Glyphosate and its degradation product AMPA occur frequently and widely in U.S. soils, surface water, groundwater, and precipitation

Journal of the American Water Resources Association

Volumn 50, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 275-290

  Battaglin, W A ^a   Meyer, M T ^b   Kuivila, K M ^a   Dietze, J E ^a  

^a U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

^b US Geological Survey Kansas Water Science Center   (United States)

Author keywords

AMPA; Glyphosate; Groundwater; Precipitation; Surface water; Water quality

Indexed keywords

DEGRADATION; GROUNDWATER; LAKES; MIXTURES; PRECIPITATION (CHEMICAL); QUALITY ASSURANCE; SOIL MOISTURE; SURFACE WATERS; WATER QUALITY;

AMINOMETHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID; AMPA; COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT; DEGRADATION PRODUCTS; ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RISKS; ENVIRONMENTAL OCCURRENCE; GENETICALLY MODIFIED; GLYPHOSATES;

HERBICIDES;

CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); CROP PLANT; DEGRADATION; ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL RISK; GLYPHOSATE; POLLUTION EXPOSURE; PRECIPITATION (CLIMATOLOGY); SURFACE WATER; WATER POLLUTION; WATER QUALITY;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 84897396908     PISSN: 1093474X     EISSN: 17521688     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12159     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Aspelin, A.L., 1997. Pesticide Industry Sales and Usage: 1994 and 1995 Market Estimates. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs. EPA-733-R-97-002, 35 pp.
2. Baker, N.T., W.W. Stone, J.T. Wilson, and M.T. Meyer, 2006. Occurrence and Transport of Agricultural Chemicals in Leary Weber Ditch Basin, Hancock County, Indiana, 2003-04. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5251, 44 pp.
3. Battaglin, W.A., D.W. Kolpin, E.A. Scribner, K.M. Kuivila, and M.W. Sandstrom, 2005. Glyphosate, Other Herbicides, and Transformation Products in Midwestern Streams, 2002. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 41(2):323-332.
4. Battaglin, W.A., K.C. Rice, M.J. Focazio, S. Salmons, and R.X. Barry, 2009. The Occurrence of Glyphosate, Atrazine, and Other Pesticides in Vernal Pools and Adjacent Streams in Washington, DC, MarylIowa, and Wyoming, 2005-2006. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 155:281-307.
5. Benachour, N. and G.E. Seralini, 2009. Glyphosate Formulations Induce Apoptosis and Necrosis in Human Umbilical, Embryonic, and Placental Cells. Chemical Research in Toxicology 22:97-105.
6. ® on Human Embryonic and Placental Cells. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 53:126-133.
7. Benbrook, C.M., 2012. Impacts of Genetically Engineered Crops on Pesticide Use in the U.S.-the First Sixteen Years. Environmental Sciences. Europe 24:24, doi: 10.1186/2190-4715-24-24
8. Bergstrom, L., E. Borjesson, and J. Stenstrom, 2011. Laboratory and Lysimeter Studies of Glyphosate and Aminomethylphosphonic Acid in a Sand and a Clay Soil. Journal of Environmental Quality 40:98-108.
9. Blanchoud, H., E. Moreau-Guigon, F. Farrugia, M. Chevreuil, and J.M. Mouchel, 2007. Contribution by Urban and Agricultural Pesticide Uses to Water Contamination at the Scale of the Marne Watershed. Science of the Total Environment 375:168-179.
10. Borggaard, O.K. and A.L. Gimsing, 2008. Fate of Glyphosate in Soil and the Possibility of Leaching to Ground and Surface Waters: A Review. Pest Management Science 64:441-456.
11. Botta, F., G. Lavison, G. Couturier, F. Alliot, E. Moreau-Guigon, N. Fachon, B. Guery, M. Chevreuil, and H. Blanchoud, 2009. Transfer of Glyphosate and Its Degradate AMPA to Surface Waters through Urban Sewerage Systems. Chemosphere 77:133-139.
