Simulation of co-rotating twin screw extrusion process subject to pressure-dependent wall slip at barrel and screw surfaces: 3D FEM analysis for combinations of forward- and reverse-conveying screw elements

International Polymer Processing

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 51-62

  Malik, M ^a   Kalyon, Dilhan M ^a,b   Golba Jr , J C ^c  

^a STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b Stevens Institute of Technology   (United States)

^c PolyOne Corporation   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONCENTRATED SUSPENSION; FLOW BOUNDARY CONDITIONS; HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER; MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTIONS; MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND SIMULATION; OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESS PARAMETERS; POLYMERIC SUSPENSIONS; THREE-DIMENSIONAL FINITE ELEMENT METHOD;

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD; MATERIALS PROPERTIES; POLYMERS; SURFACE PROPERTIES; SURFACES; SUSPENSIONS (FLUIDS); THREE DIMENSIONAL;

EXTRUSION;

EID: 84896864415     PISSN: 0930777X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3139/217.2802     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Allende, M., Kalyon, D. M., "Assessment of Particle-Migration Effects in Pressure-Driven Viscometric Flows, J. Rheol. 44, 79-90 (2004). DOI:10.1122/1.551074
2. Alsteens, B., Legat, V. and Avalosse, T.,"Parametric Study of the Mixing Efficiency in a Kneading Block Section of a Twin-Screw Extruder, Int. Polym. Proc., 19, 207-217 (2004)
3. Aral, B. Kalyon, D. M., "Effects of Temperature and Surface Roughness on Time-Dependent Development of Wall Slip in Torsional Flow of Concentrated Suspensions, J. Rheol., 38, 957-972 (1994). DOI:10.1122/1.550537
4. Awati, K. M., Park, Y., Weisser, E. and Mackay, M. E., "Wall Slip and Shear Stresses of Polymer Melts at High Shear Rates without Pressure and Viscous Heating Effects, J. Non-Newt. Fluid Mech., 89, 117-131 (2000). DOI:10.1016/S0377-0257(99)00037-3
5. Bercovier, M., Engelman, M., "A Finite Element Method for Incompressible Non-Newtonian Flows, J. Comput. Phys. 36, 313-326 (1980). DOI:10.1016/0021-9991(80)90163-1
6. Bigio, D., Erwin, L., "The Effect of Axial Pressure Gradient on Extruder Mixing Characteristics, Polym. Eng. Sci. 32, 760-765 (1992). DOI:10.1002/pen.760321108
7. Bravo, V. L., Hrymak, A. N. and Wright, J. D., "Numerical Simulation of Pressure and Velocity Profiles in Kneading Elements of a Co- Rotating Twin Screw Extruder, Polym. Eng. Sci., 40, 525-541 (2000). DOI:10.1002/pen.11184
8. Brochard, F., de Gennes, P. G., "Shear Dependent Slippage at Polymer/ Solid Interface, Langmuir, 8, 3033-3037 (1992). DOI:10.1021/la00048a030
9. Brochard, F., Gay C. and de Gennes P. G., "Slippage of Polymer Melts on Grafted Surfaces, Macromolecules, 29, 377-382 (1996). DOI:10.1021/ma950753j
10. Brooks, A. N., Hughes, T. J. R., "Streamline Upwind/Petrov-Galerkin Formulations for Convection Dominated Flows with Particular Emphasis on the Incompressible Navier-tokes Equations, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng., 32, 199-259 (1982). DOI:10.1016/0045-7825(82)90071-8
11. Bur, A. J., Gallant, M. F., "Fluorescence Monitoring of Twin Screw Extrusion, Polym. Eng. Sci., 31, 1365-1371 (1991). DOI:10.1002/pen.760311902
12. Burgos, G., Alexandrou, A. and Antov, V., "On the Determination of Yield Surfaces in Herschel-Bulkley Fluids, J. Rheol. 43, 463-483 (1999). DOI:10.1122/1.550992
