Hybrid direct carbon fuel cells and their reaction mechanisms - A review

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry

Volumn 18, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 861-882

  Deleebeeck, L ^a   Hansen, K K ^a  

^a TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Coal; Electrochemical oxidation; Fuel cell; Gasification; MCFC; Reaction mechanism; SOFC

Indexed keywords

CARBON; CARBON CAPTURE; CARBON DIOXIDE; COAL; ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION; ELECTROCHEMICAL OXIDATION; ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY; FUEL CELLS; GAS FUEL PURIFICATION; GASIFICATION; MOLTEN CARBONATE FUEL CELLS (MCFC); SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS (SOFC);

CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE; ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTIONS; ENVIRONMENTAL BURDENS; FUEL UTILIZATION; LEVELIZED COST OF ELECTRICITIES; MOLTEN HYDROXIDES; REACTION MECHANISM; RESEARCH EFFORTS;

DIRECT CARBON FUEL CELLS (DCFC);

EID: 84897112294     PISSN: 14328488     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10008-013-2258-1     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Guzman F, Singh R, Chuang SSC (2011) Direct use of sulfur-containing coke on a Ni-yttria-stabilized zirconia anode solid oxide fuel cell. Energy Fuels 25:2179-2186
2. Hemmes K, Houwing M, Woudstra N (2010) Modeling of a direct carbon fuel cell system, J Fuel Cell Sci Tech 7(5): 051008 (6 pgs)
3. Cherepy NJ, Krueger R, Fiet KJ, Jankowski AF, Cooper JF (2005) Direct conversion of carbon fuels in a molten carbonate fuel cell. J Electrochem Soc 152(1):A80-A87
4. Kabe T, Ishihara A, Qian EW, Sutrisna IP, Kabe Y, Centi G (2004) Gasification of coal, In: Studies in surface science and catalysis, coal and coal-related compounds: structures, reactivity and catalytic reactions, 150: 269-302, Kodansha Ltd. (Tokyo) and Elsevier B.V. (Amsterdam)
5. Jain SL, Lakeman JB, Pointon KD, Marshall R, Irvine JTS (2009) Electrochemical performance of a hybrid direct carbon fuel cell powered by pyrolysed MDF. Energy Environ Sci 2:687-693
6. Carlson EJ (2006) Assessment of a novel direct coal conversion - fuel cell technology for electric utility markets, EPRI report 1013362
7. Desclaux P, Nurnberger S, Rzepka M, Stimming U (2011) Investigation of direct carbon conversion at the surface of a YSZ electrolyte in a SOFC. Int J Hydrogen Energy 36:10278-10281
8. Jain SL, Nabae Y, Lakeman BJ, Pointon KD, Irvine JTS (2008) Solid state electrochemistry of direct carbon/air fuel cells. Solid State Ionics 179:1417-1421
9. Nabae Y, Pointon KD, Irvine JTS (2009) Ni/C slurries based on molten carbonates as a fuel for hybrid direct carbon fuel cells. J Electrochem Soc 156(6):B716-B720
10. Cao D, Sun Y, Wang G (2007) Direct carbon fuel cell: fundamentals and recent developments. J Power Sources 167:250-257
11. Nurnberger S, Bussar R, Desclaux P, Franke B, Rzepka M, Stimming U (2010) Direct carbon conversion in a SOFC-system with a non-porous anode. Energy Environ Sci 3:150-153
12. Li H, Liu Q, Li Y (2010) A carbon in molten carbonate anode model for a direct carbon fuel cell. Electrochim Acta 55:1958-1965
13. Chien AC, Chuang SSC (2011) Effect of gas flow rates and Boudouard reactions on the performance of Ni/YSZ anode supported solid oxide fuel cells with solid carbon fuels. J Power Sources 196:4719-4723
14. Gur TM (2010) Mechanistic modes for solid carbon conversion in high temperature fuel cells. J Electrochem Soc 157(5):B751-B759
15. Srinivasan S (1989) Fuel cells for extraterrestrial and terrestrial applications. J Electrochem Soc 136(2):41C-48C
