Primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding

Clinics in Liver Disease

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 335-345

  Simonetto, Douglas A ^a   Shah, Vijay H ^a   Kamath, Patrick S ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

Cirrhosis; Endoscopy; Gastrointestinal hemorrhage; Portal hypertension; blockers

Indexed keywords

BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CARVEDILOL; NADOLOL; NITRATE; PROPRANOLOL; SPIRONOLACTONE; TIMOLOL; ALPHA 1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CARBAZOLE DERIVATIVE; PROPANOLAMINE DERIVATIVE;

COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; ENDOSCOPIC SCLEROTHERAPY; ENDOSCOPIC THERAPY; ESOPHAGUS VARICES; ESOPHAGUS VARICES BLEEDING; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; HEART OUTPUT; HEART RATE; HEMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); NONHUMAN; PORTAL HYPERTENSION; PORTAL VEIN BLOOD PRESSURE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; RISK; RISK REDUCTION; SODIUM RESTRICTION; SPLANCHNIC BLOOD FLOW; SURVIVAL; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VARICEAL BAND LIGATION; VASCULAR RESISTANCE; DRUG EFFECTS; ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES; LIGATION; PRIMARY PREVENTION; RISK FACTOR;

ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS; ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; CARBAZOLES; ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; HUMANS; LIGATION; PORTAL PRESSURE; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PROPANOLAMINES; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84897082548     PISSN: 10893261     EISSN: 15578224     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2013.12.005     Document Type: Review

References (60)