12. Brausch, J.M., B. Beall, and P.N. Smith, 2007. Acute and Sub-Lethal Toxicity of Three POEA Surfactant Formulations to Daphnia Magna. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 78:510-514.
13. Bringolf, R.B., W.G. Cope, S. Mosher, M.C. Barnhart, and D. Shea, 2007. Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Glyphosate Compounds to Glochidia and Juveniles of Lampsilis Siliquoidea (Unionidae). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 26(10):2094-2100.
14. Busse, M.D., A.W. Ratcliff, C.J. Stestak, and R.F. Powers, 2010. Glyphosate Toxicity and the Effects of Long-Term Vegetation Control on Soil Microbial Communities. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 33:1777-1789.
15. Byer, J.D., J. Struger, P. Klawunn, A. Todd, and E. Sverko, 2008. Low Cost Monitoring of Glyphosate in Surface Waters Using the ELISA Method: An Evaluation. Environmental Science and Technology 42:6052-6057.
16. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, 2012. Scientific Criteria Document for the Development of the Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life: Glyphosate. PN 1469, ISBN 978-1-896997-83-4 PDF, 68 pp.
17. Cauble, K. and R.S. Wagner, 2005. Sublethal Effects of Herbicide Glyphosate on Amphibian Metamorphosis and Development. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 75:429-435.
18. Cerdeira, A.L. and S.O. Duke, 2006. The Current Status and Environmental Impacts of Glyphosate-Resistant Crops: A Review. Journal of Environmental Quality 35:1633-1658.
19. Chang, F., M.F. Simcik, and P.D. Capel, 2011. Occurrence and Fate of the Herbicide Glyphosate and Its Degradate Aminomethylphosphonic Acid in the Atmosphere. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 30(3):548-555.
20. Coupe, R.H., S.J. Kalkhoff, P.D. Capel, and C. Gregoire, 2012. Fate and Transport of Glyphosate and Aminomethylphosphonic Acid in Surface Waters of Agricultural Basins. Pest Management Science 68(1):16-30.
21. Dallegrave, E., F.D. Mantese, R.S. Coelho, J.D. Pereira, P.R. Dalsenter, and A. Langeloh, 2003. The Teratogenic Potential of the Herbicide Glyphosate-Roundup in Wistar Rats. Toxicology Letters 142:45-52.
22. Dallegrave, E., F.D. Mantese, R.T. Oliveira, A.J.M. Andrade, P.R. Dalsenter, and A. Langeloh, 2007. Pre- and Postnatal Toxicity of the Commercial Glyphosate Formulation in Wistar Rats. Archives of Toxicology 81(9):665-673.
23. Daruich, J., F. Zirulnik, and M.S. Gimenez, 2001. Effect of the Herbicide Glyphosate on Enzymatic Activity in Pregnant Rats and Their Foetuses. Environmental Research 85(3):226-231.
24. Dill, G.M., C.A. CaJacob, and S.R. Padgette, 2008. Current and Future Glyphosate-Resistant Crops: Adoption, Use and Future Considerations. Pest Management Science 64(4):326-331.
25. Dinehart, S.K., L.M. Smith, S.T. McMurry, T.A. Anderson, P.N. Smith, and D.A. Haukos, 2009. Toxicity of a Glufosinate and Several Glyphosate-Based Herbicides to Juvenile Amphibians from the Southern High Plains, USA. Science of the Total Environment 407:1065-1071.
26. Donaldson, D., T. Kiely, and A. Grube, 2002. Pesticide Industry Sales and Usage: 1998 and 1999 Market Estimates. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs. EPA-733-R-02-001, 33 pp.
27. Duke, S.O. and S.B. Powles, 2008. Mini-Review Glyphosate: A Once-in-a-Century Herbicide. Pest Management Science 64:319-325.
28. ® on Two Life Stages of Four Anuran Amphibian Species. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23(4):815-822.