13. Chatzimina, M., Georgiou, C. G., Argyropaidas, I., Mitsoulis, E. and Huilgol, R. R., "Cessation of Couette and Poiseuille Flows of a Bingham Plastic and Finite Stopping Time, J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., 129 (117-127)
14. Chen, Y., Kalyon, D. M. and Bayramli, E., "Effects of Surface Roughness and the Chemical Structure of Materials of Construction on Wall Slip Behavior of Linear Low Density Polyethylene in Capillary Flow, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 50, 1169-1177 (1993). DOI:10.1002/app.1993.070500707
15. Cheng, H., Manas-Zloczower, I., "Study of Mixing Efficiency in Kneading Discs of Co-Rotating Twin-Screw Extruders, Polym. Eng. Sci., 37,1082-1090 (1997). DOI:10.1002/pen.11753
16. Cheng, H., Manas-Zloczower, I., "Distributive Mixing in Conveying Elements of a ZSK-53. Co-rotating Twin Screw Eextruder, Polym. Eng. Sci., 38, 926-935 (1998). DOI:10.1002/pen.10260
17. Cohen, Y., Metzner, A. B., "Apparent Slip Flow of Polymer Solutions, J. Rheol., 29, 67-102 (1985). DOI:10.1122/1.549811
18. Damianou Y, Georgiou G. C. and Moulitsas I., "Combined Effects of Compressibility and Slip in Flows of a Herschel-Bulkley Fluid, J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 193, 89-102 (2013). DOI:10.1016/j.jnnfm.2012.09.004
19. Delamare, L., Vergnes, B., "Computation of the Morphological Changes of a Polymer Blend along a Twin-Screw Extruder, Polym. Eng. Sci., 36, 1685-1693 (1996). DOI:10.1002/pen.10565
20. Delhaye, N., Poitou, A. and Chaouche, M., "Squeeze Flow of Highly Concentrated Suspensions of Spheres, J. Non-Newt. Fluid Mech., 94, 67-74 (2000). DOI:10.1016/S0377-0257(00)00130-0
21. Denn, M. M., "Extrusion instabilities and wall slip, Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. 33, 265-287 (2001). DOI:10.1146/annurev.fluid.33.1.265
22. Denn, M. M., Bonn, D., "Issues in the Flow of Yield-Stress Liquids, Rheol. Acta, 50, 307-315 (2011). DOI:10.1007/s00397-010-0504-3
23. Denson, C. D., Hwang, B. K., "The Influence of Axial Pressure Gradient on Flow Rate for Newtonian Liquids in a Self Wiping Co-rotating Twin Screw Extruder, Polym. Eng. Sci., 20, 965-971 (1980). DOI:10.1002/pen.760201408
24. Erol, M., Kalyon, D., "Assessment of the Degree of Mixedness of Filled Polymers: Effects of Processing Histories in Batch Mixer and Co-Rotating and Counter-rotating Twin Screw Extruders, Int. Polym. Proc., 20, 228-237 (2005)
25. Favis, B. D., Therrien, D., "Factors Influencing the Structure Formation and Phase Size in an Immiscible Polymer Blend of Polycarbonate and Polypropylene Prepared by Twin Screw Extrusion, Polymer, 32, 1474-1481 (1991). DOI:10.1016/0032-3861(91)90429-M
26. Fiske, T., Railkar, S. and Kalyon, D. M., "Effects of Segregation on the Packing of Spherical and Non-Spherical Particles, Powder Technol., 81, 57-64 (1994). DOI:10.1016/0032-5910(94)02862-1
27. Funatsu, K., Kihara, S.-I., Miyazaki, M., Katsuki, S. and Kajiwara, T., "3-D Numerical Analysis on the Mixing Performance for Assemblies With Filled Zone of Right-Handed and Left-Handed Double- Flighted Screws and Kneading Blocks in Twin-Screw Extruders, Poly. Eng. Sci., 42, 707-723 (2002). DOI:10.1002/pen.10983
28. Gadala-Maria, F., Acrivos, A., "Shear Induced Structure in a Concentrated Suspension of Solid Spheres, J. Rheol., 24:799-814 (1980). DOI:10.1122/1.549584
29. Gevgilili, H., Kalyon, D. M., "Step Strain Flow: Wall Slip and Other Error Sources, J. Rheol., 45, 467-475 (2001). DOI:10.1122/1.1339248
