Steady flow hemodynamic and energy loss measurements in normal and simulated calcified tricuspid and bicuspid aortic valves

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering

Volumn 136, Issue 4, 2014, Pages

  Seaman, Clara ^a   Akingba, A George ^b   Sucosky, Philippe ^a  

^a University of Notre Dame   (United States)

^b INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

aortic valve; bicuspid aortic valve; effective ori fice area; energy loss; hemodynamics

Indexed keywords

BIOMINERALIZATION; COMPUTER SIMULATION; ENERGY DISSIPATION; HEMODYNAMICS; ORIFICES; PRESSURE DROP; VALVES (MECHANICAL);

AORTIC VALVES; BICUSPID AORTIC VALVES; CIRCULAR ORIFICES; EFFECTIVE ORI-FICE AREA; EFFECTIVE ORIFICE AREAS; MAXIMUM FLOW RATE; PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRIES; REYNOLDS SHEAR STRESS;

FLOW RATE;

ANIMAL TISSUE; AORTA STENOSIS; AORTA VALVE DISEASE; ARTICLE; BICUSPID AORTIC VALVE; CALCIFICATION; ENERGY; ENERGY LOSS; FLOW; FLOW RATE; HEART HEMODYNAMICS; IN VITRO STUDY; NONHUMAN; PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY; PRESSURE; SHEAR STRESS; SYSTOLE; TRICUSPID AORTIC VALVE; VELOCITY; VISCOSITY; VORTEX MOTION; ANIMAL; AORTA VALVE; AUDIOVISUAL EQUIPMENT; CALCINOSIS; ENERGY METABOLISM; HEMODYNAMICS; MECHANICAL STRESS; METABOLISM; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; SWINE; TRICUSPID VALVE; VALVULAR HEART DISEASE;

ANIMALS; AORTIC VALVE; CALCINOSIS; ENERGY METABOLISM; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEMODYNAMICS; MODELS, ANATOMIC; STRESS, MECHANICAL; SWINE; TRICUSPID VALVE; VISCOSITY;

