Managing potato wart: A review of present research status and future perspective

Theoretical and Applied Genetics

Volumn 127, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 763-780

  Obidiegwu, Jude Ejikeme ^a,b   Flath, Kerstin ^c   Gebhardt, Christiane ^a  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR PLANT BREEDING RESEARCH   (Germany)

^b National Root Crops Research Institute Umudike   (Nigeria)

^c INSTITUTE FOR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGEN DIAGNOSTICS   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHEMICAL DETECTION; DISEASE CONTROL; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; PATHOGENS; RESEARCH;

CHEMICAL CONTROLS; CULTIVATED POTATO; DIAGNOSTIC MARKERS; FUTURE PERSPECTIVES; FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS; HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS; RESISTANT CULTIVARS; SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT;

DIAGNOSIS;

FUNGI; SOLANUM TUBEROSUM; SYNCHYTRIUM ENDOBIOTICUM;

BREEDING; DISEASE RESISTANCE; GENETICS; GEOGRAPHY; IMMUNOLOGY; MICROBIOLOGY; PLANT DISEASE; POTATO; RESEARCH; REVIEW;

BREEDING; DISEASE RESISTANCE; GEOGRAPHY; PLANT DISEASES; RESEARCH; SOLANUM TUBEROSUM;

EID: 84897105035     PISSN: 00405752     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00122-014-2268-0     Document Type: Review

References (188)

1. Abdullahi I, Koerbler M, Stachewicz H, Winter S (2005) The 18S rDNA sequence of Synchytrium endobioticum and its utility in microarrays for the simultaneous detection of fungal and viral pathogens of potato. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 68: 368-375.
2. Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M (1996) Introductory mycology, 4th edn. Wiley, New York.
3. Anon (1921) Der Kartoffelkrebs in den Niederlanden/Black Scab (Wart disease) in the Netherlands. Verslagen en Mededeelingen van den Phytopathologischen Dienst te Wageningen No. 16a-c.
4. Anon (1954-1968) Potato wart disease in Europe. EPPO Publication Series B No 8, 48, 52, 63, 65.
5. Anon (1963) Potato wart disease, 1962. EPPO publications Series B; no 48, EPPO Paris.
6. Anon (1969) Council Directive 69/464/EEC on control of potato wart disease. Off J Eur Commun L323/1.
7. Anon (1977) New records. Quarantine newsl, Plant Prot Comm for the S. E Asia and Pacific Region 20: 5-7.
8. Anon (1980) Hojas de datos sobre organismos para los paises miembros de COSAVE: Synchytrium endobioticum.
9. Anon (1982a) Data sheets on quarantine organisms. 12(1): 129-134.
10. Anon (1982b) Report of the second meeting of the EPPO panel on Potato Wart Disease. EPPO Paris.
11. Anon (1990) Specific qarantine requirements. EPPO Technical Documents. EPPO Technical Documents No. 1008.
12. Anon (1992) Synchytrium endobioticum. Qurantine pest for Europe. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 638-642.
13. Anon (1999) EPPO Standard PM 3/59 (1) Synchytrium endobioticum: soil tests and descheduling of previously infested plots. OEPP/EPPO Bull 29: 225-231.
14. Anon (2000) Council Directive 2000/29/EC on protective measures against the introduction into the Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread within the community. Off J Eur Commun 169: 1-112.
15. Anon (2004) EPPO Standards. Synchytrium endobioticum: diagnostic protocols for regulated pests. OEPP/EPPO Bull 34: 213-218.
16. Anon (2005) Pest quarantine database, ver 4. 4. EPPO, Paris.
17. Anon (2006) A2 list of pests recommended for regulation as quarantine pests (ver 2006-09). Online. Quarantine Info. Paris France.
18. Arora RK, Khurana SMP (2004) Major fungal and bacterial diseases of potato and their management. Dis Manag Fruits Veg 1: 189-231.
19. Baayen HP, Bonthuis H, Withagen JCM, Wander JGN, Lamers JL, Meffert JL, Cochius G, van Leeuwen GCM, Hendriks H, Heerink BGJ, van Den Boogert PHJF, van De Griend P, Bosch RA (2005) Resistance of potato cultivars to Synchytrium endobioticum in field and laboratory tests, risk of secondary infection, and implications for phytosanitary regulations. EPPO Bull 35(1): 9-23.