1. D'Amico G., De Franchis R. Upper digestive bleeding in cirrhosis. Post-therapeutic outcome and prognostic indicators. Hepatology 2003, 38(3):599-612.
2. D'Amico G., Garcia-Tsao G., Pagliaro L. Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis: a systematic review of 118 studies. JHepatol 2006, 44(1):217-231.
3. de Franchis R. Evolving consensus in portal hypertension. Report of the Baveno IV consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. JHepatol 2005, 43(1):167-176.
4. D'Amico G., Luca A. Natural history. Clinical-haemodynamic correlations. Prediction of the risk of bleeding. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol 1997, 11(2):243-256.
5. North Italian Endoscopic Club for the Study and Treatment of Esophageal Varices Prediction of the first variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and esophageal varices. A prospective multicenter study. NEngl J Med 1988, 319(15):983-989.
6. Tiani C., Abraldes J.G., Bosch J. Portal hypertension: pre-primary and primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding. Dig Liver Dis 2008, 40(5):318-327.
7. Merkel C., Bolognesi M., Bellon S., et al. Prognostic usefulness of hepatic vein catheterization in patients with cirrhosis and esophageal varices. Gastroenterology 1992, 102(3):973-979.
8. Bosch J. Ala carte or menu fixe: improving pharmacologic therapy of portal hypertension. Hepatology 2002, 36(6):1330-1332.
9. D'Amico G., Garcia-Pagan J.C., Luca A., et al. Hepatic vein pressure gradient reduction and prevention of variceal bleeding in cirrhosis: a systematic review. Gastroenterology 2006, 131(5):1611-1624.
10. Groszmann R.J., Bosch J., Grace N.D., et al. Hemodynamic events in a prospective randomized trial of propranolol versus placebo in the prevention of a first variceal hemorrhage. Gastroenterology 1990, 99(5):1401-1407.
11. Feu F., Garcia-Pagan J.C., Bosch J., et al. Relation between portal pressure response to pharmacotherapy and risk of recurrent variceal haemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis. Lancet 1995, 346(8982):1056-1059.
12. Escorsell A., Ferayorni L., Bosch J., et al. The portal pressure response to beta-blockade is greater in cirrhotic patients without varices than in those with varices. Gastroenterology 1997, 112(6):2012-2016.
13. Lin H.C., Soubrane O., Cailmail S., et al. Early chronic administration of propranolol reduces the severity of portal hypertension and portal-systemic shunts in conscious portal vein stenosed rats. JHepatol 1991, 13(2):213-219.
14. Sarin S.K., Groszmann R.J., Mosca P.G., et al. Propranolol ameliorates the development of portal-systemic shunting in a chronic murine schistosomiasis model of portal hypertension. JClin Invest 1991, 87(3):1032-1036.
15. Cales P., Oberti F., Payen J.L., et al. Lack of effect of propranolol in the prevention of large oesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis: a randomized trial. French-Speaking Club for the Study of Portal Hypertension. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999, 11(7):741-745.
16. Groszmann R.J., Garcia-Tsao G., Bosch J., et al. Beta-blockers to prevent gastroesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis. NEngl J Med 2005, 353(21):2254-2261.
17. Merkel C., Marin R., Angeli P., et al. Aplacebo-controlled clinical trial of nadolol in the prophylaxis of growth of small esophageal varices in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2004, 127(2):476-484.
18. Garcia-Tsao G., Sanyal A.J., Grace N.D., et al. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2007, 46(3):922-938.
19. D'Amico G., Pagliaro L., Bosch J. Pharmacological treatment of portal hypertension: an evidence-based approach. Semin Liver Dis 1999, 19(4):475-505.
20. Poynard T., Cales P., Pasta L., et al. Beta-adrenergic-antagonist drugs in the prevention of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis and esophageal varices. An analysis of data and prognostic factors in 589 patients from four randomized clinical trials. Franco-Italian Multicenter Study Group. NEngl J Med 1991, 324(22):1532-1538.
21. Serste T., Melot C., Francoz C., et al. Deleterious effects of beta-blockers on survival in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites. Hepatology 2010, 52(3):1017-1022.
22. Serste T., Francoz C., Durand F., et al. Beta-blockers cause paracentesis-induced circulatory dysfunction in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites: a cross-over study. JHepatol 2011, 55(4):794-799.
23. Albillos A., Banares R., Gonzalez M., et al. Value of the hepatic venous pressure gradient to monitor drug therapy for portal hypertension: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2007, 102(5):1116-1126.
24. Turnes J., Garcia-Pagan J.C., Abraldes J.G., et al. Pharmacological reduction of portal pressure and long-term risk of first variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 2006, 101(3):506-512.
25. Garcia-Tsao G., Grace N.D., Groszmann R.J., et al. Short-term effects of propranolol on portal venous pressure. Hepatology 1986, 6(1):101-106.
26. Abraczinskas D.R., Ookubo R., Grace N.D., et al. Propranolol for the prevention of first esophageal variceal hemorrhage: a lifetime commitment?. Hepatology 2001, 34(6):1096-1102.
27. Banares R., Moitinho E., Piqueras B., et al. Carvedilol, a new nonselective beta-blocker with intrinsic anti- Alpha1-adrenergic activity, has a greater portal hypotensive effect than propranolol in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 1999, 30(1):79-83.
28. Reiberger T., Ulbrich G., Ferlitsch A., et al. Carvedilol for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients with haemodynamic non-response to propranolol. Gut 2013, 62(11):1634-1641.
29. Bosch J. Carvedilol for portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2010, 51(6):2214-2218.
30. Bhathal P.S., Grossman H.J. Reduction of the increased portal vascular resistance of the isolated perfused cirrhotic rat liver by vasodilators. JHepatol 1985, 1(4):325-337.