29. FAO, 1997. Pesticide Residues in Food-1997-Aminomethylphosphonic Acid (AMPA). FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticides Residues and the WHO Core Assessment Group. http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v097pr04.htm, accessed January 2013.
30. Franz, J.E., M.K. Mao, and J.A. Sikorski, 1997. Glyphosate: A Unique Global Herbicide. ACS Monograph 189, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.163-175.
31. Gahl, M., B.D. Pauli, and J.E. Houlahan, 2011. Effects of Chytrid Fungus and a Glyphosate-Based Herbicide on Survival and Growth of Wood Frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus). Ecological Applications 21(7):2521-2529.
32. Gianessi, L., 2008. Economic Impacts of Glyphosate-Resistant Crops. Pest Management Science 64(4):346-352.
33. Gianessi, L. and N. Reigner, 2006. Pesticide Use in US Crop Production 2002-with Comparison to 1992 and 1997. CropLife Foundation, Washington, D.C.
34. Gianessi, L. and S. Sankula, 2003. The Value of Herbicides in U.S. Crop Production. National Center for Food & Agricultural Policy, Washington, D.C. http://croplifefoundation.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/herbicide-benefits-2003-full.pdf, accessed December 2012.
35. ® Herbicide. Reviews of Environmental Contaminant Toxicology 167:35-120.
36. Gilliom, R.J., J.E. Barbash, C.G. Crawford, P.A. Hamilton, J.D. Martin, N. Nakagaki, L.H. Nowel, J.C. Scott, P.E. Stackelberg, G.P. Thelin, and D.M. Wolock, 2006. Pesticides in the Nation's Streams and Ground Water, 1992-2001. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1291, 173 pp.
37. Goolsby, D.A., E.M. Thurman, M.L. Pomes, M.T. Meyer, and W.A. Battaglin, 1997. Herbicides and Their Metabolites in Rainfall: Origin, Transport, and Deposition Patterns Across the Midwestern and Northeastern United States, 1990-1991. Environmental Science and Technology 31(5):1325-1333.
38. Grant, S., M. Mortimer, G. Stevenson, D. Malcolm, and C. Gaus, 2011. Facilitated Transport of Dioxins in Soil Following Unintentional Release of Pesticide-Surfactant Formulations. Environmental Science and Technology 45:406-411.
39. Griesinger, L.M., S.C. Evans, and A.L. Rypstra, 2011. Effects of a Glyphosate-Based Herbicide on Mate Location in a Wolf Spider That Inhabits Agroecosystems. Chemosphere 84:1461-1466.
40. Grube, A., D. Donaldson, T. Kiely, and L. Wu, 2011. Pesticide Industry Sales and Usage: 2006 and 2007 Market Estimates. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Biological and Economic Analysis Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, 33 pp.
41. Grunewald, K., W. Schmidt, C. Unger, and G. Hanschmann, 2001. Behavior of Glyphosate and Aminomethylphosphonic Acid (AMPA) in Soils and Water of Reservoir Radeburg II Catchment (Saxony/Germany). Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 164:65-70.
42. Haigh, S.D., 1996. A Review of the Interaction of Surfactants with Organic Contaminants in Soil. Science of the Total Environment 185:161-170.
43. Haney, R.L., S.A. Senseman, F.M. Hons, and D.A. Zuberer, 2000. Effect of Glyphosate on Soil Microbial Activity and Biomass. Weed Science 48:89-93.
44. Hanke, I., I. Wittmer, S. Bischofberger, C. Stamm, and H. Singer, 2010. Relevance of Urban Glyphosate Use for Surface Water Quality. Chemosphere 81:422-429.
45. Helsel, D.R. and R.M. Hirsch, 2002. Statistical Methods in Water Resources. Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the United States Geological Survey, book 4, Hydrologic Analysis and Interpretation, chap. A3, 524 pp. http://www.practicalstats.com/aes/aesbook/files/HelselHirsch.PDF, accessed May 2008.
46. HERA, 2004. Human and Environmental Risk Assessment on Ingredients of European Household Cleaning Products-Phosphonates, 114 pp.