20. Baayen R, Cochius G, Hendriks H, Meffert J, Bakker J, Bekker M, van den Boogert P, Stachewicz H, van Leeuwen G (2006) History of potato wart disease in Europe-a proposal for harmonisation in defining pathotypes. Eur J Plant Pathol 116: 21-23.
21. Ballvora A, Flath K, Lübeck J, Strahwald J, Tacke E, Hofferbert H-R, Gebhardt C (2011) Multiple alleles for resistance and susceptiblity modulate the defence response in the interaction of tetraploid potato (Solanum tuberosum) with Synchytrium endobioticum pathotypes 1, 2, 6 and 18. Theor Appl Genet 123: 1281-1292.
22. Banuett F (1995) Genetics of Ustilago maydis, a fungal pathogen that induces tumors in maize. Annu Rev Genet 29: 179-208.
23. Black W (1935) Studies on the inheritance of resistance to wart disease (Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Perc.) in potatoes. J Genet 30: 127-146.
24. Blattny C (1942) Vorläufige Mitteilung über die Rassen des Kartoffelkrebses, Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Perc. Sbornik Ceske Akadamie Zemedelske 17: 40-46.
25. Bojnansky V (1960) Ecology and prognosis of potato wart disease Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Perc. House Slovak Academy of Science, Bratislava, p 280.
26. Bojnansky V (1968) Effect of irrigation on the development and harmfulness of the potato wart disease (Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Perc.) in warmer and drier regions (in Czechoslovak, English summary) Sb, UVTI (Ustav, Vedeckotech. Inf) Ochr. Rostl 4: 133-140.
27. Bojnansky V (1984) Potato wart pathotypes in Europe from the ecological point of view. EPPO Bull 14(2): 141-146.
28. Braun H (1942) Biologische Spezialisierung bei Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Perc. (Vorläufige Mitteilung). Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz 52: 481-486.
29. Browning IA (1995) A comparison of laboratory and field reactions of a range of potato cultivars to infection with Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Perc. Potato Res 38: 281-289.
30. Browning IA (1996) Reactions of potato cultivars to Synchytrium endobioticum and implications for minimum tuber numbers in wart susceptibility tests. OEPP/EPPO Bull 26: 135-140.
31. Browning IA, Darling M (1995) Development of potato wart susceptibility testing in Scotland. Pot Res 38: 363-370.
32. Brugmans B, Hutten RGB, Rookmaker N, Visser RGF, van Eck HJ (2006) Exploitation of a marker dense linkage map of potato for positional cloning of a wart disease resistance gene. Theor Appl Genet 112: 269-277.
33. Çaki{dotless}r E (2005) First report of potato wart disease in Turkey. Plant Pathol 54(4): 584.
34. Çakir E (2008) Identification of pathotypes of Synchytrium endobioticum, the causal agent of potato wart disease in Turkey. MSc dissertation, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Ankara, Turkey.
35. Çaki{dotless}r E, van Leeuwen GCM, Flath K, Meffert JP, Janssen WAP, Maden S (2009) Identification of pathotypes of Synchytrium endobioticum found in infested fields in Turkey. OEPP/EPPO Bull 39: 175-178.
36. Cotton AD (1916) Host plant of Synchytrium endobioticum. Kew Roy Bot Gard Bull Misc Inform, 272-275.
37. Crowther EM, Glynne MD, Roach WA (1927) Sulphur treatment of soil and the control of wart disease of potatoes in pot experiments. Ann Appl Biol 14: 422-427.
38. Curtis M (1921) The life-history and cytology of Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb) Perc the cause of wart disease in potato. Philos Trans R Soc Lond (B) 210: 409-478.
39. Danan S, Veyrieras J-B, Lefebvre V (2011) Construction of a potato consensus map and QTL meta-analysis offer new insights into the genetic architecture of late blight resistance and plant maturity traits. BMC Plant Biol 11: 1-16.
40. De Boer S (2005) Emerging potato disease challenges: an overview. Online International Potato Newsletter. http://www. potatoreporteronline. com.
41. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (2011) Potato wart disease. http://www. fera. defra. gov. uk/plants/publications/documents/factsheets/pwd. pdf.
42. Dimitrova L, Laginova M, Becheva A, van Leeuwen GCM (2011) Occurrence of potato wart disease (Synchytrium endobioticum) in Bulgaria. Bull OEPP/EPPO 41(2): 195-202.
43. Dingley JM (1970) An outbreak of Potato wart disease in New Zealand. Commonwealth Phytopath News 5: 2.
44. Dyer RA (1947) Investigation of plant diseases, and botanical surveys. J Farming South Africa 26: 332.
45. Dykstra TP (1940) The Potato wart eradication program in Pennsylvania. Plant Dis Rep 24(1): 7-8.
46. Efremenko TS (1980) The decrease of harmfulness of potato wart. Zashchita Rastenii 3: 44.
47. Efremenko TS, Yakovleva VA (1981) Destruction of Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Perc. in waste products of potato processing industries. Russ Mikologija I Fitopatologija 15: 501-504.
48. Ericksson J (1914) Wart disease of potatoes. J Board Agric 21: 135-136.
49. Escobar MA, Dandekar AM (2003) Agrobacterium tumefaciens as an agent of disease. Trends Plant Sci 8: 380-386.
50. Esmarch F (1924) On the biology of potato wart (in German). Deut Landw Presse 51: 11-19.
51. Esmarch F (1926) Studies on potato wart fungus biology. 1. (in German). Angew Bot 8: 102-135.
52. Esmarch F (1927) Studies on potato wart fungus physiology. 2. (in German). Angew Bot 9: 88-124.
53. Esmarch F (1928) Studies on potato wart fungus biology. 3. (in German). Angew Bot 10: 280-304.
54. Fedotova TI (1970) Zones of potential distribution of the potato wart pathogen (in Russian, English summary). Byul VN 1 1 Zashchity rastenii 15: 15-17.
55. Franc GD (2001) Wart. In: Stevenson WR, Loria R, Franc GD, Weingartner DP (eds) Compendium of potato diseases. American Phytopath Society, St. Paul, pp 46-47.
56. Frandsen NO (1958) Resistenzzüchtung gegen pilzliche und bakterielle Krankheiten der Kartoffel. In: Kappert H, Rudorf H (eds) Handbuch der Pflanzenzüchtung. Paul Parey, Berlin, pp 71-97.
57. Frank G (2007) Potato Wart. Online. APSnet Features. doi: 10. 1094/APSnetFeature-2007-0607.
58. Frey F (1980) Screening for resistance against wart fungus Synchytrium endobioticum in potato seedlings with a modified Spieckermann method. Potato Res 23: 303-310.
59. Ganguly A, Paul DK (1953) Wart disease of potatoes in India. Sci Culture 18: 605-606.
60. Gebhardt C, Bellin D, Henselewski H, Lehmann W, Schwarzfischer J, Valkonen JP (2006) Marker assisted combination of major genes for pathogen resistance in potato. Theor Appl Genet 112: 1458-1464.
61. Gedz SM (1957) Effect of Manganese, Boron, Molybdenum and Copper micro-elements on the rise of canker immunity in potatoes (in Russia, English summary). Rept Acad Sci Ukraine 6: 605-608.
62. Gibbs JG (1947) Abstract on report on the work and findings of the Department of Agriculture, Falkland Islands, 1937-1946: 14.
63. Gimingham CT, Spinks GT (1919) Soil sterilization. Univ Bristol Agr Hort Res Sta Annu Rep, 37-42.
64. Glynne MD (1925) Infection experiments with wart disease of potato. Synchytrium endobioticum. Ann Appl Biol 12: 34-60.
65. Glynne MD (1926) Wart disease of potatoes: the development of Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Perc. In "immune" varieties. Ann Appl Biol 13(3): 358-359.
66. Glynne MD (1928) The viability of winter sporangium of Synchytrium endobioticum, the organism causing wart disease in potato. Ann Appl Biol 13: 19-36.
67. Grabowski L (1925) Potato wart (Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Perc.) in Poland (in Polish). Choroby I szkodniki roslin 2: 1-14.