31. Bosch J., Garcia-Pagan J.C. Complications of cirrhosis. I. Portal hypertension. JHepatol 2000, 32(Suppl 1):141-156.
32. Angelico M., Carli L., Piat C., et al. Effects of isosorbide-5-mononitrate compared with propranolol on first bleeding and long-term survival in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1997, 113(5):1632-1639.
33. Merkel C., Marin R., Enzo E., et al. Randomised trial of nadolol alone or with isosorbide mononitrate for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. Gruppo-Triveneto per L'ipertensione portale (GTIP). Lancet 1996, 348(9043):1677-1681.
34. Angelico M., Lionetti R. Long-acting nitrates in portal hypertension: to be or not to be?. Dig Liver Dis 2001, 33(3):205-211.
35. Gluud L.L., Langholz E., Krag A. Meta-analysis: isosorbide-mononitrate alone or with either beta-blockers or endoscopic therapy for the management of oesophageal varices. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010, 32(7):859-871.
36. Garcia-Pagan J.C., Salmeron J.M., Feu F., et al. Effects of low-sodium diet and spironolactone on portal pressure in patients with compensated cirrhosis. Hepatology 1994, 19(5):1095-1099.
37. Abecasis R., Kravetz D., Fassio E., et al. Nadolol plus spironolactone in the prophylaxis of first variceal bleed in nonascitic cirrhotic patients: a preliminary study. Hepatology 2003, 37(2):359-365.
38. Laine L., Cook D. Endoscopic ligation compared with sclerotherapy for treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding. A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1995, 123(4):280-287.
39. Imperiale T.F., Chalasani N. Ameta-analysis of endoscopic variceal ligation for primary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal bleeding. Hepatology 2001, 33(4):802-807.
40. Bosch J., Abraldes J.G., Groszmann R. Current management of portal hypertension. JHepatol 2003, 38(Suppl 1):S54-S68.
41. Garcia-Pagan J.C., Bosch J. Endoscopic band ligation in the treatment of portal hypertension. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005, 2(11):526-535.
42. Khuroo M.S., Khuroo N.S., Farahat K.L., et al. Meta-analysis: endoscopic variceal ligation for primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleeding. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005, 21(4):347-361.
43. Lo G.H., Chen W.C., Chen M.H., et al. Endoscopic ligation vs. nadolol in the prevention of first variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. Gastrointest Endosc 2004, 59(3):333-338.
44. Schepke M., Kleber G., Nurnberg D., et al. Ligation versus propranolol for the primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2004, 40(1):65-72.
45. Funakoshi N., Duny Y., Valats J.C., et al. Meta-analysis: beta-blockers versus banding ligation for primary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal bleeding. Ann Hepatol 2012, 11(3):369-383.
46. Saab S., DeRosa V., Nieto J., et al. Costs and clinical outcomes of primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in patients with hepatic cirrhosis: a decision analytic model. Am J Gastroenterol 2003, 98(4):763-770.
47. Imperiale T.F., Klein R.W., Chalasani N. Cost-effectiveness analysis of variceal ligation vs. beta-blockers for primary prevention of variceal bleeding. Hepatology 2007, 45(4):870-878.
48. Tripathi D., Ferguson J.W., Kochar N., et al. Randomized controlled trial of carvedilol versus variceal band ligation for the prevention of the first variceal bleed. Hepatology 2009, 50(3):825-833.
49. Sarin S.K., Wadhawan M., Agarwal S.R., et al. Endoscopic variceal ligation plus propranolol versus endoscopic variceal ligation alone in primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol 2005, 100(4):797-804.
50. Longacre A.V., Imaeda A., Garcia-Tsao G., et al. Apilot project examining the predicted preferences of patients and physicians in the primary prophylaxis of variceal hemorrhage. Hepatology 2008, 47(1):169-176.
51. de Franchis R. Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. JHepatol 2010, 53(4):762-768.
52. Lay C.S., Tsai Y.T., Lee F.Y., et al. Endoscopic variceal ligation versus propranolol in prophylaxis of first variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006, 21(2):413-419.
53. Lui H.F., Stanley A.J., Forrest E.H., et al. Primary prophylaxis of variceal hemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial comparing band ligation, propranolol, and isosorbide mononitrate. Gastroenterology 2002, 123(3):735-744.
54. Perez-Ayuso R.M., Valderrama S., Espinoza M., et al. Endoscopic band ligation versus propranolol for the primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients with high risk esophageal varices. Ann Hepatol 2010, 9(1):15-22.
55. Drastich P., Lata J., Petrtyl J., et al. Endoscopic variceal band ligation compared with propranolol for prophylaxis of first variceal bleeding. Ann Hepatol 2011, 10(2):142-149.
56. Norberto L., Polese L., Cillo U., et al. A randomized study comparing ligation with propranolol for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in candidates for liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2007, 13(9):1272-1278.
57. Jutabha R., Jensen D.M., Martin P., et al. Randomized study comparing banding and propranolol to prevent initial variceal hemorrhage in cirrhotics with high-risk esophageal varices. Gastroenterology 2005, 128(4):870-881.
58. Psilopoulos D., Galanis P., Goulas S., et al. Endoscopic variceal ligation vs. propranolol for prevention of first variceal bleeding: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005, 17(10):1111-1117.
59. Thuluvath P.J., Maheshwari A., Jagannath S., et al. A randomized controlled trial of beta-blockers versus endoscopic band ligation for primary prophylaxis: a large sample size is required to show a difference in bleeding rates. Dig Dis Sci 2005, 50(2):407-410.
60. De B.K., Ghoshal U.C., Das T., et al. Endoscopic variceal ligation for primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleed: preliminary report of a randomized controlled trial. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999, 14(3):220-224.