The empirical relationship between satellite-derived tropospheric NO 2 and fire radiative power and possible implications for fire emission rates of NOx

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 14, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 2447-2466

  Schreier, S F ^a   Richter, A ^a   Kaiser, J W ^b,c,d   Burrows, J P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BREMEN   (Germany)

^b KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR MEDIUM RANGE WEATHER FORECASTS   (United Kingdom)

^d MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR CHEMISTRY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCE; AQUA (SATELLITE); ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; EMISSION INVENTORY; EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS; GOME; MODIS; NITROGEN OXIDES; RADIATIVE TRANSFER; SATELLITE DATA; TERRA (SATELLITE);

EID: 84896770982     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-2447-2014     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Acarreta, J. R., De Haan, J. F., and Stammes, P.: Cloud pressure retrieval using the O2-O2 absorption band at 477 nm, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D05204, doi:10.1029/2003JD003915, 2004.
2. Akagi, S. K., Yokelson, R. J., Wiedinmyer, C., Alvarado, M. J., Reid, J. S., Karl, T., Crounse, J. D., and Wennberg, P. O.: Emission factors for open and domestic biomass burning for use in atmospheric models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 4039-4072, doi:10.5194/acp-11-4039-2011, 2011.
3. Alvarado, M. J. and Prinn, R. G.: Formation of ozone and growth of aerosols in young smoke plumes from biomass burning: 1. Lagrangian parcel studies, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, D09306, doi:10.1029/2008JD011144, 2009.
4. Andreae, M. O. and Merlet, P.: Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 955-966, 2001.
5. Barkley, M. P., Palmer, P. I., Ganzeveld, L., Arneth, A., Hagberg, D., Karl, T., Guenther, A., Paulot, F., Wennberg, P. O., Mao, J., Kurosu, T. P., Chance, K., Müller, J. F., De Smedt, I., Van Roozendael, M., Chen, D.,Wang, Y., and Yantosca, R. M.: Can a "state of the art" chemistry transport model simulate Amazonian tropospheric chemistry?, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D16302, doi:10.1029/2011JD015893, 2011.
6. Beirle, S., Platt, U.,Wenig, M., andWagner, T.: NOx production by lightning estimated with GOME, Adv. Space Res., 34, 793-797, 2004.
7. Beirle, S., Boersma, K. F., Platt, U., Lawrence, M. G., and Wagner, T.: Megacity emissions and lifetimes of nitrogen oxides probed from space, Science, 333, 1737-1739, 2011.
8. Boersma, K. F., Eskes, H. J., and Brinksma, E. J.: Error analysis for tropospheric NO2 retrieval from space, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D04311, doi:10.1029/2003JD003962, 2004.
9. Boersma, K. F., Jacob, D. J., Eskes, H. J., Pinder, R. W., Wang, J., and van der A, R. J.: Intercomparison of SCIAMACHY and OMI tropospheric NO2 columns: observing the diurnal evolution of chemistry and emissions from space, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D16S26, doi:10.1029/2007JD008816, 2008.
10. Bousserez, N.: Space-based retrieval of NO2 over biomass burning regions: quantifying and reducing uncertainties, Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., 6, 6645-6684, doi:10.5194/amtd-6-6645-2013, 2013.
11. Bovensmann, H., Burrows, J. P., Buchwitz, M., Frerick, J., Noël, S., Rozanov, V. V., Chance, K. V., and Goede, A. P. H.: SCIAMACHY: Mission objectives and measurement modes, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 127-150, 1999.
12. Browne, E. C. and Cohen, R. C.: Effects of biogenic nitrate chemistry on the NOx lifetime in remote continental regions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 11917-11932, doi:10.5194/acp-12-11917-2012, 2012.
13. Bucsela, E. J., Celarier, E. A., Wenig, M. O., Gleason, J. F., Veefkind, J. P., Boersma, K. F., and Brinksma, E. J.: Algorithm for NO2 vertical column retrieval from the ozone monitoring instrument, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 44, 1245-1257, 2006.
14. Burrows, J. P., Hölzle, E., Goede, A. P. H., Visser, H., and Fricke, W.: SCIAMACHY-scanning imaging absorption spectrometer for atmospheric chartography, Acta Astronaut., 35, 445-451, 1995.