68. Gram E (1955) Barriers and by-passes in plant trade. Ann Appl Biol 42: 76-81.
69. Groth J, Song Y, Kellermann A, Schwarzfischer A (2013) Molecular characterisation of resistance against potato wart races 1, 2, 6 and 18 in a tetraploid population of potato (Solanum tuberosum subsp. tuberosum). J Appl Genet 54: 169-178.
70. Gruska D (2013) The brassinosteroid signaling pathway- New key players and interconnections with other signaling networks crucial for plant development and stress tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 14: 8740-8774.
71. Gunacti H, Erkiliç A (2013) Developing control strategies of potato wart disease (Synchytrium endobioticum) in Turkey. ESci J of Plant Pathol 2(2): 76-83.
72. Gussow HT (1909) A serious potato disease occurring in Newfoundland. Can Dept Agric Bull 63: 8.
73. Hampson MC (1977) Screening systemic fungicides for potato wart disease. Can Plant Dis Surv 57: 75-78.
74. Hampson MC (1981) Infection of additional hosts of Synchytrium endobioticum, the causal agent of potato wart disease. 3. Tomato as an assay tool in potato wart disease. Can Plant Dis Surv 61: 15-18.
75. Hampson MC (1985) Pathogenesis of Synchitrium. endobioticum V. Wart disease suppression in potato in soils amended with urea and/or ammonium nitrate in relation to soil pH. Plant Soil 87: 241-250.
76. Hampson MC (1986) Sequence of events in the germination of the resting spore of Synchytrium endobioticum, European pathotype 2, the causal agent of potato wart disease. Can J Bot 64: 2144-2150.
77. Hampson MC (1993) History, biology and control of potato wart disease in Canada. Can J Plant Pathol 15: 223-244.
78. Hampson MC (1996) A qualitative assessment of wind dispersal of resting spores of Synchytrium endobioticum, the causal agent of wart disease of potato. Plant Dis 80: 779-782.
79. Hampson MC, Coombes JW (1985) Stress and stimulus modifications of disease severity in the wart disease of potato. Phytopath 75: 817-820.
80. Hampson MC, Coombes JW (1996) Spatial distribution of Synchytrium endobioticum, the cause of potato wart, in field soil. Plant Dis 80: 1006-1010.
81. Hampson MC, Proudfoot KG (1974) Potato wart disease, its introduction to North America, distribution and control problems in Newfoundland. FAO Plant Prot Bull 22: 53-64.
82. Hampson MC, Robertson A (1995) Distribution of fungal spores and fractal diversity of quadrats on memebrane filters. J Food Prot 58: 1038-1041.
83. Hampson MC, Thompson PR (1977) Quantitative method to examine large numbers of soil samples for Synchytrium endobioticum, the cause of potato wart disease. Plant Soil 46: 659-664.
84. Hartman RE (1955) Potato wart eradication program in Pennsylvania. Am Potato J 32: 317-326.
85. Hehl R, Faurie E, Hesselbach J, Salamani F, Whitham S, Baker B, Gebhardt C (1999) TMV resistance gene N homologues are linked to Synchytrium endobioticum resistance in potato. Theor Appl Genet 98: 379-386.
86. Hey A (1959) Die Kartoffelkrebsforschung in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik und ihre praktische Auswertung. In: Proceedings of the international conference of potato wart disease, Prague. Annals CAAS-Plant Prod 32(6): 59-68.
87. Hilli A (1932) The reasons of the spread of potato wart (Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Perc.) in England and abroad (in Finnish, English summary). Valt Maatalouskoetiminnan Julk 46: 1-249.
88. Hodgson WA, Pond DD, Munro J (1974) Diseases and pests of potatoes. Canadaian Department of Agriculture Publication, No 1492.
89. Hooker WJ (1981) Compendium of potato diseases. American Phytopathology Society, St Paul, p 125.
90. Hunt HR, O'Donnel FG, Marshall RP (1925) Steam and chemical soil disinfection with special reference to potato wart. J Agric Res 31: 301-363.
91. Jöestring (1909) The prevention and control of potato wart disease (in German). Deut Landwirtsch Presse 36(88): 941.
92. Johnson T (1909-10) Chrysophlyctis endobiotica (potato wart or black scab) and other Chytridiadiaceae. Sci Proc of the Royal Dublin Soc 12: 131-144.
