Sustainability impacts of first-generation biofuels

Animal Frontiers

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 12-26

  Gasparatos, Alexandros ^a   Stromberg, Per ^b,c   Takeuchi, Kazuhiko ^b,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b UNITED NATIONS UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^c SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (Sweden)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

Author keywords

Biodiesel; Bioethanol; Biofuels; Impacts; Sustainability

Indexed keywords

EID: 84897096286     PISSN: 21606056     EISSN: 21606064     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2527/af.2013-0011     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Abramovay, R. 2008. A political-cultural approach to the biofuel market in Brazil. Department of Economics and Administration, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
2. Achten, W.M.J., P. Vandenbempt, J. Almeida, E. Mathijs, and B. Muys. 2010. Life cycle assessment of a palm oil system with simultaneous production of biodiesel and cooking oil in Cameroon. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44:4809-4815
3. Achten, W.M.J., and L.V. Verchot. 2011. Implications of biodiesel-induced landuse changes for CO2 emissions: Case studies in Tropical America, Africa, and Southeast Asia. Ecol. Soc. 16(4):14 doi:10.5751/ES-04403-160414
4. Achten, W.M.J., L. Verchot, Y.J. Franken, E. Mathijs, V.P. Singh, R. Aerts, and B. Muys. 2008. Jatropha bio-diesel production and use. Biomass Bioenergy 32:1063-1084
5. Acquaye, A.A., T. Sherwen, A. Genovese, J. Kuylenstierna, S. Lenny Koh, and S. McQueen-Mason. 2012. Biofuels and their potential to aid the UK towards achieving emissions reduction policy targets. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 16:5414-5422
6. Agoramoorthy, G., M.J. Hsu, S. Chaudhary, and P. Shieh. 2009. Can biofuel crops alleviate tribal poverty in India's drylands? Appl. Energy 86(Suppl. 1):S118-S124
7. Ajanovic, A., 2011. Biofuels versus food production: Does biofuels production increase food prices? Energy 36:2070-2076
8. Ariza-Montobbio, P., and S. Lele. 2010. Jatropha plantations for biodiesel in Tamil Nadu, India: Viability, livelihood trade-offs, and latent conflict. Ecol. Econ. 70:189-195
9. Arndt, C., R. Benfica, F. Tarp, J. Thurlow, and R. Uaiene, 2010. Biofuels, poverty, and growth: A computable general equilibrium analysis of Mozambique. Environ. Dev. Econ. 15:81-105
10. Arndt, C., K. Pauw, and J. Thurlow. 2012. Biofuels and economic development: A computable general equilibrium analysis for Tanzania. Energy Econ. 34:1922-1930
11. Bailis, R.E., and J.E. Baka. 2010. Greenhouse gas emissions and land use change from Jatropha curcas-based jet fuel in Brazil. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44:8684-8691
12. Bailis, R., and H. McCarthy. 2011. Carbon impacts of direct land use change in semiarid woodlands converted to biofuel plantations in India and Brazil. GCB Bioenergy 3:449-460
13. Britz, W., and T.W. Hertel. 2011. Impact of EU biofuels directives on global markets and EU environmental quality: An integrated PE, global CGE analysis. Agric., Ecosyst. Environ. 142:102-109
14. Buddenhagen, C.E., C. Chimera, and P. Clifford. 2009. Assessing biofuel crop invasiveness: A case study. PLoS ONE 4(4):E5261 doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0005261
15. Cancado, J.E.D., P.N.H. Saldiva, L.A.A. Pereira, L.B.L.S. Lara, P. Artaxo, L.A. Martinelli, M.A. Arbex, A. Zanobetti, and A.L.F. Braga. 2006. The impact of sugar-cane burning emissions on the respiratory system of the children and the elderly. Environ. Health Perspect. 114:725-729
16. CETESB. 2012. Average emission factors of new vehicles. Environmental Authority of São Paulo state, São Paulo, Brazil
17. Chessman, O.D. 2004. Environmental Impacts of Sugar Production. CABI, Wallingford, England
18. Cherubini, F., and A.H. Stromman. 2011. Life cycle assessment of bioenergy systems: State of the art and future challenges. Bioresour. Technol. 102:437-451
19. Chiu, Y.W., B. Walseth, and S. Suh. 2009. Water embodied in bioethanol in the United States. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43:2688-2692
