine Integrated mechanism for functional mitral regurgitation: leaflet restriction versus coapting force: in vitro studies Circulation 96 1997 1826 1834
29. T. Kumanohoso, Y. Otsuji, S. Yoshifuku, K. Matsukida, C. Koriyama, and A. Kisanuki et al. Mechanism of higher incidence of ischemic mitral regurgitation in patients with inferior myocardial infarction: quantitative analysis of left ventricular and mitral valve geometry in 103 patients with prior myocardial infarction J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 125 2003 135 143
30. J.H. Gorman III, B.M. Jackson, R.C. Gorman, S.T. Kelley, N. Gikakis, and L.H. Edmunds Jr. Papillary muscle discoordination rather than increased annular area facilitates mitral regurgitation after acute posterior myocardial infarction Circulation 96 1997 II-124 II-127
31. J.H. Gorman III, R.C. Gorman, T. Plappert, B.M. Jackson, Y. Hiramatsu, and M.G. St John-Sutton et al. Infarct size and location determine development of mitral regurgitation in the sheep model J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 115 1998 615 622
32. O. Nass, H. Rosman, N. al-Khaled, H. Shimoyama, M. Alam, and H.N. Sabbah et al. Relation of left ventricular chamber shape in patients with low (< or = 40%) ejection fraction to severity of functional mitral regurgitation Am J Cardiol 76 1995 402 404
33. S.F. Yiu, M. Enriquez-Sarano, C. Tribouilloy, J.B. Seward, and A.J. Tajik Determinants of the degree of functional mitral regurgitation in patients with systolic left ventricular dysfunction: a quantitative clinical study Circulation 102 2000 1400 1406
34. M. Vergnat, A.S. Jassar, B.M. Jackson, L.P. Ryan, T.J. Eperjesi, and A.M. Pouch et al. Ischemic mitral regurgitation: a quantitative three-dimensional echocardiographic analysis Ann Thorac Surg 91 2011 157 164
35. H.A. Vohra, R.N. Whistance, A. Magan, S.A. Sadeque, and S.A. Livesey Mitral valve repair for severe mitral regurgitation secondary to lone atrial fibrillation Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 42 2012 634 637
36. V. Kongsaerepong, M. Shiota, A.M. Gillinov, J.M. Song, S. Fukuda, and P.M. McCarthy et al. Echocardiographic predictors of successful versus unsuccessful mitral valve repair in ischemic mitral regurgitation Am J Cardiol 98 2006 504 508
37. L.S. Lee, M.H. Kwon, M. Cevasco, J.D. Schmitto, S.A. Mokashi, and S. McGurk et al. Postoperative recurrence of mitral regurgitation after annuloplasty for functional mitral regurgitation Ann Thorac Surg 94 2012 1211 1216
38. M.A. Acker, M.K. Parides, L.P. Perrault, A.J. Moskowitz, A.C. Gelijns, and P. Voisine et al. Mitral-valve repair versus replacement for severe ischemic mitral regurgitation N Engl J Med 370 2014 23 32
39. A. Ciarka, J. Braun, V. Delgado, M. Versteegh, E. Boersma, and R. Klautz et al. Predictors of mitral regurgitation recurrence in patients with heart failure undergoing mitral valve annuloplasty Am J Cardiol 106 2010 395 401
40. S.K. Choudhary, S. Talwar, B. Dubey, A. Chopra, A. Saxena, and A.S. Kumar Mitral valve repair in a predominantly rheumatic population. Long-term results Tex Heart Inst J 28 2001 8 15
41. S. Chauvaud, J.F. Fuzellier, A. Berrebi, A. Deloche, J.N. Fabiani, and A. Carpentier Long-term (29 years) results of reconstructive surgery in rheumatic mitral valve insufficiency Circulation 104 2001 I12 I15
42. C. Gao, C. Xiao, and B. Li Mitral valve aneurysm with infective endocarditis Ann Thorac Surg 78 2004 2171 2173
43. S. Tewari, N. Moorthy, and N. Sinha Ruptured mitral valve aneurysm: an uncommon cause of acute dyspnoea Echocardiography 27 2010 E119 E121
44. P.S. Wong, H. Yang, and L.H. Ling Severe mitral regurgitation caused by annular abscess fistulating into the left atrium Heart 91 2005 790
45. B. Iung, J. Rousseau-Paziaud, B. Cormier, E. Garbarz, O. Fondard, and E. Brochet et al. Contemporary results of mitral valve repair for infective endocarditis J Am Coll Cardiol 43 2004 386 392