15. Burrows, J. P., Weber, M., Buchwitz, M., Rozanov, V., Ladstätter-Weißenmayer, A., Richter, A., Debeek, R., Hoogen, R., Bramstedt, K., Eichmann, K. U., Eisinger, M., and Perner, D.: The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME): Mission concept and first scientific results, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 151-175, 1999.
16. Cahoon Jr, D. R., Stocks, B. J., Levine, J. S., Cofer Iii, W. R., and O'Neill, K. P.: Seasonal distribution of African savanna fires, Nature, 359, 812-815, 1992.
17. Callies, J., Corpaccioli, E., Eisinger, M., Lefebvre, A., Munro, R., Perez-Albinana, A., Ricciarelli, B., Calamai, L., Gironi, G., Veratti, R., Otter, G., Eschen, M., and Van Riel, L.: GOME-2 ozone instrument on-board the European METOP satellites, in:Weather and Environemental Satellites, Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering, Denver, CO, 60-70, 2004.
18. Cançado, J. E. D., Saldiva, P. H. N., Pereira, L. A. A., Lara, L. B. L. S., Artaxo, P., Martinelli, L. A., Arbex, M. A., Zanobetti, A., and Braga, A. L. F.: The impact of sugar cane-burning emissions on the respiratory system of children and the elderly, Environ. Health Persp., 114, 725-729, 2006.
19. Crutzen, P. J. and Andreae, M. O.: Biomass burning in the tropics: Impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles, Science, 250, 1669-1678, 1990.
20. Eck, T. F., Holben, B. N., Reid, J. S., O'Neill, N. T., Schafer, J. S., Dubovik, O., Smirnov, A., Yamasoe, M. A., and Artaxo, P.: High aerosol optical depth biomass burning events: a comparison of optical properties for different source regions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2035, doi:10.1029/2003GL017861, 2003.
21. Freeborn, P. H., Wooster, M. J., and Roberts, G.: Addressing the spatiotemporal sampling design of MODIS to provide estimates of the fire radiative energy emitted from Africa, Remote Sens. Environ., 115, 475-489, 2011.
22. Friedl, M. A., Sulla-Menashe, D., Tan, B., Schneider, A., Ramankutty, N., Sibley, A., and Huang, X.: MODIS Collection 5 global land cover: Algorithm refinements and characterization of new datasets, Remote Sens. Environ., 114, 168-182, 2010.
23. Giglio, L., van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Collatz, G. J., and Kasibhatla, P.: Global estimation of burned area using MODIS active fire observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 957-974, doi:10.5194/acp-6-957-2006, 2006.
24. Giglio, L.: Characterization of the tropical diurnal fire cycle using VIRS and MODIS observations, Remote Sens. Environ., 108, 407-421, 2007.
25. Giglio, L., Randerson, J. T., van der Werf, G. R., Kasibhatla, P. S., Collatz, G. J., Morton, D. C., and DeFries, R. S.: Assessing variability and long-term trends in burned area by merging multiple satellite fire products, Biogeosciences, 7, 1171-1186, doi:10.5194/bg-7-1171-2010, 2010.
26. Giles, D. M., Holben, B. N., Eck, T. F., Sinyuk, A., Smirnov, A., Slutsker, I., Dickerson, R. R., Thompson, A. M., and Schafer, J. S.: An analysis of AERONET aerosol absorption properties and classifications representative of aerosol source regions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, D17203, doi:10.1029/2012JD018127, 2012.
27. Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. I., and Geron, C.: Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3181-3210, doi:10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006, 2006.
28. Hains, J. C., Boersma, K. F., Mark, K., Dirksen, R. J., Cohen, R. C., Perring, A. E., Bucsela, E., Volten, H., Swart, D. P. J., Richter, A., Wittrock, F., Schoenhardt, A., Wagner, T., Ibrahim, O. W., Roozendael, M. V., Pinardi, G., Gleason, J. F., Veefkind, J. P., and Levelt, P.: Testing and improving OMI DOMINO tropospheric NO2 using observations from the DANDELIONS and INTEXB validation campaigns, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D05301, doi:10.1029/ 2009JD012399, 2010.