16. Meibuhr SG (1966) Review of United States fuel-cell patents issued from 1860 to 1947. Electrochim Acta 11:1301-1308
17. Jacques WW (1896) Method of converting potential energy of carbon into electrical energy. U S Patent 555:511
18. Haber T, Bruner L (1904) Das Kohlenelement, eine Knallgaskette. Z Elktrochem Angew P 10:697-713
19. Giddey S, Badwal SPS, Kulkarni A, Munnings C (2012) A comprehensive review of direct carbon fuel cell technology. Prog Energy Combust Sci 38:360-399
20. Pointon K, Lakeman B, Irvine JTS, Bradley J, Jain S (2006) The development of a carbon-air semi fuel cell. J Power Sources 162:750-756
21. Heydorn B, Crouch-Baker S (2006) Direct carbon conversion: progressions of power, Fuel Cell Review
22. Rady AC, Giddey S, Badwal SPS, Ladewig BP, Bhattacharya S (2012) Review of fuels for direct carbon fuel cells. Energy Fuels 26:1471-1488
23. Wolk RH, Lux S, Gelber S, Holcomb FH (2007) Direct carbon fuel cells: converting waste to electricity, US Army Corps of Engineers (ERDC-CERL)
24. Rastler D (2008) Program on technology innovation: systems assessment of direct carbon fuel cells technology, EPRI report 1016170
25. 2 capture, J Eng Gas Turb Power-Trans ASME 134(1): 011701 (8 pgs)
26. Hemmes K, Peelen WHA, de Wit JHW (1998) Study of the (electro)chemical equilibria in molten carbonate under the MCFC cathode gas atmosphere. Part I: selection of independent set of equilibria to describe the (electro)chemical equilibrium in molten carbonate under the MCFC cathode gas atmosphere. Electrochim Acta 43(14-15):2025-2031
27. Li C, Shi Y, Cai N (2011) Mechanism for carbon direct electrochemical reactions in a solid oxide electrolyte direct carbon fuel cell. J Power Sources 196:754-763
28. Antolini E (2011) The stability of molten carbonate fuel cell electrodes: a review of recent improvements. Appl Energy 88:4274-4293
29. Sugiura K, Yodo T, Yamauchi M, Tanimoto K (2006) Visualization of electrolyte volatile phenomenon in DIR-MCFC. J Power Sources 157:739-744
30. Berger RJ, Doesburg EBM, van Ommen JG, Ross JRH (1996) Investigation of alkali carbonate transport towards the catalyst in internal reforming MCFCs. J Electrochem Soc 143(10):3186-3191
31. Patil KY, Yoon SP, Han J, Lim T-H, Nam SW, Oh I-H, Hong S-A (2011) Phase stabilities in molten Li/K carbonate of efficient matrix materials for molten carbonate fuel cells: thermodynamic calculations and experimental investigations. J Mater Sci 46:2557-2567
32. Yuh C, Johnsen R, Farooque M, Maru H (1995) Status of carbonate fuel cell materials. J Power Sources 56:1-10
33. Randstrom S, Lagergren C, Capobianco P (2006) Corrosion of anode current collectors in molten carbonate fuel cells. J Power Sources 160:782-788
34. Keding R, Russel C, Pascual MJ, Pascual L, Duran A (2002) Corrosion mechanism of borosilicate sealing glasses in molten carbonates studied by impedance spectroscopy. J Electroanal Chem 528:184-189
35. Pascual MJ, Pascual L, Valle FJ, Duran A, Berjoan R (2003) Corrosion of borosilicate glasses for molten carbonate fuel cells. J Am Ceram Soc 86(11):1918-1926
36. Ruflin J, Perwich AD II, Brett C, Berner JK, Lux SM (2012) Direct carbon fuel cell: a proposed hybrid design to improve commercialization potential. J Power Sources 213:275-286
37. Jia L, Tian Y, Liu Q, Xia C, Yu J, Wang Z, Zhao Y, Li Y (2010) A direct carbon fuel cell with (molten carbonate)/(doped ceria) composite electrolyte. J Power Sources 195:5581-5586
38. Elleuch A, Yu J, Boussetta A, Halouani K, Li Y (2013) Electrochemical oxidation of graphite in an intermediate temperature direct carbon fuel cell based on two-phases electrolyte. Int J Hydrogen Energy 38(20):8514-8523
