Mineralization, U-Pb geochronology, and stable isotope geochemistry of the lower main zone of the Lorraine deposit, North-Central British Columbia: A replacement-style alkalic Cu-Au porphyry

Economic Geology

Volumn 109, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 979-1004

  Bath, Adam B ^a,d   Cooke, David R ^a   Friedman, Richard M ^b   Faure, Kevin ^c   Kamenetsky, Vadim S ^a   Tosdal, Richard M ^b   Berry, Ron F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^c GNS SCIENCE   (New Zealand)

^d CSIRO   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEPOSITS; EXPLORATORY GEOCHEMISTRY; FELDSPAR; FELDSPAR DEPOSITS; GOLD DEPOSITS; GRADING; ISOTOPES; LEAD; MICA; PYRITES; SULFIDE MINERALS; TECTONICS;

BRITISH COLUMBIA; HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATIONS; ISLAND ARC; PORPHYRY DEPOSITS; STABLE ISOTOPES; TEXTURAL ANALYSIS; U-PB GEOCHRONOLOGY; U-PB ZIRCON;

MINERALOGY;

ACCRETION; CHALCOPYRITE; COPPER; DIKE; GEOCHRONOLOGY; GOLD; HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION; ISLAND ARC; MAGMATISM; MESOZOIC; METASOMATISM; MINERALIZATION; MONZONITE; ORE DEPOSIT; STABLE ISOTOPE; TERRANE; URANIUM-LEAD DATING;

BRITISH COLUMBIA; CANADA; QUESNEL;

EID: 84897142304     PISSN: 03610128     EISSN: 15540774     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2113/econgeo.109.4.979     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Andersen, J.C.O., Rasmussen, H., Nielsen, T.F.D., and Ronsbo, J.G., 1998, The triple group and the Platinova gold and palladium reefs in the Skaergaard intrusion: Stratigraphic and petrographic relations: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 93, p. 488-509.
2. Bacon, C.R., and Lowenstern, J.B., 2005, Late Pleistocene granodiorite source for recycled zircon and phenocrysts in rhyodacite lava at Crater Lake, Oregon: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 233, p. 277-293.
3. Banks, N.G., 1982, Sulfur and copper in magma and rocks, in Titley, S.R., ed., Advances in geology of the porphyry copper deposits, southwestern North America: Tuscon, University of Arizona Press, p. 227-257.
4. Barley, M.E., Rak, P., and Wyman, D., 2002, Tectonic controls on magmatichydrothermal gold mineralization in the magmatic arcs of SE Asia: Geological Society of London Special Publication, v. 204, p. 39-47.
5. Barnes, S.J., Anderson, J.A.C., Smith, T.R., and Bagas, L., 2008, The Mordor alkaline igneous complex, central Australia: PGE-enriched disseminated sulfide layers in cumulates from a lamprophyric magma: Mineralium Deposita, v. 43, p. 641-662.
6. Bath, A.B., 2010, Geology, geochronology and alteration of the Lorraine, alkalic porphyry Cu-Au deposit, British Columbia, Canada: Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Tasmania, Australia, University of Tasmania, 299 p.
7. Bishop, S.T., Heah, T.S., Stanley, C.R., and Lang, J. R., 1995, Alkalic intrusion hosted copper-gold mineralization at the Lorraine deposit, north-central British Columbia: Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum Special Volume 46, p. 623-629.
8. Boer, R.H., and Meyer, F.M., 1994, Stable isotopic evidence for crustal contamination and desulfidation of the cupriferous Koperberg Suite, Namaqualand, South Africa: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, p. 2677-2687.
9. Bottinga, Y., and Javoy, M., 1973, Comments on oxygen isotope geothermometry: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 20, p. 250-265.
10. Bowman, J.R., Parry, W.T., Kropp, W.P., and Kruer, S.A., 1987, Chemical and isotopic evolution of the hydrothermal solutions at Bingham, Utah: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 82, p. 395-428.
