Anthropometric measurements of general and central obesity and the prediction of cardiovascular disease risk in women: A cross-sectional study

BMJ Open

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 2014, Pages

  Goh, Louise G H ^a   Dhaliwal, Satvinder S ^a   Welborn, Timothy A ^b   Lee, Andy H ^a   Della, Phillip R ^a  

^a CURTIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b SIR CHARLES GAIRDNER HOSPITAL   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL;

ADULT; AGE; AGED; ANTHROPOMETRY; ARTICLE; BODY MASS; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; FEMALE; FRAMINGHAM RISK SCORE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MIDDLE AGED; OBESITY; POPULATION RESEARCH; RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE; WAIST HIP RATIO; WAIST TO STATURE RATIO; YOUNG ADULT; AUSTRALIA; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; COMPLICATION; OBESITY, ABDOMINAL; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PREVALENCE; PROCEDURES; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR;

ADULT; AGED; ANTHROPOMETRY; AUSTRALIA; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; OBESITY; OBESITY, ABDOMINAL; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PREVALENCE; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84896836083     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20446055     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004138     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight. Secondary obesity and overweight, 2012. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/
2. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 2002;106:3143-421.
3. Kannel WB. Metabolic risk factors for coronary heart disease in women: perspective from the Framingham study. Am Heart J 1987;114:413-19. (Pubitemid 17131737)
4. Hubert HB, Feinleib M, McNamara PM, et al. Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a 26-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1983;67:968-77. (Pubitemid 13080473)
5. Manson JE, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, et al. A prospective study of obesity and risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med 1990;322:882-9. (Pubitemid 20108377)
6. Manson JE, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, et al. Body weight and mortality among women. N Engl J Med 1995;333:677-85.
7. Dorn JM, Schisterman EF, Winkelstein W, et al. Body mass index and mortality in a general population sample women of men and women: the Buffalo Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 1997;146:919-31.
8. Cornier M-A, Després J-P, Davis N, et al. Assessing adiposity: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011;124:1996-2019.
9. Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. Circulation 2013.
10. Park YS, Kim J-S. Obesity phenotype and coronary heart disease risk as estimated by the Framingham risk score. J Korean Med Sci 2012;27:243-9.
11. Satoh H, Kishi R, Tsutsui H. Body mass index can similarly predict the presence of multiple cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged Japanese subjects as waist circumference. Intern Med 2010;49:977-82.
12. Ryan MC, Fenster Farin HM, Abbasi F, et al. Comparison of waist circumference versus body mass index in diagnosing metabolic syndrome and identifying apparently healthy subjects at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 2008;102:40-6.
13. Ying X, Song Z, Zhao C, et al. Body mass index, waist circumference, and cardiometabolic risk factors in young and middle-aged Chinese women. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2010;11:639-46.
14. Zhu S, Heymsfield SB, Toyoshima H, et al. Race-ethnicity - specific waist circumference cutoffs for identifying cardiovascular disease risk factors. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81:409-15. (Pubitemid 43073342)
15. Huang K-C, Lee M-S, Lee S-D, et al. Obesity in the elderly and its relationship with cardiovascular risk factors in Taiwan. Obes Res 2005;13:170-8.
16. Bergman RN, Stefanovski D, Buchanan TA, et al. A better index of body adiposity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011;19:1083-9.
17. Dhaliwal SS, Welborn TA. Central obesity and multivariable cardiovascular risk as assessed by the Framingham prediction scores. Am J Cardiol 2009;103:1403-7.
18. Anderson KM, Odell PM, Wilson PW, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk profiles. Am Heart J 1991;121(1 Part 2):293-8.
19. Conroy RM, Pyörälä K, Fitzgerald AP, et al. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. Eur Heart J 2003;24:987-1003. (Pubitemid 36712275)
20. D'Agostino RB, Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, et al. General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care - the Framingham Heart study. Circulation 2008;117:743-53. (Pubitemid 351640675)
21. Australian Risk Factor Prevalence Study Management Committee. Survey No. 3 1989. Canberra: National Heart Foundation of Australia and Australia Institute of Health, 1990.
22. Boyle CA, Dobson AJ, Egger G, et al. Waist-to-hip ratios in Australia: a different picture of obesity. Aust J Nutr Diet 1993;50:57-64.
23. Alexander H, Dugdale A. Which waist-hip ratio? Med J Aust 1990;153:367-8. (Pubitemid 20297098)