20. Chiu, Y.W., and M. Wu. 2012. Assessing county-level water footprints of different cellulosic-biofuel feedstock pathways. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46:9155-9162
21. Cotula, L., N. Dyer, and S. Vermeulen. 2008. Fuelling exclusion? The biofuels boom and poor people's access to land. International Institute for Environment and Development, London
22. Danielsen, F., H. Beukema, N.D. Burgess, F. Parish, C.A. Bruhl, P.F. Donald et al. 2009. Biofuel plantations on forested lands: Double jeopardy for biodiversity and climate. Conserv. Biol. 23:348-358
23. de Oliveira, M.E.D., B.E. Vaughan, and E.J. Rykiel. 2005. Ethanol as fuel: Energy, carbon dioxide balances, and ecological footprint. BioScience 55:593-602
24. de Vries, S.C., G.M.J. van de Ven, M.K. Ittersum, and K.E. Giller. 2010. Resource use efficiency and environmental performance of nine major biofuel crops, processed by first-generation conversion techniques. Biomass Bioenergy 34:588-601
25. Donner, S.D., and C.J. Kucharik. 2008. Corn-based ethanol production compromises goal of reducing nitrogen export by the Mississippi River. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105:4513-4518
26. EC. 2009. Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources. Off. J. Eur. Union L140:16-62
27. Energia. 2009. Biofuels for sustainable rural development and empowerment of women: Case studies from Africa and Asia. Energia, Leusden, Netherlands
28. EPA. 2010. EPA lifecycle analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from renewable fuels. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI
29. FAO. 2010. Jatropha: A smallholder bioenergy crop. FAO, Rome
30. FAO. 2009. Small-scale bioenergy initiatives: Brief description and preliminary lessons on livelihood impacts from case studies in Asia, Latin America, and Africa. FAO, Rome
31. Fargione, J., J. Hill, D. Tilman, S. Polasky, and P. Hawthrone. 2008. Land clearing and the biofuel carbon debt. Science 319:1235-1238
32. Field, C.B., J.E. Campbell, and D.B. Lobell. 2008. Biomass energy: The scale of the potential resource. Trends Ecol. Evol. 23:65-72
33. Fischer, G., E. Hizsnyik, S. Prielder, M. Shah, and H. van Velthuizen. 2009. Biofuels and food security. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Vienna, Austria
34. Fitzherbert, E.B., M.J. Struebig, A. Morel, F. Danielsen, C.A. Bruhl, P.F. Donald, and B. Phalan. 2008. How will oil palm expansion affect biodiversity? Trends Ecol. Evol. 23:538-545
35. Fletcher, R. J., Jr., B. A. Robertson, J. Evans, P. J. Doran, J. R. R. Alavalapati, and D. W. Schemske. 2011. Biodiversity conservation in the era of biofuels: Risks and opportunities. Front. Ecol. Environ. 9:161-168
36. FoE, 2011. Jatropha: Money doesn't grow on trees. Ten reasons why jatropha is neither a profitable nor sustainable investment. Friends of the Earth, London
37. Foster, W.A., J.L. Snaddon, E.C. Turner, T.M. Fayle, T.D. Cockerill, M.D. Farnon et al. 2011. Establishing the evidence base for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem function in the oil palm landscapes of South East Asia. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 366:3277-3291
38. Frankenberg, E., D. McKee, and T. Duncan, 2005. Health consequences of forest fires in Indonesia. Demography 42:109-129
39. Gao, Y., M. Skutsch, R. Drigo, P. Pacheco, and O. Masera. 2011. Assessing deforestation from biofuels: Methodological challenges. Appl. Geogr. 31:508-518
40. Gasparatos, A., M. Borzoni, and R. Abramovay. 2012b. The Brazilian bioethanol and biodiesel programs: Drivers, policies and impacts. In: Socioeconomic and Environmental Impacts of Biofuels: Evidence from Developing Nations. A. Gasparatos P. Stromberg, ed. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England. p. 111-143
41. Gasparatos, A., L.Y. Lee, G. von Maltitz, M.V. Mathai, J. Puppim de Oliveira, and K.J. Willis. 2012a. Biofuels in Africa: Impacts on ecosystem services, biodiversity, and human wellbeing. UNU-IAS Policy Report, Yokohama, Japan
42. Gasparatos, A., M. Lehtonen, and P. Stromberg. 2012c. Do we need a unified appraisal framework to synthesize biofuel impacts? Biomass Bioenergy doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.09.052
43. Gasparatos, A., and P. Stromberg (eds.). 2012. Socioeconomic and environmental impacts of biofuels: Evidence from developing nations. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England