11. Braxton, D.P., 2007, Boyongan and Bayugo porphyry copper-gold deposits NE Mindanao, Philippines: Geology, geochemistry and tectonic evolution: Un published Ph.D. thesis, Tasmania, Australia, University of Tasmania, 277 p.
12. Byrne, K., and Tosdal, R.M., 2014, Genesis of the Late Triassic Southwest zone breccia-hosted alkalic porphyry Cu-Au deposit, Galore Creek, British Columbia, Canada: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 109, p. 915-938.
13. Cabri, L.J., 1973, New data on phase relations in the Cu-Fe-S system: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 68, p. 443-454.
14. Cannell, J., Cooke, D.R., Walshe, J.L., and Stein, H., 2005, Geology, mineralization, alteration, and structural evolution of the El Teniente porphyry Cu-Mo deposit: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 100, p. 979-1003.
15. Cawthorn, R.G., and Meyer, F.M., 1993, Petrochemistry of the Okiep copper district basic intrusive bodies, northwestern Cape Province, South Africa: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 88, p. 590-605.
16. Charlier, B.L.A., Wilson, C.J.N., Lowenstern, J.B., Blake, S., Van Calsteren, P.W., and Davidson, J.P., 2005, Magma generation at a large, hyperactive silicic volcano (Taupo, New Zealand) revealed by U-Th and U-Pb systematics in zircons: Journal of Petrology, v. 46, p. 3-32.
17. Chen, W.P., and Brudzinski, M.R., 2001, Evidence of a large-scale remnant of subducted lithosphere beneath Fiji: Science, v. 292, p. 2475-2479.
18. Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., and Zussman, J., 1992, An introduction to the rockforming minerals: 2nd edition: Harlow, England, Longman, 696 p.
19. Devine, F.A.M., Chamberlain, C.M., Davies, A.G.S., Friedman, R., and Baxter, P., 2014, Geology and district-scale setting of tilted alkalic porphyry Cu-Au mineralization at the Lorraine deposit, British Columbia: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 109, p. 939-977.
20. Deyell, C.L., and Tosdal, R.M., 2005, Alkalic Cu-Au deposits of British Columbia: Sulfide isotope zonation as a guide to mineral exploration, Geological Fieldwork 2004: BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Paper 2005-1, p. 191-208.
21. Eadie, E.T., 1976, K-Ar and Rb-Sr geochronology of the northern Hogem batholith, B.C.: Unpublished B.Sc. thesis, Vancouver, University of British Columbia, 46 p.
22. Eggleton, R.A., and Buseck, P.R., 1980, The orthoclase-microcline inversion: A high-resolution tranmission electron microscope study and strain analysis: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 74, p. 123-133.
23. Faure, G., 1986, Principles of isotope geology: New York, John Wiley and Sons, 589 p.
24. Ferri, F., and Melville, D.M., 1994, Bedrock geology of the Germansen Landing-Manson Creek area, British Columbia (93/9, 10, 15; 94C/2): B.C. Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Bulletin 91, p. 147.
25. Ferri, F., Dudka, S., and Rees, C., 1992, Geology of the Uslika Lake area, northern Quesnel trough, B.C. (94 C/3, 4 and 5): British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Paper 1992-1, p. 127-146.
26. Ferri, F., Dudka, S., Rees, C., and Meldrum, D.G., 1993, Geology of the Aiken Lake and Oslinka River areas, northern Quesnel trough (94 C/2,3,5,6 and 12): British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Paper 1993-1, p. 109-134.
27. Frikken, P.H., Cooke, D.R., Walshe, J.L., Archibald, D., Skarmeta, J., Serrano, L., and Vargas, R., 2005, Mineralogical and isotopic zonation in the Sur-Sur tourmaline breccia, Rio Blanco-Los Bronces Cu-Mo deposit, Chile: Implications for ore genesis: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 100, p. 935-961.
28. Garnett, J.A., 1978, Geology and mineral occurrences of the southern Hogem batholith: B.C. Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Bulletin 70, p. 75.