30. Gotsis, A. D., Ji, Z. and Kalyon, D. M., "3-D Analysis of the Flow in Co-rotating Twin Screw Extruders, SPE ANTEC Tech. Papers, 36, 139-142 (1990)
31. Halliday, P. J., Smith, A. C., "Estimation of Wall Slip Velocity in the Capillary Flow of Potato Granule Pastes, J. Rheol., 39, 139-149 (1995). DOI:10.1122/1.550695
32. Hatzikiriakos, S. G., Dealy, J. M., "Wall Slip of High Density Polyethylene. I. Sliding Plate Rheometer Studies, J. Rheol. 35, 497-523 (1991). DOI:10.1122/1.550178
33. Huneault, M. A., Shi, Z. H. and Utracki, L. A., "Development of Polymer Blend Morphology during Compounding in a Twin Screw Extruder. Part IV: A New Computational Model with Coalescence, Polym. Eng. Sci., 35, 115-127 (1995). DOI:10.1002/pen.760350114
34. Ishikawa, T., Kihara, S.-I. and Funatsu, K., "3-D Nonisothermal Flow Field Analysis and Mixing Performance Evaluation of Kneading Blocks in a Co-Rotating Twin Screw Extruder", Polym. Eng. Sci., 41, 840-849 (2001). DOI:10.1002/pen.10781
35. Jaffer, S. A., Bravo, V. L., Wood, P. E. and Hrymak, A. N., "Experimental Validation of Numerical Simulations of the Kneading Disc Section in a Twin Screw Extruder", Polym. Eng. Sci., 40, 892-901 (2000). DOI:10.1002/pen.11217
36. Jana, S. C., Kapoor, B. and Acrivos A., "Apparent Wall Slip Velocity Coefficients in Concentrated Suspensions of Noncolloidal Particles", J. Rheol., 39, 1123-1132 (1995). DOI:10.1122/1.550631
37. Ji, Z., Kalyon, D. M., "Single Screw Extrusion Processing of Highly Filled Suspensions Including Wall Slip", SPE ANTEC Tech. Papers, 36, 160-163 (1990)
38. Jiang, T. Q., Young A. C. and Metzner, A. B., "The Rheological Characterization of HPG Gels: Measurement of Slip Velocities in Capillary Tubes", Rheol. Acta, 25, 397-404 (1986). DOI:10.1007/BF01331511
39. Kalyon, D. M., Gotsis, A., Yilmazer, U., Gogos, C., Sangani, H., Aral, B. and Tsenoglou, B. C., "Development of Experimental Techniques and Simulation Methods to Analyze Mixing in Co-Rotating Twin Screw Extrusion, Adv. Polym. Technol., 8, 337-353 (1988). DOI:10.1002/adv.1988.060080401
40. Kalyon, D. M., Sangani, H., "An Experimental Study of Distributive Mixing in Fully Intermeshing Co-rotating Twin Screw Extruders, Polym. Eng. Sci., 29, 1018-1026 (1989). DOI:10.1002/pen.760291508
41. Kalyon, D. M., Yazici, R., Jacob, C., Aral, B. and Sinton S. W., "Effects of Air Entrainment on the Rheology of Concentrated Suspensions during Continuous Processing," Polym. Eng. Sci., 31, 1386-1392 (1991). DOI:10.1002/pen.760311904
42. Kalyon, D. M., Gokturk, H., Yaras, P. and Aral, B., "Motion Analysis of Development of Wall Slip during Die Flow of Concentrated Suspensions", SPE ANTEC Tech. Papers, 41, 1130-1134 (1995)
43. Kalyon, D. M., Lawal, A., Yazici, R., Yaras, P. and Railkar, S., "Mathematical Modeling and Experimental Studies of Twin Screw Extrusion of Filled Polymers", Polym. Eng. Sci., 39, 1139-1151 (1999). DOI:10.1002/pen.11501
44. Kalyon, D. M., Gevgilili, H., "Wall Slip and Extrudate Distortion of Three Polymer Melts, J. Rheol., 47, 683-699 (2003). DOI:10.1122/1.1562156
45. Kalyon, D. M., Gevgilili, H. and Shah, A., "Detachment of the Polymer Melt from the Roll Surface: Data from a Shear Roll Extruder", Int. Polym. Proc., 19, 129-138 (2004)
46. Kalyon, D. M., "Apparent Slip and Viscoplasticity of Concentrated Suspensions, J. Rheol., 49, 621-640 (2005). DOI:10.1122/1.1879043