46. D. Zhu, R. Bryant, J. Heinle, and M.R. Nihill Isolated cleft of the mitral valve: clinical spectrum and course Tex Heart Inst J 36 2009 553 556
47. C.A. Wyss, F. Enseleit, B. van der Loo, J. Grunenfelder, E.N. Oechslin, and R. Jenni Isolated cleft in the posterior mitral valve leaflet: a congenital form of mitral regurgitation Clin Cardiol 32 2009 553 560
48. K.P. McCarthy, L. Ring, and B.S. Rana Anatomy of the mitral valve: understanding the mitral valve complex in mitral regurgitation Eur J Echocardiogr 11 2010 i3 i9
49. Q. Chen, M.J. Darlymple-Hay, C. Alexiou, S.K. Ohri, M.P. Haw, and S.A. Livesey et al. Mitral valve surgery for acute papillary muscle rupture following myocardial infarction J Heart Valve Dis 11 2002 27 31
50. A. Russo, R.M. Suri, F. Grigioni, V.L. Roger, J.K. Oh, and D.W. Mahoney et al. Clinical outcome after surgical correction of mitral regurgitation due to papillary muscle rupture Circulation 118 2008 1528 1534
51. R.T. Hahn, T. Abraham, M.S. Adams, C.J. Bruce, K.E. Glas, and R.M. Lang et al. Guidelines for performing a comprehensive transesophageal echocardiographic examination: recommendations from the american society of echocardiography and the society of cardiovascular anesthesiologists J Am Soc Echocardiogr 26 2013 921 964
52. P. Biaggi, S. Jedrzkiewicz, C. Gruner, M. Meineri, J. Karski, and A. Vegas et al. Quantification of mitral valve anatomy by three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in mitral valve prolapse predicts surgical anatomy and the complexity of mitral valve repair J Am Soc Echocardiogr 25 2012 758 765
53. G.P. Foster, E.M. Isselbacher, G.A. Rose, D.F. Torchiana, C.W. Akins, and M.H. Picard Accurate localization of mitral regurgitant defects using multiplane transesophageal echocardiography Ann Thorac Surg 65 1998 1025 1031
54. A.S. Lambert, J.P. Miller, S.H. Merrick, N.B. Schiller, E. Foster, and I. Muhiudeen-Russell et al. Improved evaluation of the location and mechanism of mitral valve regurgitation with a systematic transesophageal echocardiography examination Anesth Analg 88 1999 1205 1212
55. A. Maslow, C. Schwartz, and A. Bert Pro: single-plane echocardiography provides an accurate and adequate examination of the native mitral valve J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 16 2002 508 514
56. B.A. Bollen, H. He Luo, J.H. Oury, D.S. Rubenson, R.M. Savage, and C.M. Duran Case 4-2000: a systematic approach to intraoperative transesophageal echocardiographic evaluation of the mitral valve apparatus with anatomic correlation J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 14 2000 330 338
57. F. Mahmood, P.E. Hess, R. Matyal, G.B. Mackensen, A. Wang, and A. Qazi et al. Echocardiographic anatomy of the mitral valve: a critical appraisal of 2-dimensional imaging protocols with a 3-dimensional perspective J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 26 2012 777 784
58. M.D. Hien, H. Rauch, A. Lichtenberg, R. De Simone, M. Weimer, and O.A. Ponta et al. Real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography: improvements in intraoperative mitral valve imaging Anesth Analg 116 2013 287 295
59. S. Ben Zekry, S.F. Nagueh, S.H. Little, M.A. Quinones, M.L. McCulloch, and S. Karanbir et al. Comparative accuracy of two- and three-dimensional transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in identifying mitral valve pathology in patients undergoing mitral valve repair: initial observations J Am Soc Echocardiogr 24 2011 1079 1085
60. R.M. Lang, L.P. Badano, W. Tsang, D.H. Adams, E. Agricola, and T. Buck et al. EAE/ASE recommendations for image acquisition and display using three-dimensional echocardiography J Am Soc Echocardiogr 25 2012 3 46
61. T. Aybek, M. Doss, U. Abdel-Rahman, A. Simon, A. Miskovic, and P.S. Risteski et al. Echocardiographic assessment in minimally invasive mitral valve surgery Med Sci Monit 11 2005 27 32
62. Y. Wang, C.Q. Gao, G. Wang, and J.L. Wang Transesophageal echocardiography guided cannulation for peripheral cardiopulmonary bypass during robotic cardiac surgery Chin Med J 125 2012 3236 3239