47. Horowitz, J., R. Ebel, and K. Ueda, 2010. "No-Till" Farming Is a Growing Practice. United States Department of Agriculture ERS, Economic Information Bulletin No. 70, 22 pp.
48. Howe, C.M., M. Berrill, B.D. Pauli, C.C. Helbing, K. Werry, and N. Veldhoen, 2004. Toxicity of Glyphosate-Based Pesticides to Four North American Frog Species. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23(8):1928-1934.
49. Jones, D.K., J.I. Hammond, and R.A. Relyea, 2010. Roundup and Amphibians: The Importance of Concentration, Application Time, and Stratification. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 29(9):2016-2025.
50. Katagi, T., 2008. Surfactant Effects on Environmental Behaviour of Pesticides. In: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, D.M. Whitacre (Editor). Springer, New York71-177.
51. Kelly, D.W., R. Poulin, D.M. Tompkins, and C.R. Townsend, 2010. Synergistic Effects of Glyphosate Formulation and Parasite Infection on Fish Malformations and Survival. Journal of Applied Ecology 47(2):498-504.
52. Kiely, T., D. Donaldson, and A. Grube, 2004. Pesticide Industry Sales and Usage: 2000 and 2001 Market Estimates. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances (7503C) EPA-733-R-04-001, 34 pp.
53. King, J.J. and R.S. Wagner, 2010. Toxic Effects of the Herbicide Roundup Regular on Pacific Northwestern Amphibians. Northwestern Naturalist 91:318-324.
54. Kolpin, D.W., D.J. Schnoebelen, and E.M. Thurman, 2004. Degradates Provide Insight to Spatial and Temporal Trends of Herbicides in Ground Water. Groundwater 42(4):601-608.
55. Kolpin, D.W., E.M. Thurman, E.A. Lee, M.T. Meyer, E.T. Furlong, and S.T. Glassmeyer, 2006. Urban Contributions of Glyphosate and Its Degradate AMPA to Streams in the United States. Science of the Total Environment 354(2-3):191-197.
56. Kolpin, D.W., E.M. Thurman, and S.M. Linhart, 2000. Finding Minimal Herbicide Concentrations in Ground Water? Try Looking for Their Degradates. Science of the Total Environment 248(2-3):115-122.
57. Lajmanovich, R.C., M.T. Sandoval, and P.M. Peltzer, 2003. Induction of Mortality and Malformation in Scinax Nasicus Tadpoles Exposed to Glyphosate Formulations. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 70:612-618.
58. Lee, E.A., L.R. Zimmerman, B.S. Bhullar, and E.M. Thurman, 2002. Linker-Assisted Immunoassay and Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Glyphosate. Analytical Chemistry 74:4937-4943.
59. Lenkowski, J.R., G. Sanchez-Bravo, and K.A. McLaughlin, 2010. Low Concentrations of Atrazine, Glyphosate, 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid, and Triadimefon Exposure Have Diverse Effects on Xenopus laevis Organ Morphogenesis. Journal of Environmental Science 22(9):1305-1308.
60. Loos, R., G. Locoro, S. Comero, S. Contini, D. Schwesig, F. Werres, P. Balsaa, O. Gans, S. Weiss, L. Blaha, M. Bolchi, and B.M. Gawlik, 2010. Pan-European Survey on the Occurrence of Selected Polar Organic Persistent Pollutants in Ground Water. Water Research 44:4115-4126.
61. Mañas, F., L. Peralta, J. Raviolo, O. Ovando, A. Weyers, L. Ugina, C. Gonzalez, I. Larripa, and N. Gorla, 2009. Genotoxicity of AMPA, the Environmental Metabolite of Glyphosate, Accessed by the Comet Assay and Cytogenetic Tests. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 72:834-837.
62. Mann, R.M., R.V. Hyne, C.B. Choung, and S.P. Wilson, 2009. Amphibians and Agricultural Chemicals: Review of the Risks in a Complex Environment. Environmental Pollution 157:2903-2927.