47. Kalyon, D. M., Tang, H., "Inverse Problem Solution of Squeeze Flow for Parameters of Generalized Newtonian Fluid and Wall Slip", J. Non-Newt. Fluid Mech., 143, 133-140 (2007). DOI:10.1016/j.jnnfm.2007.02.010
48. Kalyon, D. M., Malik, M., "An Integrated Approach for Numerical Analysis of Coupled Flow and Heat Transfer in Co-Rotating Twin Screw Extruders", Int. Polym. Proc., 22, 293-302 (2007)
49. Kamal, M. R., Goyal, S. K. and Chu, E., "Simulation of Injection Mold Filling of Viscoelastic Polymer with Fountain Flow, AIChE J., 34, 94-105 (1988). DOI:10.1002/aic.690340111
50. Kamal, M. R., Garmabi, H. Hozhabr, S. and Arghyris, L., "The Development of Laminar Morphology during Extrusion of Polymer Blends", Polym. Eng. Sci., 35, 41-51 (1995). DOI:10.1002/pen.760350107
51. Kiani, A., Curry, J. E. and Andersen, P. G., "Flow Analysis of Twin Screw Extruders Pressure and Drag Capability of Various Screw Elements, SPE ANTEC Technical Papers, 47, 48-54 (1998)
52. Kissi, N. E, Piau, J. M., "The Different Capillary Flow Regimes of Entangled Polydimethylsiloxane Polymers: Macroscopic Slip at the Wall, Hysteresis and Cork Flow, J. Non-Newt. Fluid Mech., 37, 55-94 (1990). DOI:10.1016/0377-0257(90)80004-J
53. Knudsen, M.: The Kinetic Theory of Gases, 3rd Edition, Methuen, London (1950)
54. Kwon, T. H., Ahn, S. Y., "Slip Characterization of Powder/Binder Mixtures and Its Significance in the Filling Process Analysis of Powder Injection Molding, Powder Technol., 85, 45-55 (1995). DOI:10.1016/0032-5910(95)03001-P
55. Lawal, A., Kalyon, D. M., "Non-Isothermal Model of Single Screw Extrusion of Generalized Newtonian Fluids," Numer. Heat Trans., 26, 103-121 (1994a). DOI:10.1080/10407789408955983
56. Lawal, A., Kalyon, D. M., "Single Screw Extrusion of Viscoplastic Fluids Subject to Different Slip Coefficients at Screw and Barrel Surfaces," Polym. Eng. Sci., 34, 1471-1479 (1994b). DOI:10.1002/pen.760341906
57. Lawal, A., Kalyon, D. M., "Mechanisms of Mixing in Single and Corotating Twin Screw Extruders," Polym. Eng. Sci., 35, 1325-1338 (1995). DOI:10.1002/pen.760351702
58. Lawal, A., Railkar, S. and Kalyon, D. M., "A New Approach to Simulation of Die Flow which Incorporates the Extruder and the Rotating Screw Tips in the Analysis, Int. Polym. Proc., 12, 123-135 (1997)
59. Lawal, A, Railkar, S. and Kalyon, D. M., "Mathematical Modeling of Three-Dimensional Die Flows of Viscoplastic Fluids with Wall Slip, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 19, 1483-1492 (2000). DOI:10.1177/073168400772678437
60. Lawal, A., Kalyon, D. M., "Compressive Squeeze Flow of Viscoplastic Fluids with Apparent Wall Slip, Int. Polym. Proc., 15, 63-71 (2000)
61. Léger, L., Hervet, H. and Massey, G., "The Role of Attached Polymer Molecules in Wall Slip," Trends Polym. Sci. 5, 40-45 (1997)
62. Leighton, D., Acrivos, A., "The Shear-Induced Migration of Particles in Concentrated Suspensions of Spheres, J. Fluid Mech., 181, 415-430 (1987). DOI:10.1017/S0022112087002155
63. Li, J., Ton-That, M., Leelapornpisit, W. and Utracki, L. A., "Melt Compounding of Polypropylene-based Clay Nanocomposites", Polym., Eng., Sci., 47, 1447-1458 (2007). DOI:10.1002/pen.20841
64. Machado, A. V., Covas, J. A. and van Duin, M., "Evolution of Morphology and Chemical Conversion along the Screw in a Corotating Twin-Screw Extruder, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 71, 135-141 (1999). DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990103)71: 1<135::AIDAPP16> 3.0.CO;2-M