44. Gasparatos, A., P. Stromberg, and K. Takeuchi. 2011. Biofuels, ecosystem services and human wellbeing: Putting biofuels in the ecosystem services narrative. Agric., Ecosyst. Environ. 142:111-128
45. GBEP. 2011. The global bioenergy partnership sustainability indicators for bioenergy. Global Bioenergy Partnership, Rome, Italy
46. Gelfand, I., T. Zenone, P. Jasrotia, J. Chen, S.K. Hamilton, and G.P. Robertson. 2011. Carbon debt of Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) grasslands converted to bioenergy production. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 108:13864-13869
47. Gerbens-Leenes, P.W., A.Y. Hoekstra, and T.H. van der Meer. 2009a. The water footprint of energy from biomass: A quantitative assessment and consequences of an increasing share of bio-energy in energy supply. Ecol. Econ. 68:1052-1060
48. Gerbens-Leenes, P.W., A.Y. Hoekstra, and T.H. van der Meer. 2009b. The water footprint of bioenergy. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106:10219-10223
49. Gerbens-Leenes, P.W., A.Y. Hoekstra, and T.H. van der Meer. 2012a. Water for bioenergy: A global analysis. In: Socioeconomic and Environmental Impacts of Biofuels: Evidence from Developing Nations. A. Gasparatos and P. Stromberg, eds. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England. p. 69-89
50. Gerbens-Leenes, P.W., A.R. van Lienden, A.Y. Hoekstra, and T.H. van der Meer. 2012b. Biofuel scenarios in a water perspective: The global blue and green water footprint of road transport in 2030. Global Environ. Chang. 22:764-775
51. Gibbs, H., M. Johnston, J.A. Foley, T. Holloway, C. Monfreda, N. Ramankutty, and D. Zaks. 2008. Carbon payback times for crop-based biofuel expansion in the tropics: The effects of changing yield and technology. Environ. Res. Lett. 3:034001. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/3/3/034001
52. Gmunder, S. M., R. Zah, S. Bhatacharjee, M. Classen, P. Mukherjee, and R. Widmer. 2010. Life cycle assessment of village electrification based on straight Jatropha oil in Chhattisgarh, India. Biomass Bioenergy 34:347-355
53. Gunkel, G., J. Kosmol, M. Sobral, H. Rohn, S. Montenegro, and J. Aurelian. 2007. Sugarcane industry as a source of water pollution: Case study on the situation in Ipojuca River, Pernambuco, Brazil. Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 180:261-269
54. Guo, R., and K. Hanaki. 2010. Potential and life cycle assessment of biodiesel production in China. J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 2:033107. doi:10.1063/1.3449298
55. Hellmann, F., and P. H. Verburg. 2010. Impact assessment of the European biofuel directive on land use and biodiversity. J. Environ. Manage. 91:1389-1396
56. Hess, P., M. Johnston, B. Brown-Steiner, T. Holloway, J.B.d. Andrade, and P. Artaxo. 2009. Air quality issues associated with biofuel production and use. In: Biofuels: Environmental consequences and interactions with changing land use. R.W. Howarth and S. Bringezu, eds. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. p. 169-194
57. Hewitt, C.N., A.R. MacKenzie, P. Di Carlo, C F. Di Marco, J.R. Dorsey, M. Evans, et al. 2009. Nitrogen management is essential to prevent tropical oil palm plantations from causing ground-level ozone pollution. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106:18447-18451
58. Hill, J., S. Polasky, E. Nelson, D. Tilman, H. Huo, L. Ludwig, J. Neumann, H. Zheng, and D. Bonta. 2009. Climate change and health costs of air emissions from biofuels. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106:2077-2082
59. Hoefnagels, R., E. Smeets, and A. Faaij. 2010. Greenhouse gas footprints of different biofuel production systems. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 14:1661-1694
60. Howarth, R.W., and S. Bringezu, eds. 2009. Biofuels: Environmental Consequences and Interactions with Changing Land Use. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
61. IEA. 2010. Sustainable production of second-generation biofuels: Potential and perspectives in major economies and developing countries. International Energy Agency, Paris, France
62. IEA. 2011. Extended energy balances of OECD and non-OECD countries. International Energy Agency, Paris, France
