메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 23, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 348-358

Biofuel plantations on forested lands: Double jeopardy for biodiversity and climate;Plantaciones de biocombustible en terrenos boscosos: Doble peligro para la biodiversidad y el clima

(11)  Danielsen, Finn a   Beukema, Hendrien b   Burgess, Neil D c,d   Parish, Faizal e   BrÜhl, Carsten A f   Donald, Paul F g   Murdiyarso, Daniel h   Phalan, Ben c   Reijnders, Lucas i   Struebig, Matthew j   Fitzherbert, Emily B k,l  


Author keywords

Biofuel plantation; Compensation point; Oil palm plantation biodiversity; Oil palm plantation emission; Palm oil production impact; Peatland conversion; Plantation development

Indexed keywords

VEGETABLE OIL;

EID: 62549104186     PISSN: 08888892     EISSN: 15231739     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01096.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (440)

References (74)
  • 2
    • 33646269493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in bird communities following conversion of lowland forest to oil palm and rubber plantations in southern Thailand
    • and
    • Aratrakorn, S., S. Thunhikorn, and P. F. Donald. 2006. Changes in bird communities following conversion of lowland forest to oil palm and rubber plantations in southern Thailand. Bird Conservation International 16 : 71 82.
    • (2006) Bird Conservation International , vol.16 , pp. 71-82
    • Aratrakorn, S.1    Thunhikorn, S.2    Donald, P.F.3
  • 3
    • 0028974984 scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis: Synthesizing research findings in ecology and evolution
    • and
    • Arnqvist, G., and D. Wooster. 1995. Meta-analysis: synthesizing research findings in ecology and evolution. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 10 : 236 240.
    • (1995) Trends in Ecology & Evolution , vol.10 , pp. 236-240
    • Arnqvist, G.1    Wooster, D.2
  • 5
    • 4744352844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Terrestrial pteridophytes as indicators of a forest-like environment in rubber production systems in the lowlands of Jambi, Sumatra
    • and
    • Beukema, H., and M. van Noordwijk. 2004. Terrestrial pteridophytes as indicators of a forest-like environment in rubber production systems in the lowlands of Jambi, Sumatra. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 104 : 63 73.
    • (2004) Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , vol.104 , pp. 63-73
    • Beukema, H.1    Van Noordwijk, M.2
  • 6
    • 34249046118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plant and bird diversity in rubber agroforests in the lowlands of Sumatra, Indonesia
    • and
    • Beukema, H., F. Danielsen, G. Vincent, S. Hardiwinoto, and J. van Andel. 2007. Plant and bird diversity in rubber agroforests in the lowlands of Sumatra, Indonesia. Agroforestry Systems 70 : 217 242.
    • (2007) Agroforestry Systems , vol.70 , pp. 217-242
    • Beukema, H.1    Danielsen, F.2    Vincent, G.3    Hardiwinoto, S.4    Van Andel, J.5
  • 7
    • 62549162415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and. Center for Science in the Public Interest. Washington, D.C.
    • Brown, E., and M. F. Jacobson. 2005. Cruel oil. Center for Science in the Public Interest, Washington, D.C.
    • (2005) Cruel Oil.
    • Brown, E.1    Jacobson, M.F.2
  • 9
    • 34247333798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation, The Orangutan Foundation (U.K.), and the Sumatran Orangutan Society. Friends of the Earth Trust. London.
    • Buckland, H. 2005. The oil for ape scandal. Friends of the Earth, The Ape Alliance, The Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation, The Orangutan Foundation (U.K.), and the Sumatran Orangutan Society. Friends of the Earth Trust, London.
    • (2005) The Oil for Ape Scandal. Friends of the Earth, the Ape Alliance
    • Buckland, H.1
  • 12
    • 0030752115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in abundance and behaviour of vector mosquitoes induced by land use during the development of an oil palm plantation in Sarawak
    • and
    • Chang, M. S., J. Hii, P. Buttner, and F. Mansoor. 1997. Changes in abundance and behaviour of vector mosquitoes induced by land use during the development of an oil palm plantation in Sarawak. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 91 : 382 386.
    • (1997) Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , vol.91 , pp. 382-386
    • Chang, M.S.1    Hii, J.2    Buttner, P.3    Mansoor, F.4
  • 13
    • 48049085754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impacts of forest conversion on biodiversity as indicated by moths
    • Chey, V. K. 2006. Impacts of forest conversion on biodiversity as indicated by moths. Malayan Nature Journal 57 : 383 418.