63. McCarthy, K.A., D.C. Lampe, and P.D. Capel, 2011. Discrete and Continuous Water-Quality Data and Hydrologic Parameters from Seven Agricultural Watersheds in the United States, 2002-09. U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 603, 10 pp.
64. Mesnage, R., B. Bernay, and G.E. Seralini, 2012. Ethoxylated Adjuvants of Glyphosate-Based Herbicides Are Active Principles of Human Cell Toxicity. Toxicology 313(2-3):122-128.
65. Meyer, M.T., K.A. Loftin, E.A. Lee, G.H. Hinshaw, J.D. Dietze, and E.A. Scribner, 2009. Determination of Glyphosate, Its Degradation Product Aminomethlyphosphonic Acid, and Glufosinate, in Water by Isotope Dilution and Online Solid-Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry. U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, Book 5, Chap. A10, 32 pp.
66. Monsanto, 2009. Backgrounder: History of Monsanto's Glyphosate Herbicides. http://www.monsanto.com/monsanto/content/products/productivity/roundup/back_history.pdf, accessed January 2009.
67. ® to Five North American Anurans. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 78:128-133.
68. National Pesticide Information Center, 2008. Glyphosate Technical Fact Sheet. Oregon State University, National Pesticide Information Center, Corvallis, Oregon, 14 pp.
69. Nowack, B., 2003. Environmental Chemistry of Phosphonates. Water Research 37:2533-2546.
70. Owens, M.D.K., 2008. Evolved Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds and Weed Shifts: Weed Species Shifts in Glyphosate-Resistant Crops. Pest Management Science 64(4):377-387.
71. Paganelli, A., V. Gnazzo, H. Acosta, S.L. Lopez, and A.E. Carrasco, 2010. Glyphosate-Based Herbicides Produce Teratogenic Effects on Vertebrates by Impairing Retinoic Acid Signalling. Chemical Research in Toxicology 23(10):1586-1595.
72. Pesce, S., I. Batisson, C. Bardot, C. Fajon, C. Portelli, B. Montuelle, and J. Bohatier, 2009. Response of Spring and Summer Riverine Microbial Communities Following Glyphosate Exposure. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 72:1905-1912.
73. Powles, S.B., 2008. Evolved Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds Around the World: Lessons to be Learnt. Pest Management Science 64(4):360-365.
74. ® and Predatory Stress on Six Species of North American Tadpoles. Archives of Environmental Contaminant Toxicology 48:351-357.
75. ® on Aquatic and Terrestrial Amphibians. Ecological Applications 15(4):1118-1124.
76. ® on Amphibians: Predators Reduce Herbicide Mortality; Herbicides Induce Antipredator Morphology. Ecological Applications 22(2):634-647.
77. ® on Human Placental Cells and Aromatase. Environmental Health Perspectives 113(6):716-720.
78. Samsel, A. and S. Seneff, 2013. Glyphosate's Suppression of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Amino Acid Biosynthesis by the Gut Microbiome: Pathways to Modern Diseases. Entropy 15:1416-1463.
79. Sanchis, J., L. Kantiani, M. Llorca, F. Rubio, A. Ginebreda, J. Fraile, T. Garrido, and M. Farre, 2011. Determination of Glyphosate in Groundwater Samples Using an Ultrasensitive Immunoassay and Confirmation by On-Line Solid-Phase Extraction Followed by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 402(7):2335-2345.
80. Schummer, C., E. Mothiron, B.M.R. Appenzeller, A. Rizet, R. Wennig, and M. Millet, 2010. Temporal Variations of Concentrations of Currently Used Pesticides in the Atmosphere of Strasbourg, France. Environmental Pollution 158:576-584.
81. Scribner, E.A., W.A. Battaglin, J.E. Dietze, and E.M. Thurman, 2003. Reconnaissance Data for Glyphosate, Other Selected Herbicides, Their Degradation Products, and Antibiotics in 51 Streams in Nine Midwestern States, 2002. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-217, 101 pp.