EID: 84896907092     PISSN: 01480731     EISSN: 15288951     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1115/1.4026575     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Roberts, W. C., 1970, "The Congenitally Bicuspid Aortic Valve. A Study of 85 Autopsy Cases," Am. J. Cardiol., 26(1), pp. 72-83.
2. Sabet, H. Y., Edwards, W. D., Tazelaar, H. D., and Daly, R. C., 1999, "Congenitally Bicuspid Aortic Valves: A Surgical Pathology Study of 542 Cases (1991-1996) and a Literature Review of 2715 Additional Cases," Mayo Clin. Proc., 74(1), pp. 14-26. (Pubitemid 29042671)
3. Beppu, S., Suzuki, S., Matsuda, H., Ohmori, F., Nagata, S., and Miyatake, K., 1993, "Rapidity of Progression of Aortic Stenosis in Patients With Congenital Bicuspid Aortic Valves," Am. J. Cardiol., 71(4), pp. 322-327. (Pubitemid 23053442)
4. Braverman, A. C., 1996, "Bicuspid Aortic Valve and Associated Aortic Wall Abnormalities," Curr. Opin. Cardiol., 11(5), pp. 501-503. (Pubitemid 26320990)
5. Subramanian, R., Olson, L. J., and Edwards, W. D., 1984, "Surgical Pathology of Pure Aortic Stenosis: A Study of 374 Cases," Mayo Clin. Proc., 59(10), pp. 683-690. (Pubitemid 14014354)
6. Braverman, A. C., Guven, H., Beardslee, M. A., Makan, M., Kates, A. M., and Moon, M. R., 2005, "The Bicuspid Aortic Valve," Curr. Probl. Cardiol., 30(9), pp. 470-522.
7. Siu, S. C., and Silversides, C. K., 2010, "Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease," J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 55(25), pp. 2789-2800.
8. Robicsek, F., Thubrikar, M. J., Cook, J. W., and Fowler, B., 2004, "The Congenitally Bicuspid Aortic Valve: How Does it Function? Why Does it Fail?," Ann. Thorac. Surg., 77(1), pp. 177-185. (Pubitemid 38130007)
9. Fowles, R. E., Martin, R. P., Abrams, J. M., Schapira, J. N., French, J. W., and Popp, R. L., 1979, "Two-Dimensional Echocardiographic Features of Bicuspid Aortic Valve," Chest, 75(4), pp. 434-440. (Pubitemid 9158027)
10. Nanda, N. C., Gramiak, R., Manning, J., Mahoney, E. B., Lipchik, E. O., and DeWeese, J. A., 1974, "Echocardiographic Recognition of the Congenital Bicuspid Aortic Valve," Circulation, 49(5), pp. 870-875.
11. Barker, A. J., and Markl, M., 2011, "The Role of Hemodynamics in Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease," Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., 39(6), pp. 805-806.
12. Hope, M. D., Meadows, A. K., Hope, T. A., Ordovas, K. G., Reddy, G. P., Alley, M. T., and Higgins, C. B., 2008, "Images in Cardiovascular Medicine. Evaluation of Bicuspid Aortic Valve and Aortic Coarctation With 4D Flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging," Circulation, 117(21), pp. 2818-2819. (Pubitemid 351770462)
13. Hope, M. D., Hope, T. A., Meadows, A. K., Ordovas, K. G., Urbania, T. H., Alley, M. T., and Higgins, C. B., 2010, "Bicuspid Aortic Valve: Four-Dimensional MR Evaluation of Ascending Aortic Systolic Flow Patterns," Radiology, 255(1), pp. 53-61.
14. Jermihov, P. N., Jia, L., Sacks, M. S., Gorman, R. C., Gorman, J. H., and Chandran, K. B., 2011, "Effect of Geometry on the Leaflet Stresses in Simulated Models of Congenital Bicuspid Aortic Valves," Cardiovasc. Eng. Technol., 2(1), pp. 48-56.
15. Weinberg, E. J., and Kaazempur Mofrad, M. R., 2008, "A Multiscale Computational Comparison of the Bicuspid and Tricuspid Aortic Valves in Relation to Calcific Aortic Stenosis," J. Biomech., 41(16), pp. 3482-3487.
16. Chandra, S., Rajamannan, N. M., and Sucosky, P., 2012, "Computational Assessment of Bicuspid Aortic Valve Wall-Shear Stress: Implications for Calcific Aortic Valve Disease," Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol., 11(7), pp. 1085-1096.
17. Yap, C. H., Saikrishnan, N., Tamilselvan, G., Vasilyev, N., Yoganathan, A. P., and Vasiliyev, N. V., 2012, "The Congenital Bicuspid Aortic Valve can Experience High Frequency Unsteady Shear Stresses on Its Leaflet Surface," Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 303(6), pp. H721-H731.
18. Saikrishnan, N., Yap, C.-H., Milligan, N. C., Vasilyev, N. V., and Yoganathan, A. P., 2012, "In vitro Characterization of Bicuspid Aortic Valve Hemodynamics Using Particle Image Velocimetry," Ann. Biomed. Eng., 40(8), pp. 1760-1775.
19. Sucosky, P., Balachandran, K., Elhammali, A., Jo, H., and Yoganathan, A. P., 2009, "Altered Shear Stress Stimulates Upregulation of Endothelial VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 in a BMP-4-and TGF-Beta1-Dependent Pathway," Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 29(2), pp. 254-260.
20. Hoehn, D., Sun, L., and Sucosky, P., 2010, "Role of Pathologic Shear Stress Alterations in Aortic Valve Endothelial Activation," Cardiovasc. Eng. Technol., 1(2), pp. 165-178.