29. Hansen, M. C., Defries, R. S., Townshend, J. R. G., and Sohlberg, R.: Global land cover classification at 1 km spatial resolution using a classification tree approach, Int. J. Remote Sens., 21, 1331-1364, 2000.
30. Heue, K.-P., Richter, A., Bruns, M., Burrows, J. P., v. Friedeburg, C., Platt, U., Pundt, I.,Wang, P., andWagner, T.: Validation of SCIAMACHY tropospheric NO2-columns with AMAXDOAS measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1039-1051, doi:10.5194/acp-5-1039-2005, 2005.
31. Heue, K.-P., Wagner, T., Broccardo, S. P., Walter, D., Piketh, S. J., Ross, K. E., Beirle, S., and Platt, U.: Direct observation of two dimensional trace gas distributions with an airborne Imaging DOAS instrument, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6707-6717, doi:10.5194/acp-8-6707-2008, 2008.
32. Hilboll, A., Richter, A., Rozanov, A., Hodnebrog, O., Heckel, A., Solberg, S., Stordal, F., and Burrows, J. P.: Improvements to the retrieval of tropospheric NO2 from satellite-stratospheric correction using SCIAMACHY limb/nadir matching and comparison to Oslo CTM2 simulations, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 565-584, doi:10.5194/amt-6-565-2013, 2013.
33. Hönninger, G., von Friedeburg, C., and Platt, U.: Multi axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 231-254, doi:10.5194/acp-4-231-2004, 2004.
34. Ichoku, C. and Kaufman, Y. J.: A method to derive smoke emission rates from MODIS fire radiative energy measurements, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 43, 2636-2649, 2005.
35. Ichoku, C., Kahn, R., and Chin, M.: Satellite contributions to the quantitative characterization of biomass burning for climate modeling, Atmos. Res., 111, 1-28, 2012.
36. IPCC: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, USA, 2007.
37. Jaeglé, L., Steinberger, L., Martin, R. V., and Chance, K.: Global partitioning of NOx sources using satellite observations: Relative roles of fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning and soil emissions, Faraday Discuss., 130, 407-423, 2005.
38. Justice, C. O., Giglio, L., Korontzi, S., Owens, J., Morisette, J. T., Roy, D., Descloitres, J., Alleaume, S., Petitcolin, F., and Kaufman, Y.: The MODIS fire products, Remote Sens. Environ., 83, 244-262, 2002.
39. Kaiser, J. W., Heil, A., Andreae, M. O., Benedetti, A., Chubarova, N., Jones, L., Morcrette, J.-J., Razinger, M., Schultz, M. G., Suttie, M., and van der Werf, G. R.: Biomass burning emissions estimated with a global fire assimilation system based on observed fire radiative power, Biogeosciences, 9, 527-554, doi:10.5194/bg-9-527-2012, 2012.
40. Kaufman, Y. J., Justice, C. O., Flynn, L. P., Kendall, J. D., Prins, E. M., Giglio, L., Ward, D. E., Menzel, W. P., and Setzer, A. W.: Potential global fire monitoring from EOS-MODIS, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 32215-32238, 1998.
41. Koelemeijer, R. B. A., de Haan, J. F., and Stammes, P.: A database of spectral surface reflectivity in the range 335-772 nm derived from 5.5 yr of GOME observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4070, doi:10.1029/2002JD002429, 2003.
42. Künzli, N., Kaiser, R., Medina, S., Studnicka, M., Chanel, O., Filliger, P., Herry, M., Horak Jr, F., Puybonnieux-Texier, V., Quénel, P., Schneider, J., Seethaler, R., Vergnaud, J. C., and Sommer, H.: Public-health impact of outdoor and traffic-related air pollution: A European assessment, Lancet, 356, 795-801, 2000.
43. Labonne, M., Bréon, F. M., and Chevallier, F.: Injection height of biomass burning aerosols as seen from a spaceborne lidar, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L11806, doi:10.1029/2007GL029311, 2007.
44. Langmann, B., Duncan, B., Textor, C., Trentmann, J., and van der Werf, G. R.: Vegetation fire emissions and their impact on air pollution and climate, Atmos. Environ., 43, 107-116, 2009.