29. Gerstenberger, H., and Haase, G., 1997, A highly effective emitter substance for mass spectrometric Pb isotope ratio determinations: Chemical Geology, v. 136, p. 309-312.
30. Giggenbach, W.F., 1992, Isotopic shifts in waters from geothermal and volcanic systems along convergent plate boundaries and their origin: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 133, p. 495-510.
31. Giroux, G., and Lindinger, L.J., 2012, Summary report on the Lorraine-Jajay property, Omenica Mining Division, B.C.: Report for Lorraine Copper Corporation, filed on www.SEDAR.com, 122 p.
32. Green, H.W., 2001, A graveyard for buoyant slabs: Science, v. 292, p. 2445-2446.
33. Hamburger, M.W., and Isacks, B.L., 1987, Deep earthquakes in the southwest Pacific: A tectonic interpretation: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 92, p. 13,841-13,854.
34. Hedenquist, J.W., Arribas, A., and Reynolds, T.J., 1998, Evolution of an intrusion-centered hydrothermal system: Far Southeast-Lepanto porphyry and epithermal Cu-Au deposits, Philippines: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 93, p. 373-404.
35. Heithersay, P.S., and Walshe, J.L., 1995, Endeavour 26 North: A porphyry copper-gold deposit in the Late Ordovician, shoshonitic Goonumbla volcanic complex, New South Wales, Australia: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 90, p. 1506-1532.
36. Jaffey, A.H., Flynn, K.F., Glendeni, L.E., Bentley, W.C., and Essling, A.M., 1971, Precision measurement of half-lives and specific activities of 235U and 238U: Physical Review C, v. 4, p. 1889-1906.
37. Jago, C.P., Tosdal, R.M., Cooke, D.R., and Harris, A.C., 2014, Vertical and lateral variation of mineralogy and chemistry in the Early Jurassic Mt. Milligan alkalic porphyry Au-Cu deposit, British Columbia, Canada: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 109, p. 1005-1033.
38. Johnston, S.T., and Borel, G.D., 2007, The odyssey of the Cache Creek terrane, Canadian Cordillera: Implications for accretionary orogens, tectonic setting of Panthalassa, the Pacific superwell, and break-up of Pangea: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 253, p. 415-428.
39. Keith, J.D., Whitney, J.A., Hattori, K., Ballantyne, G.H., Christiansen, E.H., Barr, D.L., Cannan, T.M., and Hook, C.J., 1997, The role of magmatic sulfides and mafic alkaline magmas in the Bingham and Tintic mining districts, Utah: Journal of Petrology, v. 38, p. 1679-1690.
40. Keith, J.D., Christiansen, E.H., Maughan, D.T., and Waite, K.A., 1998, The role of mafic alkaline magmas in felsic porphyry-Cu and Mo-systems: Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course Series, v. 26, p. 211-273.
41. Krogh, T.E., 1982, Improved accuracy of U-Pb zircon ages by the creation of more concordant systems using an air abrasion technique: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 46, p. 637-649.
42. Kullerud, G., and Yoder, H.S., 1959, Pyrite stability relations in the Fe-S system: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 54, p. 533-572.
43. Kullerud, G., Yund, R.A., and Moh, G.H., 1969, Phase relations in the Cu-Fe-S, Cu-Ni-S and Fe-Ni-S systems: Economic Geology Monograph 4, p. 323-343.
44. Lang, J.R., Stanley, C.R., and Thompson, J.F.H., 1994, Porphyry copper deposits related to alkalic igneous rocks in the Triassic-Jurassic arc terranes of British Columbia: Arizona Geological Society Digest, v. 20, p. 219-236.
45. Lang, J.R., Lueck, B., Mortensen, J.K., Russell, J.K., Stanley, C.R., and Thompson, J.F.H., 1995a, Triassic-Jurassic silica-undersaturated and silicasaturated alkalic intrusions in the Cordillera of British-Columbia- implications for arc magmatism: Geology, v. 23, p. 451-454.