82. Scribner, E.A., W.A. Battaglin, R.J. Gilliom, and M.T. Meyer, 2007. Concentrations of Glyphosate, Its Degradation Product, Aminomethylphosphonic Acid, and Glufosinate in Ground- and Surface-Water, Rainfall, and Soil Samples Collected in the United States, 2001-2006. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5122, 111 pp.
83. Skark, C., N. Zullei-Seibert, U. Schottler, and C. Schlett, 1998. The Occurrence of Glyphosate in Surface Water. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 70(1-4):93-104.
84. Stone, W.W. and J.T. Wilson, 2006. Preferential Flow Estimates to an Agricultural Tile Drain with Implications for Glyphosate Transport. Journal of Environmental Quality 35:1825-1835.
85. Struger, J., D. Thompson, B. Staznik, P. Martin, T. McDaniel, and C. Marvin, 2008. Occurrence of Glyphosate in Surface Waters of Southern Ontario. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 80:378-384.
86. U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2009. National Agricultural Statistics Service Charts and Maps for Field Crops. http://www.nass.gov/Charts_and_Maps/Field_Crops/index.asp, accessed October 2009.
87. U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2011. Pesticide Data Program Annual Summary, Calendar Year 2009. U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Marketing Service, Science and Technology Programs. http://www.ams.usgs.gov/pdp, accessed October 2011.
88. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1993. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxics Substances, EPA-738-R-93-014, 290 pp.
89. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2002. Occurrence Summary and Use Support Document for the Six-Year Review of National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Glyphosate. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, EPA-815-D-02-006190-197.
90. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009. Final List of Initial Pesticide Active Ingredients and Pesticide Inert Ingredients to be Screened under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Federal Register 74(71):17579-17585.
91. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011. Glyphosate Pesticide Tolerance. Federal Register 76(91):27268-27271.
92. ® (glyphosate formulation) Impact on the Periphyton Community and the Water Quality of Freshwater Ecosystems. Ecotoxicology 19:710-721.
93. Vereecken, H., 2005. Mobility and Leaching of Glyphosate: A Review. Pest Management Science 61:1139-1151.
94. Vogel, J.R., M.S. Majewski, and P.D. Capel, 2008. Pesticides in Rain in Four Agricultural Watersheds in the United States. Journal of Environmental Quality 37:1101-1115.
95. Wan, M.T., J.E. Rahe, and R.G. Watts, 1998. A New Technique for Determining the Sublethal Toxicity of Pesticides to the Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Glomus intraradices. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17(7):1421-1428.
96. Williams, B.K. and R.D. Semlitsch, 2010. Larval Responses of Three Midwestern Anurans to Chronic, Low-Dose Exposures of Four Herbicides. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 58:819-827.
97. Wittmer, I.K., R. Scheidegger, H. Bader, H. Singer, and C. Stamm, 2011. Loss Rates of Urban Biocides Can Exceed Those of Agricultural Pesticides. Science of the Total Environment 409:920-932.
98. Young, B.G., 2006. Changes in Herbicide Use Patterns and Production Practices Resulting from Glyphosate-Resistant Crops. Weed Technology 20:301-307.
99. Zobiole, L.H.S., R.J. Kremer, R.S. Oliveira, and J. Constantin, 2010. Glyphosate Affects Micro-Organisms in Rhizospheres of Glyphosate-Resistant Soybeans. Journal of Applied Microbiology 110:118-127.