24. Cooney MT, Dudina A, De Bacquer D, et al. How much does HDL cholesterol add to risk estimation? A report from the SCORE investigators. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2009;16:304-14.
25. Neil HAW, Perera R, Armitage JM, et al. Estimated 10-year cardiovascular risk in a British population: results of a national screening project. Int J Clin Pract 2008;62:1322-31.
26. Woodward M, Brindle P, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Adding social deprivation and family history to cardiovascular risk assessment: the ASSIGN score from the Scottish Heart Health Extended Cohort (SHHEC). Heart 2007;93:172-6. (Pubitemid 46180289)
27. Mosca L, Benjamin EJ, Berra K, et al. Effectiveness-based guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women - 2011 update a guideline from the American Heart Association. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57:1404-23.
28. Genest J, McPherson R, Frohlich J, et al. 2009 Canadian Cardiovascular Society/Canadian guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease in the adult - 2009 recommendations. Can J Cardiol 2009;25:567-79.
29. Goh LGH, Dhaliwal SS, Lee AH, et al . Utility of established cardiovascular disease risk score models for the 10-year prediction of disease outcomes in women. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2013;11:425-35.
30. Wittchen H-U, Balkau B, Massien C, et al. International day for the evaluation of abdominal obesity: rationale and design of a primary care study on the prevalence of abdominal obesity and associated factors in 63 countries. Eur Heart J Suppl 2006;8(Suppl B):B26-33. (Pubitemid 44448528)
31. Balkau B, Deanfield JE, Despres JP, et al. International day for the evaluation of abdominal obesity (IDEA) - a study of waist circumference, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus in 168 000 primary care patients in 63 countries. Circulation 2007;116:1942-51. (Pubitemid 350287090)
32. Winter Y, Rohrmann S, Linseisen J, et al. Contribution of obesity and abdominal fat mass to risk of stroke and transient ischemic attacks. Stroke 2008;39:3145-51.
33. Taylor AE, Ebrahim S, Ben-Shlomo Y, et al. Comparison of the associations of body mass index and measures of central adiposity and fat mass with coronary heart disease, diabetes, and all-cause mortality: a study using data from 4 UK cohorts. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91:547-56.
34. van Dis I, Kromhout D, Geleijnse JM, et al . Body mass index and waist circumference predict both 10-year nonfatal and fatal cardiovascular disease risk: study conducted in 20 000 Dutch men and women aged 20-65 years. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2009;16:729-34.
35. Berg AH, Scherer PE. Adipose tissue, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. Circ Res 2005;96:939-49. (Pubitemid 40712793)
36. Snijder MB, van Dam RM, Visser M, et al. What aspects of body fat are particularly hazardous and how do we measure them? Int J Epidemiol 2006;35:83-92. (Pubitemid 43205452)
37. de Koning L, Merchant AT, Pogue J, et al. Waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular events: meta-regression analysis of prospective studies. Eur Heart J 2007;28:850-6. (Pubitemid 47343598)
38. Dalton M, Cameron AJ, Zimmet PZ, et al. Waist circumference, waist-hip ratio and body mass index and their correlation with cardiovascular disease risk factors in Australian adults. J Intern Med 2003;254:555-63. (Pubitemid 37521852)
39. Antillon D, Towfighi A. No time to 'weight': the link between obesity and stroke in women. Womens Health 2011;7:453-63.
40. Pischon T, Boeing H, Hoffmann K, et al. General and abdominal adiposity and risk of death in Europe. N Engl J Med 2008;359:2105-20.
41. Li C, Engstrom G, Hedblad B, et al . Sex differences in the relationships between BMI, WHR and incidence of cardiovascular disease: a population-based cohort study. Int J Obes 2006;30:1775-81. (Pubitemid 44863410)
42. Freiberg MS, Pencina MJ, D'Agostino RB, et al. BMI vs. waist circumference for identifying vascular risk. Obesity 2008;16:463-9. (Pubitemid 351271932)
43. DiPietro L, Katz LD, Nadel ER. Excess abdominal adiposity remains correlated with altered lipid concentrations in healthy older women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999;23:432-6. (Pubitemid 29182404)
44. Klein S, Allison DB, Heymsfield SB, et al. Waist circumference and cardiometabolic risk: a consensus statement from shaping America's health: association for weight management and obesity prevention; NAASO, The Obesity Society; the American Society for Nutrition; and the American Diabetes Association. Obesity 2007;15:1061- 7.
45. Rexrode KM, Carey VJ, Hennekens CH, et al. Abdominal adiposity and coronary heart disease in women. JAMA 1998;280:1843-8. (Pubitemid 28544425)
46. Fogelholm M. Physical activity, fitness and fatness: relations to mortality, morbidity and disease risk factors. A systematic review. Obes Rev 2010;11:202-21.
47. Romero-Corral A, Somers VK, Sierra-Johnson J, et al. Accuracy of body mass index in diagnosing obesity in the adult general population. Int J Obes 2008;32:959-66. (Pubitemid 351986216)
48. World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser: WHO, 2000.
49. Deurenberg P, Yap M, van Staveren WA. Body mass index and percent body fat: a meta-analysis among different ethnic groups. Int J Obes 1998;22:1164-71. (Pubitemid 28548536)