46. Lang, J.R., Stanley, C.R., Thompson, J.F.H., and Dunne, K.P.E., 1995b, Na-K-Ca magmatic-hydrothermal alteration in alkalic porphyry Cu-Au deposit, British Columbia: Vancouver, BC, University of British Columbia, Department of Geological Sciences, Short Course Handbook 23, p. 339-366.
47. Leslie, R.A.J., 2004, Primitive shoshonites from Fiji: Mineralogy, melt inclusions and geochemistry: Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart, p. 333.
48. Lickfold, V., Cooke, D.R., Smith, S.G., and Ullrich, T.D., 2003, Endeavour copper-gold porphyry deposits, Northparkes, New South Wales: Intrusive history and fluid evolution: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 98, p. 1607-1636.
49. Logan, J.M., 2005, Alkaline magmatism and porphyry Cu-Au deposits at Galore Creek, northwestern British Columbia: B.C. Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Paper 2005-1, p. 237-248.
50. Logan, J.M., and Mihalynuk, M.G., 2005a, Regional geology and setting of the Cariboo, Bell, Springer and Northeast Porphyry Cu-Au zones at Mount Polley, south-central British Columbia: Geological Fieldwork 2004: BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Paper 2005-1, p. 249-270.
51. -2005b, Porphyry Cu-Au deposits of the Iron Mask batholith, southeastern British Columbia: Geological Fieldwork 2004: BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Paper 2005-1, p. 271-290.
52. -2014, Tectonic controls on early Mesozoic paired alkaline porphyry deposit belts (Cu-Au ± Ag-Pt-Pd-Mo) within the Canadian Cordillera: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 109, p. 827-858.
53. Ludwig, K.R., 2003, Isoplot version 3.00: A geochronological toolkit for Microsoft Excel: Berkeley, California, Berkeley University Geochronology Center, CD-ROM.
54. Maier, W.D., and Barnes, S.-J., 1999, The origin of Cu sulfide deposits in the Curaca Valley, Bahia, Brazil: Evidence from Cu, Ni, Se and platinum-group element concentrations: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 94, p. 165-183.
55. Matzel, J.E.P., Bowring, S.A., and Miller, R.B., 2006, Time scales of pluton construction at differing crustal levels: Examples from the Mount Stuart and Tenpeak intrusions, North Cascades, Washington: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 118, p. 1412-1430.
56. McInnes, B.I.A., and Cameron, E.M., 1994, Carbonated, alkaline hybridizating melts from a sub-arc environment: Mantle wedge samples from the Tabar-Lihir-Tanga-Feni arc, Papua New Guinea: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 122, p. 125-141.
57. McInnes, B.I.A., Gregoire, M., Binns, R.A., Herzig, P.M., and Hannington, M.D., 2001, Hydrous metasomatism of oceanic sub-arc mantle, Lihir, Papua New Guinea: Petrology and geochemistry of fluid-metasomatism mantle wedge xenoliths: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 188, p. 169-183.
58. Micko, J., Tosdal, R.M., Bissig, T., Chamberlain, C.M., and Simpson, K.A., 2014, Hydrothermal alteration and mineralization of the Galore Creek alkalic Cu-Au porphyry deposit, northwestern British Columbia, Canada: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 109, p. 891-914.
59. Mihalynuk, M.G., Nelson, J., and Diakow, L.J., 1994, Cache Creek terrane entrapment-oroclinal paradox within the Canadian Cordillera: Tectonics, v. 13, p. 575-595.
60. Mihalynuk, M.G., Erdmer, P., Ghent, E.D., Cordey, F., Archibald, D.A., Friedman, R.M., and Johannson, G.G., 2004, Coherent French Range blueschist: Subduction to exhumation in 2.5 m.y.?: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 116, p. 910-922.
61. Miller, J.S., Matzel, J.E.P., Miller, C.F., Burgess, S.D., and Miller, R.B., 2007, Zircon growth and recycling during the assembly of large, composite arc plutons: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 167, p. 282-299.