    • (2006) Malayan Nature Journal , vol.57 , pp. 383-418
    • Chey, V.K.1
  • 15
    • 34250808069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CNA Corporation. CNA Corporation. Alexandria, Virginia. Available from. accessed March 2008).
    • CNA Corporation. 2007. National security and the threat of climate change. CNA Corporation, Alexandria, Virginia. Available from http://www.securityandclimate.cna.org (accessed March 2008).
    • (2007) National Security and the Threat of Climate Change.
  • 17
    • 7544236217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interpolating, extrapolating, and comparing incidence-based species accumulation curves
    • and
    • Colwell, R. K., C. X. Mao, and J. Chang. 2004. Interpolating, extrapolating, and comparing incidence-based species accumulation curves. Ecology 85 : 2717 2727.
    • (2004) Ecology , vol.85 , pp. 2717-2727
    • Colwell, R.K.1    Mao, C.X.2    Chang, J.3
  • 18
    • 62549163169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). CBD. Montreal. Available from. accessed September 2008).
    • Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). 2007. Recommendation XII-5 and XII-7 from 12th Meeting of The Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice of the Convention on Biological Diversity 2007. CBD, Montreal. Available from http://www.cbd.int/meetings/sbstta-12/ (accessed September 2008).
    • (2007)
  • 19
    • 62549128443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). CBD. Montreal. Available from. accessed September 2008).
    • Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). 2008. Recommendation IX-2 from the 9th Convention of Parties in Bonn 2008. CBD, Montreal. Available from http://www.cbd.int/decisions/?dec=IX/2 (accessed September 2008).
    • (2008) Recommendation IX-2 from the 9th Convention of Parties in Bonn 2008.
  • 21
    • 54349086685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economic Research Service. Washington, D.C.
    • Coyle, W. 2007. The future of biofuels. Economic Research Service, Washington, D.C.
    • (2007) The Future of Biofuels.
    • Coyle, W.1
  • 22
    • 0028792696 scopus 로고
    • Impact of logging and plantation development on species diversity: A case study from Sumatra
    • and. Pages. in. Ø. Sandbukt. editor. University of Oslo. Oslo, Norway.
    • Danielsen, F., and M. Heegaard. 1995. Impact of logging and plantation development on species diversity: a case study from Sumatra. Pages 73 92 in Ø. Sandbukt, editor. Management of tropical forests: towards an integrated perspective. University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
    • (1995) Management of Tropical Forests: Towards An Integrated Perspective. , pp. 73-92
    • Danielsen, F.1    Heegaard, M.2
  • 23
    • 26444487413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of deforestation on a southwest Ghana dung beetle assemblage (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) at the periphery of Ankasa Conservation Area
    • and
    • Davis, A. L. V., and T. K. Philips. 2005. Effect of deforestation on a southwest Ghana dung beetle assemblage (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) at the periphery of Ankasa Conservation Area. Environmental Entomology 34 : 1081 1088.
    • (2005) Environmental Entomology , vol.34 , pp. 1081-1088
    • Davis, A.L.V.1    Philips, T.K.2
  • 25
    • 45049084353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The bio-fuel debate and fossil energy use in palm oil production: A critique of Reijnders and Huijbregts 2007
    • DOI:.
    • De Vries, S. C. 2008. The bio-fuel debate and fossil energy use in palm oil production: a critique of Reijnders and Huijbregts 2007. Journal of Cleaner Production DOI :.
    • (2008) Journal of Cleaner Production
    • De Vries, S.C.1
  • 26
    • 1242288100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biodiversity impacts of some agricultural commodity production systems
    • Donald, P. F. 2004. Biodiversity impacts of some agricultural commodity production systems. Conservation Biology 18 : 17 37.
    • (2004) Conservation Biology , vol.18 , pp. 17-37
    • Donald, P.F.1
  • 28
    • 4444290162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical deforestation and greenhouse-gas emissions
    • and
    • Fearnside, P. M., and W. F. Laurance. 2004. Tropical deforestation and greenhouse-gas emissions. Ecological Applications 14 : 982 986.
    • (2004) Ecological Applications , vol.14 , pp. 982-986
    • Fearnside, P.M.1    Laurance, W.F.2
  • 30
    • 0005149955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). FAO forestry paper 147. FAO. Rome.
    • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 2006. Global forest assessment 2005. FAO forestry paper 147. FAO, Rome.
    • (2006) Global Forest Assessment 2005.
  • 31
    • 62549156455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). FAOSTAT. FAO. Rome. Available from. accessed January 2008).
    • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 2007. FAOSTAT. FAO, Rome. Available from http://faostat.fao.org/ (accessed January 2008).
    • (2007)
  • 32
    • 33845245856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biodiesel: A new Oildorado?
    • and
    • Frondel, M., and J. Peters. 2007. Biodiesel: a new Oildorado? Energy Policy 35 : 1675 1684.
    • (2007) Energy Policy , vol.35 , pp. 1675-1684
    • Frondel, M.1    Peters, J.2
  • 33
    • 33846059819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting the uncertain future of tropical forest species in a data vacuum
    • and
    • Gardner, T. A., J. Barlow, L. Parry, and C. A. Peres. 2007. Predicting the uncertain future of tropical forest species in a data vacuum. Biotropica 39 : 25 30.
    • (2007) Biotropica , vol.39 , pp. 25-30
    • Gardner, T.A.1    Barlow, J.2    Parry, L.3    Peres, C.A.4
  • 35
    • 0036166357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proximate causes and underlying driving forces of tropical deforestation
    • and
    • Geist, H. J., and E. F. Lambin. 2002. Proximate causes and underlying driving forces of tropical deforestation. BioScience 52 : 143 150.
    • (2002) BioScience , vol.52 , pp. 143-150
    • Geist, H.J.1    Lambin, E.F.2
  • 36
    • 51649096191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of the impact of oil palm plantation establishment on greenhouse gas balance
    • and. DOI:.
    • Germer, J., and J. Sauerborn. 2007. Estimation of the impact of oil palm plantation establishment on greenhouse gas balance. Environment, Development and Sustainability DOI :.
    • (2007) Environment, Development and Sustainability
    • Germer, J.1    Sauerborn, J.2
  • 37
    • 0034993337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lizard diversity and agricultural disturbance in a Caribbean forest landscape
    • and
    • Glor, R. E., A. S. Flecker, M. F. Benard, and A. G. Power. 2001. Lizard diversity and agricultural disturbance in a Caribbean forest landscape. Biodiversity and Conservation 10 : 711 723.
    • (2001) Biodiversity and Conservation , vol.10 , pp. 711-723
    • Glor, R.E.1    Flecker, A.S.2    Benard, M.F.3    Power, A.G.4
  • 38
    • 0034870192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying biodiversity: Procedures and pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richness
    • and
    • Gotelli, N. J., and R. K. Colwell. 2001. Quantifying biodiversity: procedures and pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richness. Ecology Letters 3 : 379 391.
    • (2001) Ecology Letters , vol.3 , pp. 379-391
    • Gotelli, N.J.1    Colwell, R.K.2
  • 39
    • 44949170688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biofuels and biodiversity: Principles for creating better policies for biofuel production
    • and
    • Groom, M. J., E. M. Gray, and P. A. Townsend. 2008. Biofuels and biodiversity: principles for creating better policies for biofuel production. Conservation Biology 22 : 602 609.
    • (2008) Conservation Biology , vol.22 , pp. 602-609
    • Groom, M.J.1    Gray, E.M.2    Townsend, P.A.3
  • 40
    • 0033040602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical Issues in Ecological meta-analysis
    • and
    • Gurevitch, J., and L. V. Hedges. 1999. Statistical Issues in Ecological meta-analysis. Ecology 80 : 1142 1149.
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 1142-1149
    • Gurevitch, J.1    Hedges, L.V.2
  • 43
    • 0035712703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyper-abundance of native wild pigs (Sus scrofa) in a lowland dipterocarp rain forest of peninsular Malaysia
    • Ickes, K. 2001. Hyper-abundance of native wild pigs (Sus scrofa) in a lowland dipterocarp rain forest of peninsular Malaysia. Biotropica 33 : 682 690.
    • (2001) Biotropica , vol.33 , pp. 682-690
    • Ickes, K.1
  • 44
    • 34548317425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cashing in palm oil for conservation
    • and
    • Koh, L. P., and D. S. Wilcove. 2007. Cashing in palm oil for conservation. Nature 448 : 993 994.