50. Welborn TA, Dhaliwal SS. Being correct about obesity. Med J Aust 2011;194:429-30.
51. The Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration. Separate and combined associations of body-mass index and abdominal adiposity with cardiovascular disease: collaborative analysis of 58 prospective studies. Lancet 2011;377:1085-95.
52. Dijk SB, Takken T, Prinsen EC, et al. Different anthropometric adiposity measures and their association with cardiovascular disease risk factors: a meta-analysis. Neth Heart J 2012;20:208-18.
53. Dobbelsteyn CJ, Joffres MR, MacLean DR, et al. A comparative evaluation of waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and body mass index as indicators of cardiovascular risk factors. The Canadian Heart Health Surveys. Int J Obes 2001;25:652-61. (Pubitemid 32417634)
54. Pouliot M-C, Després J-P, Lemieux S, et al. Waist circumference and abdominal sagittal diameter: best simple anthropometric indexes of abdominal visceral adipose tissue accumulation and related cardiovascular risk in men and women. Am J Cardiol 1994;73:460-8. (Pubitemid 24096208)
55. Turcato E, Bosello O, Di Francesco V, et al. Waist circumference and abdominal sagittal diameter as surrogates of body fat distribution in the elderly: their relation with cardiovascular risk factors. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24:1005-10. (Pubitemid 30618120)
56. Zhu S, Wang Z, Heshka S, et al. Waist circumference and obesity-associated risk factors among whites in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: clinical action thresholds. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:743.
57. Reeder BA, Senthilselvan A, Després JP, et al. The association of cardiovascular disease risk factors with abdominal obesity in Canada. Canadian Heart Health Surveys Research Group. CMAJ 1997;157(Suppl 1):S39 -45.
58. Lapidus L, Bengtsson C, Larsson B, et al. Distribution of adipose tissue and risk of cardiovascular disease and death: a 12 year follow up of participants in the population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden. BMJ 1984;289:1257-61. (Pubitemid 15217605)
59. Price GM, Uauy R, Breeze E, et al. Weight, shape, and mortality risk in older persons: elevated waist-hip ratio, not high body mass index, is associated with a greater risk of death. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84:449-60. (Pubitemid 44699159)
60. Lu M, Ye W, Adami HO, et al. Prospective study of body size and risk for stroke amongst women below age 60. J Intern Med 2006;260:442-50. (Pubitemid 44571132)
61. Dhaliwal SS, Welborn TA. Central obesity and cigarette smoking are key determinants of cardiovascular deaths in Australia: a public health perspective. Prev Med 2009;49:153-7.
62. Welborn TA, Dhaliwal SS. Preferred clinical measures of central obesity for predicting mortality. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007;61:1373-9. (Pubitemid 350245910)
63. Welborn TA, Dhaliwal SS, Bennett SA. Waist-hip ratio is the dominant risk factor predicting cardiovascular death in Australia. Med J Aust 2003;179:580-5. (Pubitemid 37536577)
64. Dhaliwal SS, Welborn TA. Measurement error and ethnic comparisons of measures of abdominal obesity. Prev Med 2009;49:148-52.
65. Goodman-Gruen D, Barrett-Connor E. Sex differences in measures of body fat and body fat distribution in the elderly. Am J Epidemiol 1996;143:898-906. (Pubitemid 26131097)
66. Ashwell M, Lejeune S. Ratio of waist circumference to height may be better indicator of need for weight management. BMJ 1996; 312:377.
67. Ashwell M, Hsieh SD. Six reasons why the waist-to-height ratio is a rapid and effective global indicator for health risks of obesity and how its use could simplify the international public health message on obesity. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2005;56:303-7. (Pubitemid 41631661)
68. Browning LM, Hsieh SD, Ashwell M. A systematic review of waist-to-height ratio as a screening tool for the prediction of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: 0-5 could be a suitable global boundary value. Nutr Res Rev 2010;23:247-69.
69. Schneider HJ, Glaesmer H, Klotsche J, et al. Accuracy of anthropometric indicators of obesity to predict cardiovascular risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:589-94.
70. Okosun IS, Liao Y, Rotimi CN, et al. Abdominal adiposity and clustering of multiple metabolic syndrome in White, Black and Hispanic Americans. Ann Epidemiol 2000;10:263-70. (Pubitemid 30609607)
71. Ho SC, Chen YM, Woo JLF, et al. Association between simple anthropometric indices and cardiovascular risk factors. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001;25:1689-97. (Pubitemid 33052081)
72. Jeong S-K, Seo M-W, Kim Y-H, et al. Does waist indicate dyslipidemia better than BMI in Korean adult population? J Korean Med Sci 2005;20:7-12. (Pubitemid 40342197)
73. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ôunpuu S, et al. Obesity and the risk of myocardial infarction in 27 000 participants from 52 countries: a case-control study. Lancet 2005;366:1640-9. (Pubitemid 41552419)
74. Moore SC. Waist versus weight - which matters more for mortality? Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:1003-4.