39. Liu Q, Tian Y, Li H, Jia L, Xia C, Thompson LT, Li Y (2010) High efficiency chemical energy conversion system based on methane catalytic decomposition reaction and two fuel cells: Part I. Process modeling and validation, J Power Sources 195: 6539-6548 and Fig. 2 reprinted from Journal of Power Sources, 195, Liu Q, Tian Y, Li H, Jia L, Xia C, Thompson LT, Li Y, High efficiency chemical energy conversion system based on methane catalytic decomposition reaction and two fuel cells: Part I. Process modeling and validation, 6546 Copyright © 2010, with permission from Elsevier
40. Dudek M, Tomczyk P (2011) Composite fuel for direct carbon fuel cell. Catal Today 176:388-392
41. Li C, Shi Y, Cai N (2011) Effect of contact type between anode and carbonaceous fuels on direct carbon fuel cell reaction characteristics. J Power Sources 196:4588-4593
42. Kulkarni A, Giddey S, Badwal SPS (2011) Electrochemical performance of ceria-gadolinia electrolyte based direct carbon fuel cells. Solid State Ionics 194:46-52
43. Horita T, Sakai N, Kawada T, Yokokawa H, Dokiya M (1995) An investigation of anodes for direct-oxidation of carbon in solid oxide fuel cells. J Electrochem Soc 142(8):2621-2624
44. Siengchum T, Guzman F, Chuang SSC (2012) Analysis of gas products from direct utilization of carbon in a solid oxide fuel cell. J Power Sources 213:375-381
45. Vutetakis DG, Skidmore DR, Byker HJ (1987) Electrochemical oxidation of molten carbonate-coal slurries. J Electrochem Soc 134(12):3027-3035
46. Chen CC, Maruyama T, Hsieh PH, Selman JR (2010) The reverse Boudouard reaction in direct carbon fuel cells. ECS Trans 28(30):227-239
47. Jiang C, Irvine JTS (2011) Catalysis and oxidation of carbon in a hybrid direct carbon fuel cell. J Power Sources 196:7318-7322
48. Jiang C, Ma J, Bonaccorso AD, Irvine JTS (2012) Demonstration of high power, direct conversion of waste-derived carbon in a hybrid direct carbon fuel cell. Energy Environ Sci 5:6973-6980
49. Bonaccorso AD, Irvine JTS (2012) Development of tubular hybrid direct carbon fuel cell. Int J Hydrogen Energy 37:19337-19344
50. 2 producing direct carbon fuel cell. J Electroanal Chem 668:99-106
51. Gopalan S, Ye G, Pal UB (2006) Regenerative, coal-based solid oxide fuel cell-electrolyzers. J Power Sources 162:74-80
52. Javadekar A, Jayakumar A, Pujara R, Vohs JM, Gorte RJ (2012) Molten silver as a direct carbon fuel cell anode. J Power Sources 214:239-243
53. Ju H, Uhm S, Kim JW, Song RH, Choi H, Lee SH, Lee J (2012) Enhanced anode interface for electrochemical oxidation of solid fuel in direct carbon fuel cells: the role of liquid Sn in mixed state. J Power Sources 198:36-41
54. 2 capture, J Eng Gas Turb Power-Trans ASME 135(1): 011701 (9 pgs)
55. Lipilin AS, Balachov II, Dubois LH, Sanjurjo A, McKubre MC, Crouch-Baker S, Hornbostel MD, Tanzella FL (2007) Liquid anode electrochemical cell, USA patent, US 2007/0269688 A1 (2007)
56. Nabae Y, Pointon KD, Irvine JTS (2008) Electrochemical oxidation of solid carbon in hybrid DCFC with solid oxide and molten carbonate binary electrolyte. Energy Environ Sci 1:148-155
57. Li X, Zhu Z, De Marco R, Bradley J, Dicks A (2010) Evaluation of raw coals as fuels for direct carbon fuel cells. J Power Sources 195:4051-4058
58. Stanmore BR, Brilhac JF, Gilot P (2001) The oxidation of soot: a review of experiments, mechanisms and models. Carbon 39:2247-2268
59. 2 gasification. Fuel 65:1371-1378
60. Mckee DW (1982) Gasification of graphite in carbon dioxide and water vapor - the catalytic effects of alkali metal salts. Carbon 20(1):59-66
61. McKee DW (1983) Mechanisms of the alkali metal catalysed gasification of carbon. Fuel 62:170-175