93. Karling JS (1964) Synchytrium. Academic Press, New York.
94. Kharitonova ZM, Tarasova VP (1971) Potato wart disease (in Russian). Kolos Publishers, Leningrad, USSR, pp 46.
95. Khiutti A, Afanasenko O, Antonova O, Shuvalov O, Novikova L, Krylova E, Chalaya N, Mironenko N, Spooner DM, Gavrilenko T (2012) Characterization of resistance to Synchytrium endobioticum in cultivated potato accessions from the collection of Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry. Plant Breeding 131: 744-750.
96. Knorr P (1922) Potato diseases and their control. Forschungsinst Kartoffelbau 6: 114-121.
97. Köhler E (1931) Der Kartoffelkrebs und sein Erreger (Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Perc.). Landwirtschaftliche Jahrbücher 74: 729-806.
98. Kunkel LO (1919) Wart of potatoes: a disease new to the United States. Office of Cotton, Truck, and Forage Crop Disease Investigations, Circ. 6.
99. Laidlaw WMR (1985) A method for the detection of resting sporangia of potato wart disease (Synchytrium endobioticum) in the soil of old outbreak sites. Potato Res 28: 223-232.
100. Langerfeld E (1984) Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Perc. Zusammenfassende Darstellung des Erregers des Kartoffelkrebses anhand von Literaturberichten. Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Berlin-Dahlem 219: 1-142.
101. Langerfeld E, Stachewicz H (1994) Assessment of varietal reaction to potato wart (Synchytrium endobioticum) in Germany. EPPO Bull 24: 793-798.
102. Langerfeld E, Stachewicz H, Rintelen J (1994) Pathotypes of Synchytrium endobioticum in Germany. EPPO Bull 24: 799-804.
103. Lellbach H, Effmert M (1990) Results of diallel analysis of the genetics of resistance to Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Perc., pathotype 1(D1) of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Potato Res 33: 251-256.
104. Lemmerzahl J (1930) A new simplified method of inoculation of potato cultivars to test for wart resistance. Züchter 2: 288-297.
105. Leonards-Schippers C, Gieffers W, Schafer-Pregl R, Ritter E, Knapp SJ, Salamini F, Gebhardt C (1994) Quantitative resistance to Phytophthora infestans in potato: a case study for QTL mapping in an allogamous plant species. Genetics 137(1): 67-77.
106. Liro JI (1925) Maatalouskoelaitoksen Kasvitautiosasto vv. 1924-1925. (Annual Report of Department of plant diseases in agricultural experimental station, in Finnish). Maattalouden Koetoiminnan Keskusvaliokunnan Vuosikertomus, pp 25-31.
107. Lunden A, Jørstad I (1934) Investigations on the inheritance of immunity to wart disease (Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Perc.) in the potato. J Genet 29(3): 375-385.
108. Malakhanova EL, Mel'nik PA, Dmitrashuk VE (1998) Testing of wart resistance in Ukraine. Bull OEPP/EPPO Bull 28: 585-590.
109. Malec K (1972) Modifications of the method of testing the potato breeding stocks for the resistance of poatato wart Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb) Perc (in Polish). Biuletyn Instytutu Ziemniaka 10: 5-10.
110. Malec K (1980) Methodology of testing potato breeding materials for wart resistance used in the laboratory of testing for resistance to quarantine diseases and pests, Institute for Potato Research (in Polish). Biuletyn Instytutu Ziemniaka 25: 125-139.
111. Malec K, Lubiewska E (1979) Modification of the method of testing the potato breeding stocks for the resistance to potato wart (in Polish). Biuletyn Instytutu Ziemniaka 23: 79-85.
112. Malinowska E, Butrymowicz J (2007) Pathotypes of Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Perc. occurring in Poland. Biuletyn Instytutu Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roslin 243: 205-218.
113. Malthouse GT (1910) Wart disease of potatoes (Synchytrium endobioticum). Harper Adams Agricultural College Bull, pp 40.
114. Marcus O (1969) Studies on counting sporangia of Synchytrium endobioticum in soil samples. Nachrichtenblatt des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes 21: 153-157.
115. Maris B (1961) Races of potato wart causing fungus Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Perc. and some data on the inheritance of resistance to race 6. Euphytica 10: 269-276.