21. Sun, L., Chandra, S., and Sucosky, P., 2012, "Ex Vivo Evidence for the Contribution of Hemodynamic Shear Stress Abnormalities to the Early Pathogenesis of Calcific Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease," PLoS One, 7(10), p. e48843.
22. Girdauskas, E., Disha, K., Borger, M.-A., and Kuntze, T., "Relation of Bicuspid Aortic Valve Morphology to the Dilatation Pattern of the Proximal Aorta: Focus on the Transvalvular Flow," Cardiol. Res. Pract., 2012, p. 478259.
23. Garcia, D., Dumesnil, J. G., Durand, L.-G., Kadem, L., and Pibarot, P., 2003, "Discrepancies Between Catheter and Doppler Estimates of Valve Effective Orifice Area can be Predicted From the Pressure Recovery Phenomenon: Practical Implications With Regard to Quantification of Aortic Stenosis Severity," J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 41(3), pp. 435-442. (Pubitemid 36164499)
24. Bonow, R. O., Carabello, B. A., Chatterjee, K., de Leon, A. C., Faxon, D. P., Freed, M. D., Gaasch, W. H., Lytle, B. W., Nishimura, R. A., O'Gara, P. T., O'Rourke, R. A., Otto, C. M., Shah, P. M., and Shanewise, J. S., 2008, "2008 Focused Update Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease," J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 52(13), pp. e1-e142.
25. Skjaerpe, T., Hegrenaes, L., and Hatle, L., 1985, "Noninvasive Estimation of Valve Area in Patients With Aortic Stenosis by Doppler Ultrasound and Two-Dimensional Echocardiography," Circulation, 72(4), pp. 810-818. (Pubitemid 16245191)
26. Dumesnil, J. G., Honos, G. N., Lemieux, M., and Beauchemin, J., 1990, "Validation and Applications of Indexed Aortic Prosthetic Valve Areas Calculated by Doppler Echocardiography," J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 16(3), pp. 637-643. (Pubitemid 20296128)
27. Yoganathan, A. P., He, Z., and Casey Jones, S., 2004, "Fluid Mechanics of Heart Valves," Annu Rev Biomed Eng, 6, pp. 331-362. (Pubitemid 39209502)
28. Gjertsson, P., Caidahl, K., Svensson, G., Wallentin, I., and Bech-Hanssen, O., 2001, "Important Pressure Recovery in Patients With Aortic Stenosis and High Doppler Gradients," Am. J. Cardiol., 88(2), pp. 139-144. (Pubitemid 32607699)
29. Tasca, G., Mhagna, Z., Perotti, S., Centurini, P. B., Sabatini, T., Amaducci, A., Brunelli, F., Cirillo, M., Dalla Tomba, M., Quaini, E., Troise, G., and Pibarot, P., 2006, "Impact of Prosthesis-Patient Mismatch on Cardiac Events and Midterm Mortality After Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients With Pure Aortic Stenosis," Circulation, 113(4), pp. 570-576.
30. Garcia, D., Pibarot, P., Dumesnil, J. G., Sakr, F., and Durand, L. G., 2000, "Assessment of Aortic Valve Stenosis Severity: A New Index Based on the Energy Loss Concept," Circulation, 101(7), pp. 765-771. (Pubitemid 30100083)
31. Yap, C.-H., Dasi, L. P., and Yoganathan, A. P., 2010, "Dynamic Hemodynamic Energy Loss in Normal and Stenosed Aortic Valves.," ASME J. Biomech. Eng., 132(2), p. 021005.
32. Schaefer, B. M., Lewin, M. B., Stout, K. K., Gill, E., Prueitt, A., Byers, P. H., and Otto, C. M., 2008, "The Bicuspid Aortic Valve: An Integrated Phenotypic Classification of Leaflet Morphology and Aortic Root Shape," Heart, 94(12), pp. 1634-1638.
33. Sievers, H.-H., and Schmidtke, C., 2007, "A Classification System for the Bicuspid Aortic Valve From 304 Surgical Specimens," J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 133(5), pp. 1226-1233. (Pubitemid 46656388)
34. Yap, C. H., Saikrishnan, N., and Yoganathan, A. P., 2011, "Experimental Measurement of Dynamic Fluid Shear Stress on the Ventricular Surface of the Aortic Valve Leaflet," Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol., 11(1-2), pp. 231-244.
35. Otto, C. M., Kuusisto, J., and Reichenbach, D. D., 1994, "Characterization of the Early Lesion of "Degenerative" Valvular Aortic Stenosis. Histological and Immunohistochemical Studies," Circulation, 90(2), pp. 844-853. (Pubitemid 24242754)
36. Willmann, J. K., Weishaupt, D., Lachat, M., Kobza, R., Roos, J. E., Seifert, B., Luscher, T. F., Marincek, B., and Hilfiker, P. R., 2002, "Electrocardiographically Gated Multi-Detector Row CT for Assessment of Valvular Morphology and Calcification in Aortic Stenosis," Radiology, 225(1), pp. 120-128.
37. Freeman, R. V, and Otto, C. M., 2005, "Spectrum of Calcific Aortic Valve Disease: Pathogenesis, Disease Progression, and Treatment Strategies," Circulation, 111(24), pp. 3316-3326. (Pubitemid 40875006)
38. Chen, J., Manning, M., Frazier, A., Jeudy, J., and White, C., 2009, "CT Angiography of the Cardiac Valves: Normal, Diseased, and Postoperative Appearances," Radiographics, 29(5), pp. 1393-1412.