62. Monger, J.W.H., 1993, Canadian cordilleran tectonics-from geosynclines to crustal collage: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 30, p. 209-231.
63. Monger, J.W.H., and Price, R.A., 2000, A transect of the southern Canadian Cordillera from Vancouver to Calgary: Vancouver, Geological Survey of Canada, 170 p.
64. Morrison, G.W., 1980, Characteristics and tectonic setting of the shoshonite rock association: Lithos, v. 13, p. 97-108.
65. Mortensen, J.K., Ghosh, D.K., and Ferri, F., 1995, U-Pb geochronology of intrusive rock associated with copper-gold porphyry deposits in the Canadian Cordillera: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 46, p. 142-158.
66. Naldrett, A.J., 1989, Sulfide melts-crystallization temperatures, solubilities in silicate melts, and Fe, Ni, and Cu partitioning between basaltic magmas and olivine: Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 4, p. 5-20.
67. Nelson, J.L., and Bellefontaine, K.A., 1996, The geology and mineral deposits of north-central Quesnellia; Tezzeron Lake to Discovery Creek, central British Columbia: B.C. Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Bulletin 99, 112 p.
68. Nixon, G.T., and Peatfield, G.R., 2003, Geological setting of the Lorraine Cu-Au porphyry deposit, Duckling Creek syenite complex, north-central British Columbia: British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Open File 2003-4, p. 1-24.
69. Nixon, G.T., Archibald, D.A., and Heaman, L.M., 1993, 40Ar-39Ar and U-Pb geochronometry of the Polaris Alaskan-type complex, British Columbia: Precise timing of Quesnellia-North America interaction: Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada, Annual meeting abstracts with programs, v. 18, p. A-76.
70. Ohmoto, H., 1986, Stable isotope geochemistry of ore deposits: Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 16, p. 491-559.
71. Pass, H.E., Cooke, D.R., Davidson, G., Maas, R., Dipple, G., Rees, C., Ferreira, L., Taylor, C., and Deyell, C.L., 2014, Isotope geochemistry of the Northeast zone, Mount Polley alkalic Cu-Au-Ag porphyry deposit, British Columbia: A case for carbonate assimilation: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 109, p. 859-890.
72. Peatfield, G.R., and Nixon, G.T., 2003, Geological setting of the Lorraine alkalic Cu-Au porphyry: Lower Main zone: British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Open File 2003-4 Map 2.
73. Roddick, J.C., Loveridge, W.D., and Parrish, R.R., 1987, Precise U/Pb dating of zircon at the subnanogram Pb level: Chemical Geology, v. 66, p. 111-121.
74. Rogers, N.W., and Setterfield, T.N., 1994, Potassium and incompatible element enriched in shoshonitic lavas from the Tavua volcano, Fiji: Chemical Geology, v. 118, p. 43-62.
75. Rye, R.O., 1993, The evolution of magmatic fluids in the epithermal environment- the stable isotope perspective: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 88, p. 733-753.
76. Schaltegger, U., Brack, P., Ovtcharova, M., Peytcheva, I., Schoene, B., Stracke, A., Marocchi, M., and Bargossi, G.M., 2009, Zircon and titanite recording 1.5 million years of magma accretion, crystallization and initial cooling in a composite pluton (southern Adamello batholith, northern Italy): Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 286, p. 208-218.
77. Schiarizza, P., 2004, Geology and mineral occurences of Quesnel terrane, Kliyul Creek to Johanson Lake (94D/8, 9): B.C. Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Paper 2004-1, p. 83-100.
78. Schiarizza, P., and Tan, S.H., 2005, Geology and mineral occurences of the Quesnel terrane between the Mesilinka River and Wrede Creek (NTS 94D/8, 9), north-central British Columbia: B.C. Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Paper 2005-1, p. 109-130.
79. Seedorff, E., Dilles, J.H., Proffett, J.M., Einaudi, M.T., Zurcher, L., Stavast, W.J., Johnson, D.A., and Barton, M.D., 2005, Porphyry deposits: Characteristics and origin of hypogene features: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 100TH ANNIVERSARY VOLUME, p. 251-298.