    • (2007) Nature , vol.448 , pp. 993-994
    • Koh, L.P.1    Wilcove, D.S.2
  • 45
    • 51649103592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is oil palm agriculture really destroying tropical biodiversity?
    • and. DOI:.
    • Koh, L. P., and D. S. Wilcove. 2008. Is oil palm agriculture really destroying tropical biodiversity? Conservation Letters DOI :.
    • (2008) Conservation Letters
    • Koh, L.P.1    Wilcove, D.S.2
  • 46
    • 37849034561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biofuels policies in Asian countries: Impact of the expanded biofuels programs on world agricultural markets
    • and
    • Koizumi, T., and K. Ohga. 2008. Biofuels policies in Asian countries: impact of the expanded biofuels programs on world agricultural markets. Journal of Agricultural and Food Industrial Organization 5 : http://www.bepress.com/ jafio/vol5/iss2/art8.
    • (2008) Journal of Agricultural and Food Industrial Organization , vol.5
    • Koizumi, T.1    Ohga, K.2
  • 47
    • 37749036237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest destruction in tropical Asia
    • Laurance, W. F. 2007. Forest destruction in tropical Asia. Current Science 93 : 1544 1550.
    • (2007) Current Science , vol.93 , pp. 1544-1550
    • Laurance, W.F.1
  • 48
    • 0034923472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bee diversity along a disturbance gradient in tropical lowland forests of South East Asia
    • and
    • Liow, L. H., N. S. Sodhi, and T. Elmqvist. 2001. Bee diversity along a disturbance gradient in tropical lowland forests of South East Asia. Journal of Applied Ecology 38 : 180 192.
    • (2001) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.38 , pp. 180-192
    • Liow, L.H.1    Sodhi, N.S.2    Elmqvist, T.3
  • 49
    • 62549145541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The conservation of tigers and other wildlife in oil palm plantations, Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia
    • and
    • Maddox, T. M., E. Gemita, S. Wijamukti, and A. Selampassy. 2007. The conservation of tigers and other wildlife in oil palm plantations, Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. Zoological Society of London.
    • (2007) Zoological Society of London.
    • Maddox, T.M.1    Gemita, E.2    Wijamukti, S.3    Selampassy, A.4
  • 52
    • 34047107762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global dung beetle response to tropical forest modification and fragmentation: A quantitative literature review and meta-analysis
    • and. The Scarabaeinae Research Network.
    • Nichols, E., T. Larsen, S. Spector, A. L. Davis, F. Escobar, M. Favila, K. Vulinec, and The Scarabaeinae Research Network. 2007. Global dung beetle response to tropical forest modification and fragmentation: A quantitative literature review and meta-analysis. Biological Conservation 137 : 1 19.
    • (2007) Biological Conservation , vol.137 , pp. 1-19
    • Nichols, E.1    Larsen, T.2    Spector, S.3    Davis, A.L.4    Escobar, F.5    Favila, M.6    Vulinec, K.7
  • 53
    • 33947367355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and. Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center. Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Available from. accessed March 2008).
    • Niklas, K. J., and B. J. Enquist. 2004. Biomass allocation and growth data of seeded plants. Data set. Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Available from http://www.daac. ornl.gov (accessed March 2008).
    • (2004) Biomass Allocation and Growth Data of Seeded Plants. Data Set.
    • Niklas, K.J.1    Enquist, B.J.2
  • 54
    • 84966678375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parish, F. A. Sirin. D. Charman. H. Joosten. T. Minaeva. and. M. Silvius. editors. Global Environment Centre. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. and. Wetlands International. Wageningen, The Netherlands.
    • Parish, F., A. Sirin, D. Charman, H. Joosten, T. Minaeva, and M. Silvius, editors. 2007. Assessment of peatlands, biodiversity and climate change. Global Environment Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and Wetlands International, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
    • (2007) Assessment of Peatlands, Biodiversity and Climate Change.
  • 55
    • 0037413628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems
    • and
    • Parmesan, C., and G. Yohe. 2003. A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems. Nature 421 : 37 42.
    • (2003) Nature , vol.421 , pp. 37-42
    • Parmesan, C.1    Yohe, G.2
  • 56
    • 14644401782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lowland rainforest avifauna and human disturbance: Persistence of primary forest birds in selectively logged forests and mixed rural habitats of southern Peninsular Malaysia
    • and
    • Peh, K. S-H., J. de Jong, N. S. Sodhi, S. L.-H. Lim, and C. A.-M. Yap. 2005. Lowland rainforest avifauna and human disturbance: persistence of primary forest birds in selectively logged forests and mixed rural habitats of southern Peninsular Malaysia. Biological Conservation 123 : 489 505.