39. Angelini, A., Ho, S. Y., Anderson, R. H., Devine, W. A., Zuberbuhler, J. R., Becker, A. E., and Davies, M. J., 1989, "The Morphology of the Normal Aortic Valve as Compared With the Aortic Valve Having Two Leaflets," J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 98(3), pp. 362-367. (Pubitemid 19224263)
40. Swanson, W. M., and Clark, R. E., 1974, "Dimensions and Geometric Relationships of the Human Aortic Value as a Function of Pressure," Circulation, 35(6), pp. 871-882.
41. Leo, H. L., 2005, "An In Vitro Investigation of the Flow Fields Through Bileaflet and Polymeric Prosthetic Heart Valves," Ph.D. thesis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology.
42. Dasi, L. P., Ge, L., Simon, H. A., Sotiropoulos, F., and Yoganathan, A. P., 2007, "Vorticity Dynamics of a Bileaflet Mechanical Heart Valve in an Axisymmetric Aorta," Phys. Fluids, 19(6), p. 67105.
43. Lim, W. L., Chew, Y. T., Chew, T. C., and Low, H. T., 2001, "Pulsatile Flow Studies of a Porcine Bioprosthetic Aortic Valve In Vitro: PIV Measurements and Shear-Induced Blood Damage," J. Biomech., 34(11), pp. 1417-1427. (Pubitemid 32970756)
44. Gorlin, R., and Gorlin, S., 1951, "Hydraulic Formula for Calculation of the Area of the Stenotic Mitral Valve, Other Cardiac Valves, and Central Circulatory Shunts," Am. Heart J., 41(1), pp. 1-29.
45. Chandran, K., Ritgers, S., and Yoganathan, A., 2012, Cardiac Valve Stenoses, Biofluid Mechanics: The Human Circulation, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 159-164.
46. Sacco, J. J., Botten, J., Macbeth, F., Bagust, A., and Clark, P., 2010, "The Average Body Surface Area of Adult Cancer Patients in the UK: A Multicentre Retrospective Study," PLoS One, 5(1), p. e8933.
47. Balachandran, K., Sucosky, P., and Yoganathan, A. P., "Hemodynamics and Mechanobiology of Aortic Valve Inflammation and Calcification," Int. J. Inflam., 2011, p. 263870.
48. Ge, L., Dasi, L. P., Sotiropoulos, F., and Yoganathan, A. P., 2008, "Characterization of Hemodynamic Forces Induced by Mechanical Heart Valves: Reynolds vs. Viscous Stresses," Ann. Biomed. Eng., 36(2), pp. 276-297.
49. Bonow, R. O., Carabello, B. A., Chatterjee, K., de Leon, A. C., Faxon, D. P., Freed, M. D., Gaasch, W. H., Lytle, B. W., Nishimura, R. A., O'Gara, P. T., O'Rourke, R. A., Otto, C. M., Shah, P. M., Shanewise, J. S., Smith, S. C. Jr., Jacobs, A. K., Adams, C. D., Anderson, J. L., Antman, E. M., Fuster, V., Halperin, J. L., Hiratzka, L. F., Hunt, S. A., Nishimura, R., Page, R. L., and Riegel, B., 2006, "ACC/AHA 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Manage," Circulation, 114(5), pp. e84-e231. (Pubitemid 44268973)
50. Weston, M. W., LaBorde, D. V., and Yoganathan, A. P., 1999, "Estimation of the Shear Stress on the Surface of an Aortic Valve Leaflet," Ann. Biomed. Eng., 27(4), pp. 572-579. (Pubitemid 129585011)
51. Barker, A. J., Markl, M., Burk, J., Lorenz, R., Bock, J., Bauer, S., Schulz-Menger, J., and von Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff, F., 2012, "Bicuspid Aortic Valve is Associated With Altered Wall Shear Stress in the Ascending Aorta," Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging, 5(4), pp. 457-466.
52. Meierhofer, C., Schneider, E. P., Lyko, C., Hutter, A., Martinoff, S., Markl, M., Hager, A., Hess, J., Stern, H., and Fratz, S., 2012, "Wall Shear Stress and Flow Patterns in the Ascending Aorta in Patients With Bicuspid Aortic Valves Differ Significantly From Tricuspid Aortic Valves: A Prospective Study," Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging, 14(8), pp. 797-804.
53. Cengel, Y., and Cimbala, J., 2006, "Obstruction Flowmeters: Orifice, Venturi, and Nozzle Meters," Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 382-383.
54. Miller, R. W., 1983, Flow Measurement Engineering Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York.
55. Heinrich, R. S., Fontaine, A. A., Grimes, R. Y., Sidhaye, A., Yang, S., Moore, K. E., Levine, R. A., and Yoganathan, A. P., "Experimental Analysis of Fluid Mechanical Energy Losses in Aortic Valve Stenosis: Importance of Pressure Recovery," Ann. Biomed. Eng., 24(6), pp. 685-694.
56. Baumgartner, H., Khan, S., DeRobertis, M., Czer, L., and Maurer, G., 1990, "Discrepancies Between Doppler and Catheter Gradients in Aortic Prosthetic Valves in vitro. A Manifestation of Localized Gradients and Pressure Recovery," Circulation, 82(4), pp. 1467-1475.
57. Ge, L., Leo, H.-L., Sotiropoulos, F., and Yoganathan, A. P., 2005, "Flow in a Mechanical Bileaflet Heart Valve at Laminar and Near-Peak Systole Flow Rates: CFD Simulations and Experiments," ASME J. Biomech. Eng., 127(5), pp. 782-797. (Pubitemid 41374638)
58. Leo, H. L., Dasi, L. P., Carberry, J., Simon, H. A., and Yoganathan, A. P., 2006, "Fluid Dynamic Assessment of Three Polymeric Heart Valves Using Particle Image Velocimetry," Ann. Biomed. Eng., 34(6), pp. 936-952. (Pubitemid 43954327)