65. Majumdar, B., Keskkula, H. and Paul, D. R., "Effect of Extruder Type on the Properties and Morphology of Reactive Blends based on Polyamides, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 54, 339-354 (1994). DOI:10.1002/app.1994.070540308
66. Malik, M., Kalyon, D., "Three-dimensional Finite Element Simulation of Processing of Generalized Newtonian Fluids in Counter-rotating and Tangential Twin Screw Extruder and Die Combination", Int. Polym. Proc., 20, 398-409 (2005)
67. Martin P. J., Wilson, D. I. and Bonnett, P. E. "Rheological Study of a Talc-based Paste for Extrusion-Granulation, J. European Ceramic Soc., 24, 3155-3168 (2004). DOI:10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2003.11.003
68. Meeker S. P., Bonnecaze, R. T. and Cloitre, M., "Slip and Flow in Pastes of Soft Particles: Direct Observation and Rheology, J. Rheol., 48, 1295-1320 (2004). DOI:10.1122/1.1795171
69. Migler, K. B., Hervet, H. and Leger, L., "Slip Transition of a Polymer Melt under Shear Stress", Phys. Rev. Lett., 70, 287-290 (1993). PMid:10054074; DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.287
70. Mitsoulis, E., Abdali, S. S. and Markatos, N. C., "Flow Simulation of Hershchel-Bulkley Fluids through Extrusion Dies, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 71, 147-160 (1993). DOI:10.1002/cjce.5450710120
71. Münstedt, H., Schmidt, M. and Wassner, E., "Stick and Slip Phenomena during Extrusion of Polyethylene Melts as Investigated by Laser- Doppler Velocimetry," J. Rheol., 44, 413-427 (2000). DOI:10.1122/1.551092
72. Mooney, M., "Explicit Formulas for Slip and Fluidity, J. Rheol., 2, 210-222 (1931). DOI:10.1122/1.2116364
73. Mours, M., Reinelt, D., Wagner, H.-G., Gilbert, N. and Hofmann, J., "Melt Conveying in Co-rotating Twin Screw Extruders: Experiment and Numerical Simulation", Int. Polym. Proc., 14, 124-132 (2000)
74. Mudalamane, R., Bigio, D. I., "Process Variations and the Transient Behavior of Extruders, AIChE J., 49, 3150-3160 (2003). DOI:10.1002/aic.690491215
75. Papanastasiou, T. C., "Flow of Materials with Yield, J. Rheol., 31, 385-404 (1987). DOI:10.1122/1.549926
76. Pérez-González, J., López-Durán, J. J., Marín-Santibáñez, B. M. and Rodríguez-González, F., "Rheo-PIV of a Yield-Stress Fluid in a Capillary with Slip at the Wall", Rheol. Acta, 51, 937-946 (2012). DOI:10.1007/s00397-012-0651-9
77. Person, T. J., Denn, M. M., "The Effect of Die Materials and Pressure- Dependent Slip on the Extrusion of Linear Low-Density Polyethylene, J. Rheol. 41, 249-265 (1997). DOI:10.1122/1.550877
78. Phillips, R. J., Armstrong, R. C., Brown, R. A., Graham, A. L. and Abbott, J. R., "A Constitutive Equation for Concentrated Suspensions that Accounts for Shear-Induced Particle Migration", Phys. Fluids A, 4, 30-40 (1992). DOI:10.1063/1.858498
79. Ramamurthy, A. V., "Wall Slip in Viscous Fluids and Influence of Materials of Construction, J. Rheol., 30, 337-357 (1986). DOI:10.1122/1.549852
80. Rauwendall, C.: Polymer Extrusion, Hanser Gardner Publications, Cincinnati (2001)
81. Reddy, J. N., "On Penalty Function Methods in the Finite-Element Analysis of the Flow Problems, Int. J. Numer. Methods in Fluids, 2, 151-171 (1982). DOI:10.1002/fld.1650020204
82. Shearer, G., Tzoganakis, C., "Analysis of Mixing During Melt-Melt Blending in Twin Screw Extruders Using Reactive Tracers", Polym. Eng. Sci., 39,1584-1596 (1999). DOI:10.1002/pen.11552
83. Silliman, W. J., Scriven, L. E., "Seperating Flow Near a Static Contact Line: Slip at a Wall and Shape of a Free Surface, J. Comput. Phys., 34, 287-313 (1980). DOI:10.1016/0021-9991(80)90091-1