116. Maris B (1973) Studies with potato dihaploids on the inheritance of resistance to wart disease. Potato Res 16: 324.
117. Mase K, Mizuno T, Ishihama N, Fujii T, Mori H, Kodama M, Yoshioka H (2012) Ethylene signaling pathway and MAPK cascades are required for AAL toxin-induced programmed cell death. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 25(8): 1015-1025.
118. Massee G (1908-1909) Proceedings of meetings: exhibit of black scab with notes. Proc. Linn. Soc. London, 121st session, pp 6-7.
119. Matskiv TI, Melnik PA, Golik IV (1998) Definition and distribution of aggressive pathotypes of Synchytrium endobioticum in Ukraine. Bull OEPP/EPPO Bull 28: 539-542.
120. Melnik PA (1998) Wart disease of potato, Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilbersky) Percival. EPPO Technical documents 1032, Paris.
121. Melodie LP, Sindermann AB (1994) Eradication of Potato wart disease from Maryland. Am Potato J 71: 743-747.
122. Michelmore RW, Meyers BC (1998) Clusters of resistance genes in plants evolve by divergent selection and a birth-and-death process. Genome Res 8: 1113-1130.
123. Mirzabekian RO, Sinitsina NV, Belyakova OG (1961) Elaboration of a biological method for the control of potato wart (in Russian). Agrobiologya 4(130): 566-572.
124. Moore WC (1957) The breakdown of immunity from potato wart disease. Outlook Agric 1: 240-243.
125. Mygind H (1954) Methods for detection of resting sporangia of potato wart: Synchytrium endobioticum in infested soil. Acta Agric Scand 4: 317-343.
126. Mygind H (1961) Examination of soil samples for potato wart sporangia. II. Acta Agric Scand 11: 114-120.
127. National Diagnostic Protocols (2011) Potato wart caused by Synchytrium endobioticum. NDP. 16 Version V1. 0.
128. Nelson GA, Olsen OA (1964) Methods for estimating numbers of resting sporangia of Synchytrium endobioticum in soil. Phytopath 54: 185-186.
129. Niepold F, Stachewicz H (2004) PCR- detection of Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Perc. J Plant Dis Prot 111(4): 313-321.
130. Noble M, Glynne MD (1970) Wart disease of potatoes. FAO Plant Prot Bull 18: 125-135.
131. O' Brien MJ, Rich AE (1976) Potato Diseases, United States Department of Agriculture Handbook, pp 474.
132. Percival J (1910) Potato "wart" disease: the life history and cytology of Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Percl. Zentralblatt Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infectionskr 25: 440-447.
133. Petras M (1969) Climatic conditions during the temporary flare-up of potato wart Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Perc.) in Hornany during the years 1888-1896 (in Czechoslovak). Agrikultura 8: 161-167.
134. PGSC (2011) Genome sequence and analysis of the tuber crop potato. Nature 475: 189-195.
135. Pidoplichko NM (1959) Control of potato canker in the Ukranian S. S. R (in Russian, Engl. summary). Sb. Rostlinna Vyroba 32(6): 47-58.
136. Potoček J (1991) Sanitation of soil infested with Synchytrium endobioticum. Ochrana Rostlin 27: 265-272.
137. Potoček J, Gaar V, Hnizdil M, Novak F (1991a) Protection against spreading of potato wart disease and potato cyst nematode (in Czech). Metodiky UVTIZ 18: 88.
138. Potoček J, Krajickova K, Klabzubova S, Hnizdil M, Novak F, Perlova V (1991b) Identification of new Synchytrium endobioticum pathotypes in the Czech Republic. Ochrana Rostlin UVTIZ 27(3-4): 191-205.
139. Potter MC (1902-1903) A new potato disease (Chrysophlyctis endobiotica). J Board Agric 9: 320-323.
140. Potter MC (1909) Note on the warty disease and corky scab of the potato. J Newcastle Farmers Club, 65.
141. Pratt MA (1974) Studies on the effect of biotic and abiotic factors on survival of Synchytrium endobioticum in soil. M. I Biol. Thesis, Plant Pathology Laboratory, Harpenden, now CSL, Sand Hutton, York (GB).