63. I. Caldarera, L.A. Van Herwerden, M.A. Taams, E. Bos, and J.R. Roelandt Multiplane transoesophageal echocardiography and morphology of regurgitant mitral valves in surgical repair Eur Heart J 16 1995 999 1006
64. P.M. Shah, and A.A. Raney Echocardiography in mitral regurgitation with relevance to valve surgery J Am Soc Echocardiogr 24 2011 1086 1091
65. L.A. Pierard, and B.A. Carabello Ischaemic mitral regurgitation: pathophysiology, outcomes and the conundrum of treatment Eur Heart J 31 2010 2996 3005
66. J.J. Silbiger Mechanistic insights into ischemic mitral regurgitation: echocardiographic and surgical implications J Am Soc Echocardiogr 24 2011 707 719
67. A.P. Lee, M. Acker, S.H. Kubo, S.F. Bolling, S.W. Park, and C.J. Bruce et al. Mechanisms of recurrent functional mitral regurgitation after mitral valve repair in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy: importance of distal anterior leaflet tethering Circulation 119 2009 2606 2614
68. W.A. Zoghbi, M. Enriquez-Sarano, E. Foster, P.A. Grayburn, C.D. Kraft, and R.A. Levine et al. Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography J Am Soc Echocardiogr 16 2003 777 802
69. P. Lancellotti, L. Moura, L.A. Pierard, E. Agricola, B.A. Popescu, and C. Tribouilloy et al. European Association of Echocardiography recommendations for the assessment of valvular regurgitation. Part 2: mitral and tricuspid regurgitation (native valve disease) Eur J Echocardiogr 11 2010 307 332
70. A. Vahanian, O. Alfieri, F. Andreotti, M.J. Antunes, G. Baron-Esquivias, and H. Baumgartner et al. Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012): the Joint Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) Eur Heart J 33 2012 2451 2496
71. M. Pu, D.L. Prior, X. Fan, C.R. Asher, C. Vasquez, and B.P. Griffin et al. Calculation of mitral regurgitant orifice area with use of a simplified proximal convergence method: initial clinical application J Am Soc Echocardiogr 14 2001 180 185
72. X. Zeng, R.A. Levine, L. Hua, E.L. Morris, Y. Kang, and M. Flaherty et al. Diagnostic value of vena contracta area in the quantification of mitral regurgitation severity by color Doppler 3D echocardiography Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 4 2011 506 513
73. K.S. Grewal, M.J. Malkowski, A.R. Piracha, J.C. Astbury, C.M. Kramer, and S. Dianzumba et al. Effect of general anesthesia on the severity of mitral regurgitation by transesophageal echocardiography Am J Cardiol 85 2000 199 203
74. J.H. Chin, E.H. Lee, D.K. Choi, and I.C. Choi The effect of depth of anesthesia on the severity of mitral regurgitation as measured by transesophageal echocardiography J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 26 2012 994 998
75. E. Schwammenthal, C. Chen, F. Benning, M. Block, G. Breithardt, and R.A. Levine Dynamics of mitral regurgitant flow and orifice area. Physiologic application of the proximal flow convergence method: clinical data and experimental testing Circulation 90 1994 307 322
76. J. Hung, Y. Otsuji, M.D. Handschumacher, E. Schwammenthal, and R.A. Levine Mechanism of dynamic regurgitant orifice area variation in functional mitral regurgitation: physiologic insights from the proximal flow convergence technique J Am Coll Cardiol 33 1999 538 545
77. P.A. Grayburn, N.J. Weissman, and J.L. Zamorano Quantitation of mitral regurgitation Circulation 126 2012 2005 2017
78. P. Kahlert, B. Plicht, I.M. Schenk, R.A. Janosi, R. Erbel, and T. Buck Direct assessment of size and shape of noncircular vena contracta area in functional versus organic mitral regurgitation using real-time three-dimensional echocardiography J Am Soc Echocardiogr 21 2008 912 921
79. N.A. Marsan, J.J. Westenberg, C. Ypenburg, V. Delgado, R.J. van Bommel, and S.D. Roes et al. Quantification of functional mitral regurgitation by real-time 3D echocardiography: comparison with 3D velocity-encoded cardiac magnetic resonance JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2 2009 1245 1252