80. Sharp, Z.D., 1990, Laser-based microanalytical method for the in situ determination of oxygen isotope ratios of silicates and oxides: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 54, p. 1353-1357.
81. Sheppard, S.M.F., 1986, Characterization and isotopic variations in natural waters: Mineralogical Society of America, Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 16, p. 165-184.
82. Sheppard, S.M.F., Nielsen, R.L., and Taylor, H.P., 1971, Hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios in mineral from porphyry copper deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 66, p. 515-542.
83. Stacey, J.S., and Kramers, J.D., 1975, Approximation of terrestrial lead isotope evolution by a 2-stage model: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 26, p. 207-221.
84. Stern, R.J., Smoot, N.C., and Rubin, M., 1984, Unzipping of the Volcano arc, Japan: Tectonophysics, v. 102, p. 153-175.
85. Sun, C.H., and Stern, R.J., 2001, Genesis of Mariana shoshonites: Contribution of the subduction component: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 106, p. 589-608.
86. Suzuoki, T., and Epstein, S., 1976, Hydrogen isotope fractionation between OH-bearing minerals and water: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 40, p. 1229-1240.
87. Taylor, R.G., 1979, Oxygen and hydrogen isotope relationships in hydrothermal mineral deposits, in Barnes, H.L., ed., Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits, third edition: New York, USA, John Wiley and Sons, p. 236-237.
88. Thirlwall, M.F., 2000, Inter-laboratory and other errors in Pb isotope analyses investigated using a 207Pb-204Pb double spike: Chemical Geology, v. 163, p. 299-322.
89. Toulmin, P., and Barton, P.B.J., 1964, A thermodynamic study of pyrite and pyrrhotite: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 28, p. 641-671.
90. van de Zedde, D.M.A., and Wortel, M.J.R., 2001, Shallow slab detachment as a transient source of heat at mid lithospheric depths: Tectonics, v. 20, p. 868-882.
91. von Quadt, A., Erni, M., Martinek, K., Moll, M., Peytcheva, I., and Heinrich, C.A., 2011, Zircon crystallization and the lifetimes of ore-forming magmatic-hydrothermal systems: Geology, v. 39, p. 731-734.
92. Wilkinson, W.J., Stevenson, R.W., and Garnett, J.A., 1976, Lorraine: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 15, p. 397-401.
93. Wilson, A.J., Cooke, D.R., and Harper, B.L., 2003, The Ridgeway gold-copper deposit: A high-grade alkalic porphyry deposit in the Lachlan fold belt, New South Wales, Australia: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 98, p. 1637-1666.
94. Wilson, A.J., Cooke, D.R., Stein, H.J., Fanning, C.M., Holliday, J.R., and Tedder, I.J., 2007, U-Pb and Re-Os geochronologic evidence for two alkalic porphyry ore-forming events in the Cadia district, New South Wales, Australia: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 102, p. 3-26.
95. Wolfe, R.C., 2001, Geology of the Dipipio region and paragenesis of the Dinkidi Cu-Au porphyry deposit: Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Tasmania, Australia, University of Tasmania, 201 p.
96. Wolfe, R.C., and Cooke, D.R., 2011, Geology of the Didipio region and genesis of the Dinkidi alkalic porphyry Cu-Au deposit and related pegmatites, northern Luzon, Philippines: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 106, p. 1279-1315.
97. Woodsworth, G.J., 1976, Plutonic rocks of the McConnell Creek (94D west half) and Aiken Lake (94C east half) map-areas: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 76-1A, p. 69-73.
98. Woodsworth, G.J., Anderson, R.G., and Armstrong, R.L., 1991, Plutonic regimes, Chapter 15: Geological Survey of Canada, Geology of Canada Series, no. 4, p. 491-531.
99. Yund, R.A., and Kullerud, G., 1966, Thermal stability of assemblages in the Cu-Fe-S system: Journal of Petrology, v. 7, p. 454-488.