142. Pratt MA (1976a) A wet-sieving and floatation technique for the detection of resting sporangia of Synchytrium endobioticum in soil. Ann Appl Biol 82: 21-29.
143. Pratt MA (1976b) The relation between field and laboratory susceptibility of potato cultivars to wart disease. EPPO Bull 6(2): 111-117.
144. Pratt MA (1979) Potato wart disease and its legislative control in England and Wales. In: Ebbels DL, King JE (eds) Plant Health. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 199-212.
145. Przetakiewicz J (2008) Assessment of the resistance of potato cultivars to Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Per. In Poland. Bull 38: 211-215.
146. Przetakiewicz J, Kopera K (2007) Comparison of the usefulness of Glynne-Lemmerzahl and Spieckermann methods to assess resistance of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) to Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Perc. Pathotype 1 (D1) in mass tests. Biuletyn Instytutu Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roslin 243: 235-244.
147. Putnam ML, Sindermann AB (1994) Eradication of potato wart disease from Maryland. Am Potato J 71: 743-747.
148. Rasmussen NA, Mygind H (1977) Control of potato wart disease (Synchytrium endobioticum) through methyl bromide soil disinfection. Tidsskrift Planteavl 81: 25-31.
149. Reigner N (2006) Potential chemical controls and crop protection industry contacts for recovery from establishment of select agent plant diseases in U. S. agriculture. Report from the Croplife Foundation Washington DC.
150. Rintelen J, Schöner M, Hunnius W (1983) Detection and longevity of potato wart pathogen in once-infected foci (in German). Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz 90: 251-257.
151. Roach WA, Glynne MD (1928) The toxicity of certain sulphur compounds to Synchytrium endobioticum, the fungus causing wart disease of potatoes. Ann Appl Biol 15: 168-190.
152. Roach WA, Glynne MD, Brierley WB, Crowther EM (1925) Experiments on the control of wart disease of potatoes by soil treatment with particular reference to the use of sulphur. Ann Appl Biol 12: 152-190.
153. Ross H (1986) Potato breeding-problems and perspectives. Advances in Plant Breeding, Supplement 13 to Journal of Plant Breeding. P Parey, Berlin, pp 132.
154. Salaman RN (1989) The history and social influence of the potato (revised edition). Cambridge Universiy Press, UK.
155. Salaman RN, Lesly JW (1923) Genetic studies in potatoes; inheritance of immunity to wart resistance. J Genet 13: 177-186.
156. Sanders JG (1919) The discovery of European potato wart disease in Pennsylvania. J Econ Entomol 12: 86-89.
157. Schaffnit E, Voss G (1918) Experiments on the control of potato wart in the year 1917. Zeitschrift für Planzenkrankheiten und Planzenschutz. 28: 111-114.
158. Schilberszky K (1896) A new parasite causing potato wart disease (in German). Ber Dtsch Bot Ges 14: 36-37.
159. Schilberszky K (1930) Comprehensive biology of the potato wart (in German). F. P Datterer and Co., Publ., Munich.
160. Sedivy J (1975) In memory of Javoslav Zakopal/Synchytrium endobiticum Phytopathologist (in Russia). Ochr Rostl 11(3): 169-172.
161. Sereda GM, Zhukova MI, Gurlenya NN (2008) Potato testing for wart resistance in Belarus. Agronomijas Vestis (Latvian J of Agron) No 11, LLU.
162. Sharma R, Cammack RH (1976) A modification of the Glynne-Lemmerzahl method for testing resistance of potato varieties to wart disease, Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Perc. Potato Res 19: 165-167.
163. Singh PH, Shekhawat GS (2000) Wart disease of potato in Darjeeling hills. Technical Bulletin No 19, Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, pp 73.
164. Smith IM, McNamara DG, Scott PR, Holderness M, Burger B (1997) Qurantine pests for Europe. Data sheets on quarantine pests for European Union and for the European and Medterranean Plant Protection Organisation, 2nd edn. CAB International, Wallingford.
165. Spieckermann A, Kothoff P (1924) Testing potatoes for wart resistance. Deutsche Landwirtschaftliche Presse 51: 114-115.
166. Stachewicz H (1980) Identification of pathotypes of potato wart pathogen - Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Perc.-by means of test cultivars]. Archiv fur Phytopathologie und Pflanzenschutz 16: 1-11.