62. Kouchachvili L, Ikura M (2011) Performance of direct carbon fuel cell. Int J Hydrogen Energy 36:10263-10268
63. Alkali carbonate phase diagram (2011) Center for Research in Computational Thermochemistry (CRCT), Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal (Quebec, Canada) http://www.crct.polymtl.ca/fact/phase-diagram.php?file=K2CO3-Li2CO3. jpg&dir=FTsalt, accessed May 2013
64. Jin G, Iwaki H, Arai N, Kitagawa K (2005) Study on the gasification of wastepaper/carbon dioxide catalyzed by molten carbonate salts. Energy 30:1192-1203
65. Lee C-G, Hur H (2011) Gasification of bamboo carbon with molten alkali carbonate. Korean J Chem Eng 28(7):1539-1545
66. Chen CC, Maruyama T, Hsieh PH, Selman JR (2012) Wetting behavior of carbon in molten carbonate. J Electrochem Soc 159(10):D597-D604
67. Peelen WHA, Olivry M, Au SF, Fehribach JD, Hemmes K (2000) Electrochemical oxidation of carbon in a 62/38 mol% Li/K carbonate melt. J Appl Electrochem 30:1389-1395
68. Cao D, Wang G, Wang C, Wang J, Lu T (2010) Enhancement of electrooxidation activity of activated carbon for direct carbon fuel cell. Int J Hydrogen Energy 35:1778-1782
69. Nagase K, Shimodaira T, Itoh M, Zheng Y (1999) Kinetics and mechanisms of the reverse Boudouard reaction over metal carbonates in connection with the reaction of solid carbon with metal carbonates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 1:5659-5664
70. Neeft JPA, Makkee M, Moulijn JA (1996) Catalysts for the oxidation of soot from diesel exhaust gases. I. An exploratory study. Appl Catal B Environ 8:57-78
71. 2)∈= ∈1 atm. J Electroanal Chem 389:21-29
72. 2+ in Li/Na and Li/K carbonate melts. Electrochim Acta 42(15):2389-2397
73. Qingfeng L, Borup F, Petrushina I, Bjerrum NJ (1999) Complex formation during dissolution of metal oxides in molten alkali carbonates. J Electrochem Soc 146(7):2449-2454
74. Choi J-S, Yun J-S, Kwon H-H, Lim T-H, Hong S-A, Lee H-I (2005) Effect of lithium carbonate on nickel catalysts for direct internal reforming MCFC. J Power Sources 145:652-658
75. 2 atmosphere. J Power Sources 166:59-63
76. 3 in the conditions used in molten carbonate fuel cells. Part II: Potentiometric and voltammetric behavior. J Appl Electrochem 30:1415-1420
77. 3 in the conditions used in molten carbonate fuel cells. Part I: Thermodynamic, chemical and surface properties. J Appl Electrochem 30:1405-1413
78. Tao T (2011) Direct coal conversion in liquid tin anode SOFC, 12th Annual SECA Workshop, Pittsburg, PA, July 25-28, 2011 (http://www.netl.doe.gov/ publications/proceedings/11/seca/index.html)
79. 2 emission reduction in their application fields. Renew Sustain Energ Rev 14:735-744
80. Solid Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA), Department of Energy (USA) http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/fuelcells/index.html, accessed May 2013
81. Chen YH, Chen CY, Lee SC (2010) Technology forecasting of new clean energy: the example of hydrogen energy and fuel cell. Afr J Bus Manag 4(7):1372-1380
82. 2 capture from an industrial solid oxide fuel cell combined heat and power system in the early stage of market introduction. Fuel 90(3):958-973
83. Li C, Shi Y, Cai N (2010) Performance improvement of direct carbon fuel cell by introducing catalytic gasification process. J Power Sources 195:4660-4666
84. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2007) The future of coal, MIT (Cambridge, MA, USA)
85. Ordowich C, Chase J, Steele D, Malhotra R, Harada M, Makino K (2012) Applying learning curve to modeling future coal and gas power generation technologies. Energy Fuels 26:753-766