63. Jacobson, M.Z. 2007. Effects of ethanol (E85) versus gasoline vehicles on cancer and mortality in the United States. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41:4150-4157
64. Karavina, C., E. Zivenge, R. Mandumbu, and C. Parwada. 2011. Jatropha curcas production in Zimbabwe: Uses, challenges, and the way forward. Mod. Appl. Sci. 5:239-243
65. Kim, H., S. Kim, and B.E. Dale. 2009. Biofuels, land use change, and greenhouse gas emissions: Some unexplored variables. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43:961-967
66. Koh, L.P., P. Levange, and J. Ghazoul. 2009. Designer landscapes for sustainable biofuels. Trends Ecol. Evol. 24:431-438
67. Koh, L.P., J. Miettinen, S.C. Liew, and J. Ghazoul. 2011. Remotely sensed evidence of tropical peatland conversion to palm oil. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108:5127-5132
68. Koh, L.P., and D.S. Wilcove. 2008. Is oil palm agriculture really destroying tropical biodiversity? Conserv. Lett. 1:60-64
69. Koizumi, T, and K. Ohga. 2007. Biofuels policies in Asian countries: Impact on the expanded biofuel programs on world agricultural markets. J. Agric. Food Ind. Org. 5(2):8. doi:10.2202/1542-0485.1190
70. Lapola, D.M., R. Schaldach, J. Alcamo, A. Bondeau, J. Koch, C. Koelking, and J.A. Priess. 2010. Indirect land use changes can overcome carbon savings from biofuels in Brazil. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107:3388-3393
71. Lara, L.L., P. Artaxo, L.A. Martinelli, P.B. Camargo, R.L. Victoria, and E.S.B. Ferraz. 2005. Properties of aerosols from sugarcane burning emissions in Southeastern Brazil. Atmos. Environ. 39:4627-4637
72. Lee, R., and J.M. Lavoie. 2013. From first to third-generation biofuels: Challenges of producing a commodity from a biomass of increasing complexity. Anim. Front. 3(2):6-11
73. Lehtonen, M. 2009. Status report on sugarcane agrochemicals management. Ethical Sugar, Oullins, France
74. Lehtonen, M. 2012. Power, social impacts, and certification of ethanol fuel: View from the Northeast of Brazil. In: Socioeconomic and Environmental Impacts of Biofuels: Evidence from Developing Nations. A. Gasparatos and P. Stromberg, eds. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England. p. 144-170
75. Love, B., and A.P. Nejadhashemi. 2011. Environmental impact analysis of biofuel crops expansion in the Saginaw river watershed. J. Biobased Mater. Bioenergy 5:30-54
76. Love, B.J., M.D. Einheuser, and A.P. Nejadhashemi. 2011. Effects on aquatic and human health due to large-scale bioenergy crop expansion. Sci. Total Environ. 409:3215-3229
77. Martinelli, L.A., and S. Filoso. 2008. Expansion of sugarcane ethanol expansion in Brazil: Environmental and social challenges. Ecol. Appl. 18:885-898
78. McDonald, R.I., J. Fargione, J. Kiesecker, W.M. Miller, and J. Powell. 2009. Energy sprawl or energy efficiency: Climate policy impacts on natural habitat for the United States of America. PLoS One 4(8):E6802. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0006802
79. Menichetti, E., and M. Otto. 2009. Energy balance and greenhouse gas emissions of bio-fuels from a product life-cycle perspective. In: Biofuels: Environmental Consequences and Interactions with Changing Land Use. R.W. Howarth, and S. Bringezu, eds. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. p. 81-109
80. Millenium Ecosystem Assessment. 2005. Millennium ecosystem assessment: Current state and trends assessment. Island Press, Washington, DC
81. Millet, D.B., E. Apel, D.K. Henze, J.D. Hill, J.D. Marshall, H.B. Singh, and C.W. Tessum. 2012. Natural and anthropogenic ethanol sources in North America and potential atmospheric impacts of ethanol fuel use. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46:8484-8492
82. Mitchell, D. 2008. A note on rising food prices. World Bank, Washington, DC
83. Mueller, S.A., J.E. Anderson, and T.J. Wallington. 2011. Impact of biofuel production and other supply and demand factors on food price increases in 2008. Biomass Bioenergy 35:1623-1632
84. Muyibi, S.A., A.R. Ambali, and G.S. Eissa. 2008. Development-induced water pollution in Malaysia: Policy implications from an econometric analysis. Water Policy 10:193-206