167. Stachewicz H, Langerfeld E (1998) Synchytrium endobioticum: on the history of potato wart in Germany) Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft Berlin-Dahlem 335: 38-62. BBA, Berlin (DE).
168. Stachewicz H, Flath K, Niepold F (2005) Methods for evaluation of resistance to potato wart disease. Kartoffelbau 9/10: 403-408.
169. Suzuki K (2002) MAP kinase cascades in elicitor signal transduction. J Plant Res 115: 237-244.
170. Tarasova VP (1969) Role of environment in the decay of warts and germination of zoosporangia of S. endobioticum on Potato. (in Russia, English summary). Byull VN 1 1 Zaschity rastenii 1(13): 42-44.
171. Tarasova VP, Beskorovainy VK (1973) A complex method for controlling potato wart (in Russian). Zaschita rastenii 11: 45.
172. Taylor HV (1920) The distribution of wart disease. J Minist Agric 27: 733-738.
173. Torres H, French ER, Nielsen LW (1970) Potato diseases in Peru, 1965-1968. Plant Dis Rep 54: 315-318.
174. Townley HE, McDonald K, Jenkins DI, Knight MR, Leaver CJ (2005) Ceramides induce programmed cell death in Arabidopsis cells in a calcium-dependent manner. Biol Chem 386(2): 161-166.
175. Turner JG, Ellis C, Devoto A (2002) The jasmonate signal pathway. Plant Cell 14(1): 153-164.
176. Ullrich J (1958) Die physiologische Spezialisierung von Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Perc. in der Bundesrepublik. Phytopathologie Zeitschrift 31: 273-278.
177. van den Boogert PHJF, van Gent-Pelzer MPE, Bonants PJM, De Boer SH, Wander JGN, Lévesque CA, van Leeuwen GCM, Baayen RP (2005) Development of PCR-based detection methods for the quarantine phytopathogen Synchytrium endobioticum, causal agent of potato wart disease. Eur J Plant Pathol 113: 47-57.
178. van Gent-Pelzer MPE, Krijger M, Bonants PJM (2010) Improved real-time PCR assay for detection of the quarantine potato pathogen, Synchytrium endobioticum, in zonal centrifuge extracts from soil and in plants. Eur J Plant Pathol 126(1): 129-133.
179. van Leeuwen GCM, Wander JGN, Lamers J, Meffert JP, van den Boogert PHJF, Baayen RP (2005) Direct examination of soil for sporangia of Synchytrium endobioticum using chloroform, calcium chloride and zinc sulphate as extraction reagents. OEPP/EPPO Bull 35: 25-31.
180. Wander JGN, van den Berg W, van den Boogert PHJF, Lamers JG, van Leeuwen GCM, Hendrickx G, Bonants P (2007) A novel technique using the Hendrickx centrifuge for extracting winter sporangia of Synchytrium endobioticum from soil. Eur J Plant Pathol 119: 165-174.
181. Weiss FA (1908-1909) Potato black scab. Nature (London) 79: 98-99.
182. Weiss F (1925) The conditions of infection in potato wart. Am J Bot 12: 413-443.
183. Weiss F, Brierley P (1928) Factors of spread and repression in Potato wart. Tech Bull 56. USDA, Washington DC.
184. Weiss FE, Hartman RE (1923) Investigations of potato wart. USDA Bull, No 1156.
185. Zakopal J (1950a) The possibility of soil disinfection against potato wart disease, (Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Perc.) with a preparation containing 2, 4 dinitro-orthocresol. Cesk Akad Zemed Ved 23(1/2): 132-141.
186. Zakopal J (1950b) The result of tests for resistance to potato wart. Ochrana Rostlin 23(3): 210-215.
187. Zeyla AG, Melnik PA (1998) Detection methods for Synchytrium endobioticum. OEPP/EPPO Bull 28: 543-544.
188. Zimnoch-Guzowska E, Marczewski W, Lebecka R, Flis B, Schäfer-Pregl R, Salamini F, Gebhardt C (2000) QTL analysis of new sources of resistance to Erwinia carotovora ssp. atroseptica in potato done by AFLP, RFLP and resistance-gene-like markers. Crop Sci 40: 1156-1167.