    • (2005) Biological Conservation , vol.123 , pp. 489-505
    • Peh, K.S.-H.1    De Jong, J.2    Sodhi, N.S.3    Lim, S.L.-H.4    Yap, C.A.-M.5
  • 58
    • 33751301054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Palm oil as a fuel for agricultural diesel engines: Comparative testing against diesel oil
    • and
    • Prateepchaikul, G., and T. Apichato. 2003. Palm oil as a fuel for agricultural diesel engines: comparative testing against diesel oil. Journal of Science and Technology 25 : 317 326.
    • (2003) Journal of Science and Technology , vol.25 , pp. 317-326
    • Prateepchaikul, G.1    Apichato, T.2
  • 59
    • 36048964643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Palm oil and the emission of carbon-based greenhouse gases
    • and
    • Reijnders, L., and M. A. J. Huijbregts. 2008. Palm oil and the emission of carbon-based greenhouse gases. Journal of Cleaner Production 16 : 477 482.
    • (2008) Journal of Cleaner Production , vol.16 , pp. 477-482
    • Reijnders, L.1    Huijbregts, M.A.J.2
  • 60
    • 34548128886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon mitigation by biofuels or by saving and restoring forests?
    • and
    • Righelato, R., and D. V. Spracklen. 2007. Carbon mitigation by biofuels or by saving and restoring forests? Science 317 : 902.
    • (2007) Science , vol.317 , pp. 902
    • Righelato, R.1    Spracklen, D.V.2
  • 61
    • 84971029434 scopus 로고
    • Diversity and organization of the ground foraging ant faunas of forest, grassland and tree crops in Papua New Guinea
    • Room, P. M. 1975. Diversity and organization of the ground foraging ant faunas of forest, grassland and tree crops in Papua New Guinea. Australian Journal of Zoology 23 : 71 89.
    • (1975) Australian Journal of Zoology , vol.23 , pp. 71-89
    • Room, P.M.1
  • 63
    • 79951535058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Round Table on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO). RSPO. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
    • Round Table on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO). 2007. Principles and criteria for sustainable palm oil. RSPO, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
    • (2007) Principles and Criteria for Sustainable Palm Oil.
  • 65
    • 37849030772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How green are biofuels?
    • and
    • Scharlemann, J. P. W., and W. F. Laurance. 2008. How green are biofuels? Science 319 : 43 44.
    • (2008) Science , vol.319 , pp. 43-44
    • Scharlemann, J.P.W.1    Laurance, W.F.2
  • 66
    • 62549124360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Small cats in human modified landscapes in Sumatra
    • and
    • Scott, D. M., E. Gemita, and T. M. Maddox. 2004. Small cats in human modified landscapes in Sumatra. Cat News 40 : 23 25.
    • (2004) Cat News , vol.40 , pp. 23-25
    • Scott, D.M.1    Gemita, E.2    Maddox, T.M.3
  • 69
    • 0027373668 scopus 로고
    • Tropical rain forests as carbon sinks
    • Soepadmo, E. 1993. Tropical rain forests as carbon sinks. Chemosphere 27 : 1025 1039.
    • (1993) Chemosphere , vol.27 , pp. 1025-1039
    • Soepadmo, E.1
  • 72
    • 45349109291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oil palm research in context: Identifying the need for biodiversity assessment
    • and. DOI:.
    • Turner, E. C., J. L. Snaddon, T. M. Fayle, and W. A. Foster. 2008. Oil palm research in context: identifying the need for biodiversity assessment. PLoS ONE 3 (2 e1572. DOI :.
    • (2008) PLoS ONE , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 1572
    • Turner, E.C.1    Snaddon, J.L.2    Fayle, T.M.3    Foster, W.A.4
  • 73
    • 62549101839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). USDA. Washington, D.C. Available from. accessed January 2008).
    • U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2007. GAIN report Indonesia oilseeds PSD tables for oil palm. USDA, Washington, D.C. Available from http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usdahome (accessed January 2008).
    • (2007) GAIN Report Indonesia Oilseeds PSD Tables for Oil Palm.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.