85. Nassar, A.M., L. Harfuch, M.M.R. Moreira, L.C. Bachion, and L.B. Antoniazzi. 2009. Impacts on land use and GHG emissions from a shock on Brazilian sugarcane ethanol exports to the United States using the Brazilian Land Use Model (BLUM). Institute for International Trade Negotiations (ICONE), São Paulo, Brazil
86. Obidzinski, K., R. Andriani, H. Komarudin, and A. Andrianto. 2012. Environmental and social impacts of oil palm plantations and their implications for biofuel production in Indonesia. Ecol. Soc. 17(1):25. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ ES-a04775-170125
87. OECD. 2012. Linking renewable energy to rural development. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris, France
88. OECD-FAO. 2010. Agricultural Outlook 2010-2019. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Paris and Rome
89. Oppenheimer, C., V.I. Tsanev, A.G. Allen, A.J.S. McGonigle, A.A. Cardoso, A. Wiatr, W. Paterlini, and C. de Mello Dias. 2004. NO2 emissions from agricultural burning in São Paulo, Brazil. Environ. Sci. Technol 38:4557-4561
90. Panichelli, L., A. Dauriat, and E. Gnansounou. 2009. Life cycle assessment of soybean-based biodiesel in Argentina for export. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 14:144-159
91. Pellegrini, L.P., and de Oliveira S. Jr. 2011. Combined production of sugar, ethanol and electricity: Thermoeconomic and environmental analysis and optimization. Energy 36:3704-3715
92. Pyke, C.R., R. Thomas, R.D. Porter, J.J. Hellmann, J.S. Dukes, D.M. Lodge, and G. Chavarria. 2008. Current practices and future opportunities for policy on climate change and invasive species. Conserv. Biol. 22:585-592
93. Raghu, S., R.C. Anderson, C.C. Daehler, A.S. Davis, R.N. Wiedenmann, D. Simberloff, and R.N. Mack. 2006. Adding biofuels to the invasive species fire? Science 313:1742
94. Rajagopal, D. 2008. Implications of India's biofuel policies for food, water, and the poor. Water Policy. 10(Suppl.):95-106
95. RFA. 2008. The Gallagher review of the indirect effects of biofuels production. Renewable Fuels Agency, St Leonards-on-Sea, East Sussex, England
96. Romijn, H.A. 2011. Land clearing and greenhouse gas emissions from Jatropha biofuel on African Miombo woodlands. Energy Policy 39:5751-5762
97. Rossi, A., and A. Lambrou. 2008. Gender and equity issues in liquid biofuels production: Minimizing the risks to maximize the opportunities. FAO, Rome
98. RSB. 2010. RSB principles and criteria for sustainable biofuel production (Version 2.0). Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels (RSB), Lausanne
99. RSPO. 2007. RSPO certification systems. Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), Selangor
100. Scown, C.D., A. Horvath, and T. McKone. 2011. Water footprint of U.S. transportation fuels. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45:2541-2553
101. Searchinger, T., R. Heimlich, R.A. Houghton, F. Dong, A. Elobeid, J. Fabiosa, S. Tokgoz, D. Hayes, and T.H. Yu. 2008. Use of U.S. croplands for biofuels increases greenhouse gases through emissions from land-use change. Science 319:1238-1240
102. Smeets, E., M. Junginger, A. Faaij, A. Walter, P. Dolzan, and W. Turkenburg. 2008. The sustainability of Brazilian ethanol: An assessment of the possibilities of certified production. Biomass Bioenergy 32:781-813
103. Sparovek, G., G. Berndes, A. Egeskog, F.L.M. de Freitas, S. Gustafsson, and J. Hansson. 2007. Sugarcane ethanol expansion in Brazil: An expansion model sensitive to socioeconomic and environmental concerns. Biofuels, Bioprod. Biorefin.1:270-282
104. Stromberg, P., and A. Gasparatos. 2012. Biofuels at the confluence of energy security, rural development and food security: A developing country perspective. In: Socioeconomic and Environmental Impacts of Biofuels: Evidence from Developing Nations. A. Gasparatos and P. Stromberg, eds. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. p. 3-26
105. Takama, T., F. Lambe, F.X. Johnson, A. Arvidson, B. Atanassov, M. Debebe, L. Nilsson, P. Tella, and S. Tsephel. 2011. Will African consumers buy cleaner fuels and stoves? A household energy economic analysis model for the market introduction of bio-ethanol cooking stoves in Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Mozambique. Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm
106. Tessum, C.W., J.D. Marshall, and J.D. Hill, 2012. A spatially and temporally explicit life cycle inventory of air pollutants from gasoline and ethanol in the United States. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46:11408-11417
107. Tomei, J., and P. Upham. 2009. Argentinean soy based biodiesel: An introduction to production and impacts. Energy Policy 37:3890-3898
108. Tsao, C.-C., J.E. Campbell, M. Mena-Carrasco, S.N. Spak, G.R. Carmichael, and Y. Chen. 2012. Increased estimates of air pollution emissions from Brazilian sugarcane ethanol. Nat. Clim. Change 2:53-57
109. Upham, P., P. Thornley, J. Tomei, and P. Boucher. 2009. Substitutable biodiesel feedstocks for the UK: A review of sustainability issues. J. Cleaner Prod. 17:S37-S45
110. Uriarte, M., C.B. Yackulic, T. Cooper, D. Flynn, M. Cortes, T. Crk, G. Cullman, M. McGinty, and J. Sircely. 2009. Expansion of sugarcane production in São Paulo, Brazil: Implications for fire occurrence and respiraory health. Agric., Ecosyst. Environ. 132:48-56
111. U.S. House of Representatives. 2007. Public Law 110-140 2007: Energy Independence and Security Act. U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, DC
112. Valentin, C., F. Agus, R. Alamban, A. Boosaner, J.P. Bricquet, V. Chaplot et al. 2008. Runoff and sediment losses from 27 upland catchments in Southeast Asia: Impact of rapid land use changes and conservation practices. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 128:225-238
113. van Dam, J., A.P.C. Faaij, J. Hilbert, H. Petruzzi, and W.C. Turkenburg. 2009. Large-scale bioenergy production from soybeans and switchgrass in Argentina Part B. Environmental and socio-economic impacts on a regional level. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 13:1679-1709
114. van der Werf, G.R., J. Dempewolf, S.N. Trigg, J.T. Randerson, P.S. Kasibhatla, L. Giglio et al. 2008. Climate regulation of fire emissions and deforestation in equatorial Asia. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105:20350-20355
115. van Eijck, J., E. Smeets, H. Romijn, A. Balkema, and R. Jongschaap. 2010. Jatropha assessment: Agronomy, socio-economic issues, and ecology. NL Agency, Utrecht
116. Vang Rasmussen, L., K. Rasmussen, and T. Bech Bruun. 2012a. Impacts of jatropha-based biodiesel production on above and below-ground carbon stocks: A case study from Mozambique. Energy Policy 51:728-736
117. Vang Rasmussen, L., K. Rasmussen, T. Birch-Thomsen, S.B.P. Kristensen, and O. Traoré. 2012b. The effect of cassava-based bioethanol production on aboveground carbon stocks: A case study from Southern Mali. Energy Policy 41:575-583
118. von Maltitz, G.P., and K.A. Setzkorn. 2013. A typology of Southern African biofuel feedstock production projects. Biomass Bioenergy in press: doi 10.1016/j. biombioe.2012.11.024
119. von Maltitz, G.P., A. Sugrue, M.B. Gush, C. Everson, G.D. Borman, and R. Blanchard. 2012. Environmental and socioeconomic considerations for jatropha growing in southern Africa. In: Socioeconomic and Environmental Impacts of Biofuels: Evidence from Developing Nations. A. Gasparatos and P. Stromberg, eds. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. p. 278-305
120. Wagstrom, K., and J. Hill. 2012. Air pollution impacts of biofuels. In: Socioeconomic and Environmental Impacts of Biofuels: Evidence from Developing Nations. A. Gasparatos and P. Stromberg, eds. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. p. 53-68
121. Wiens, J., J. Fargione, and J. Hill. 2011. Biofuels and biodiversity. Ecol. Appl. 21:1085-1095
122. Wu, M., Y. Demissie, and E. Yan. 2012. Simulated impact of future biofuel production on water quality and water cycle dynamics in the Upper Mississippi river basin. Biomass Bioenergy 41:44-56
123. Wu, T.Y., A.W. Mohammad, J.M. Jahim, and N. Anuar. 2010. Pollution control technologies for the treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) through endof-pipe processes. J. Environ. Manag. 91:1467-1490
124. Yang, Q., and G.Q. Chen. 2012 Nonrenewable energy cost of corn-ethanol in China. Energy Policy 41:340-347
125. Zah, R., H. Boni, M. Gauch, R. Hischier, M. Lehmann, and P. Wager. 2007. Life cycle assessment of energy products: Environmental impact assessment of Biofuels. ETH-EMPA, St. Gallen
126. Zhou, A., and E. Thomson. 2009. The development of biofuels in Asia. Appl. Energy 86(Suppl. 1):S11-S20