84. Szydlowski, W., White, J. L., "Composite Models of Modular Intermeshing Corotating and Tangential Counter-Rotating Twin Screw Extruders", Adv. Polym. Tech., 7, 419-426 (1987). DOI:10.1002/adv.1987.060070407
85. Szydlowski, W., White, J. L., "Improved Model of Flow in the Kneading Disc Region of an Intermeshing Co-Rotating Twin Screw Extruder, Int. Polym. Process., 2, 142-150 (1988)
86. Tadmor, Z., Gogos, G.: Principles of Polymer Processing, 2nd Edition, John Wiley, New York (2006)
87. Tanoue, S., Utracki, L. A., Garcia-Rejon, A., Tatibouet, J. Cole, K. C. and Kamal, M. R., "Melt Compounding of Different Grades of Polyostyrene with Organoclays. Part 1: Compounding and Characterization", Polym. Eng. Sci., 44, 1046-1060 (2004). DOI:10.1002/pen.20098
88. Tang, H. S., Kalyon, D. M., "Time-Dependent Tube Flow of Compressible Suspensions Subject to Pressure Dependent Wall Slip: Ramifications on Development of Flow Instabilities, J. Rheol., 52, 1069-1090 (2008a). DOI:10.1122/1.2837104
89. Tang, H., Kalyon, D. M., "Unsteady Circular Tube Flow of Compressible Polymeric Liquids Subject to Pressure-Dependent Wall Slip, J. Rheol., 52, 507-526 (2008b). DOI:10.1122/1.2837104
90. Utracki, L. A., Gendron, R., "Pressure Oscillation during Extrusion of Polyethyleners.II, J. Rheol., 28, 601-624 (1984). DOI:10.1122/1.549769
91. Vinogradov, G. V., Ivanova, L. I., "Viscous Properties of Polymer Melts and Elastomers Exemplified by Ethylene-Propylene Copolymer", Rheol. Acta, 6, 209-222 (1967). DOI:10.1007/BF01976438
92. White, J. L., Kim, J., Szydlowski, W. and Min, K., "Simulation of Flow in Compounding Machinery: Internal Mixers and Modular Corotating Intermeshing Twin-Screw Extruders", Polym. Comp., 9, 368-377 (1988). DOI:10.1002/pc.750090510
93. White, J. L., Han, H., Nakajima, N. and Brzoskowski, R., "The Influence of Materials of Construction on Biconical Rotor and Capillary Measurements of Shear Viscosity of Rubber and Its Compounds and Considerations of Slippage", J. Rheol., 35, 167-189(1991). DOI:10.1122/1.550226
94. White, J. L., Potente, H.: Screw Extrusion, Hanser Publishers, Munich (2001)
95. Xanthos, M., Young, M. W. and Biesenberger, J. A., "Polypropylene/ Polyethylene terephthalate Blends Compatibilized through Functionalization", Polym. Eng. Sci., 30, 355-365 (1990). DOI:10.1002/pen.760300607
96. Yang, H.-R., Manas-Zloczower, I., "Flow Field Analysis of the Kneading Disc Region in a Co-Rotating Twin Screw Extruder", Polym. Eng. Sci., 32, 1411-1417 (1992). DOI:10.1002/pen.760321903
97. Yaras, P., Kalyon, D. M. and Yilmazer, U., "Flow Instabilities in Capillary Flow of Concentrated Suspensions", Rheol. Acta, 33, 48-59 (1994). DOI:10.1007/BF00453463
98. Yilmazer, U., Gogos, C. and Kalyon, D. M., "Mat Formation and Unstable Flows of Highly Filled Suspensions in Capillaries and Continuous Processors", Polym. Compos., 10, 242-248 (1989). DOI:10.1002/pc.750100406
99. Yilmazer, U., Kalyon, D. M., "Slip Effects in Capillary and Parallel Disk Torsional Flows of Highly Filled Suspensions," J. Rheol., 33, 1197-1212 (1989). DOI:10.1122/1.550049
100. Yoshinaga, M., Katsuki, S., Miyazaki, M., Liu, L., Kihara, S.-I. and Funatsu, K., "Mixing Mechanism of Three-Tip Kneading Block in Twin Screw Extruders", Polym. Eng. Sci., 40, 168-178 (2000). DOI:10.1002/pen.11150
101. Zhu, W., Jaluria, Y., "Residence Time and Conversion in the Extrusion of Chemically Reactive Materials", Polym. Eng. Sci., 41, 1280-1291 (2001). DOI:10.1002/pen.10828