80. P. Lancellotti, P. Troisfontaines, A.C. Toussaint, and L.A. Pierard Prognostic importance of exercise-induced changes in mitral regurgitation in patients with chronic ischemic left ventricular dysfunction Circulation 108 2003 1713 1717
81. D.H. Adams, R. Rosenhek, and V. Falk Degenerative mitral valve regurgitation: best practice revolution Eur Heart J 31 2010 1958 1966
82. S. Verma, and T.G. Mesana Mitral-valve repair for mitral-valve prolapse N Engl J Med 361 2009 2261 2269
83. P. Perier, W. Hohenberger, F. Lakew, G. Batz, P. Urbanski, and M. Zacher et al. Toward a new paradigm for the reconstruction of posterior leaflet prolapse: midterm results of the "respect rather than resect" approach Ann Thorac Surg 86 2008 718 725
84. M.A. Meyer, L.K. von Segesser, M. Hurni, F. Stumpe, K. Eisa, and P. Ruchat Long-term outcome after mitral valve repair: a risk factor analysis Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 32 2007 301 307
85. R.M. Suri, H.V. Schaff, J.A. Dearani, T.M. Sundt III, R.C. Daly, and C.J. Mullany et al. Survival advantage and improved durability of mitral repair for leaflet prolapse subsets in the current era Ann Thorac Surg 82 2006 819 826
86. S. Aubert, and C. Acar Gaping cleft or commissure-an under-rated cause of residual mitral insufficiency following valve repair: case reports J Heart Valve Dis 18 2009 290 291
87. A.K. Riegel, R. Busch, S. Segal, J.A. Fox, H.K. Eltzschig, and S.K. Shernan Evaluation of transmitral pressure gradients in the intraoperative echocardiographic diagnosis of mitral stenosis after mitral valve repair PLoS One 6 2011 e26559
88. M. Ibrahim, C. Rao, H. Ashrafian, U. Chaudhry, A. Darzi, and T. Athanasiou Modern management of systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 41 2012 1260 1270
89. S. He, J. Hopmeyer, X.P. Lefebvre, E. Schwammenthal, A.P. Yoganathan, and R.A. Levine Importance of leaflet elongation in causing systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve J Heart Valve Dis 6 1997 149 159
90. P.M. Shah, and A.A. Raney Echocardiographic correlates of left ventricular outflow obstruction and systolic anterior motion following mitral valve repair J Heart Valve Dis 10 2001 302 306
91. K.S. Lee, W.J. Stewart, R.M. Savage, F.D. Loop, and D.M. Cosgrove III Systolic anterior motion of mitral valve after the posterior leaflet sliding advancement procedure Ann Thorac Surg 57 1994 1338 1340
92. A.D. Maslow, M.M. Regan, J.M. Haering, R.G. Johnson, and R.A. Levine Echocardiographic predictors of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve after mitral valve reconstruction for myxomatous valve disease J Am Coll Cardiol 34 1999 2096 2104
93. R.L. Quigley Prevention of systolic anterior motion after repair of the severely myxomatous mitral valve with an anterior leaflet valvuloplasty Ann Thorac Surg 80 2005 179 182
94. A.A. Raney, P.M. Shah, and C.I. Joyo The "Pomeroy procedure": a new method to correct post-mitral valve repair systolic anterior motion J Heart Valve Dis 10 2001 307 311
95. P. Perier, B. Clausnizer, and K. Mistarz Carpentier "sliding leaflet" technique for repair of the mitral valve: early results Ann Thorac Surg 57 1994 383 386
96. R. Varghese, A.C. Anyanwu, S. Itagaki, F. Milla, J. Castillo, and D.H. Adams Management of systolic anterior motion after mitral valve repair: an algorithm J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 143 2012 S2 S7
97. G. Crescenzi, G. Landoni, A. Zangrillo, F. Guarracino, C. Rosica, and G. La Canna et al. Management and decision-making strategy for systolic anterior motion after mitral valve repair J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 137 2009 320 325
98. A.M. Grande, A. Fiore, M. Massetti, and M. Vigano Iatrogenic circumflex coronary lesion in mitral valve surgery: case report and review of the literature Tex Heart Inst J 35 2008 179 183