45. Lee, D. S., Köhler, I., Grobler, E., Rohrer, F., Sausen, R., Gallardo-Klenner, L., Olivier, J. G. J., Dentener, F. J., and Bouwman, A. F.: Estimations of global NO(x ) emissions and their uncertainties, Atmos. Environ., 31, 1735-1749, 1997.
46. Leighton, P. A.: Photochemistry of Air Pollution, Academic, New York, 1961.
47. Leitão, J., Richter, A., Vrekoussis, M., Kokhanovsky, A., Zhang, Q. J., Beekmann, M., and Burrows, J. P.: On the improvement of NO2 satellite retrievals-aerosol impact on the airmass factors, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 475-493, doi:10.5194/amt-3-475-2010, 2010.
48. Levelt, P. F., Van Den Oord, G. H. J., Dobber, M. R., Mälkki, A., Visser, H., De Vries, J., Stammes, P., Lundell, J. O. V., and Saari, H.: The ozone monitoring instrument, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 44, 1093-1100, 2006.
49. Marais, E. A., Jacob, D. J., Kurosu, T. P., Chance, K., Murphy, J. G., Reeves, C., Mills, G., Casadio, S., Millet, D. B., Barkley, M. P., Paulot, F., and Mao, J.: Isoprene emissions in Africa inferred from OMI observations of formaldehyde columns, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 6219-6235, doi:10.5194/acp-12- 6219-2012, 2012.
50. Marion, T., Perros, P. E., Losno, R., and Steiner, E.: Ozone production efficiency in savanna and forested areas during the EXPRESSO experiment, J. Atmos. Chem., 38, 3-30, 2001.
51. Martin, R. V., Jacob, D. J., Chance, K., Kurosu, T. P., Palmer, P. I., and Evans, M. J.: Global inventory of nitrogen oxide emissions constrained by space-based observations of NO2 columns, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4537, doi:10.1029/2003JD003453, 2003.
52. Mebust, A. K. and Cohen, R. C.: Observations of a seasonal cycle in NOx emissions from fires in African woody savannas, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1451-1455, 2013a.
53. Mebust, A. K. and Cohen, R. C.: Space-based observations of fire NOx emission coefficients: a global biome-scale comparison, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 13, 21665-21702, doi:10.5194/acpd-13-21665-2013, 2013b.
54. Mebust, A. K., Russell, A. R., Hudman, R. C., Valin, L. C., and Cohen, R. C.: Characterization of wildfire NOx emissions using MODIS fire radiative power and OMI tropospheric NO2 columns, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5839-5851, doi:10.5194/acp-11-5839-2011, 2011.
55. Meland, B. R. and Boubel R. W.: A Study of Field Burning Under Varying Environmental Conditions, JAPCA J. AirWaste Ma., 16, 481-484, 1966.
56. Meyer-Arnek, J., Ladstätter-Weißenmayer, A., Richter, A., Wittrock, F., and Burrows, J. P.: A study of the trace gas columns of O3, NO2 and HCHO over Africa in September 1997, Faraday Discuss., 130, 387-405, 2005.
57. Munro, R., Perez Albiñana, A., Callies, J., Corpaccioli, E., Eisinger, M., Lefebvre, A., and Hahne, A.: Expectations for GOME-2 on the METOP Satellites, in: ERS-Envisat Symposium 'Looking Down to Earth in the New Millennium', European Space Agency, (Special Publication) ESA SP, Gothenburg, 221-227, 2000.
58. Nüß, J. H.: Improvements of the retrieval of tropospheric NO2 from GOME and SCIAMACHY data, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany, 2005.
59. Olivier, J. G. J., Bouwman, A. F., Van der Maas, C. W. M., and Berdowski, J. M.: Emission database for global atmospheric research (EDGAR), Environ. Monit. Assess., 31, 93-106, 1994.
60. Perner, D. and Platt, U.: Detection of nitrous acid in the atmosphere by differential optical absorption, Geophys. Res. Lett., 6, 917-920, 1979.
61. Platt, U. and Hausmann, M.: Spectroscopic measurement of the free radicals NO3, BrO, IO, and OH in the troposphere, Res. Chem. Intermediat., 20, 557-578, 1994.
62. Remer, L. A., Kleidman, R. G., Levy, R. C., Kaufman, Y. J., Tanré, D., Mattoo, S., Martins, J. V., Ichoku, C., Koren, I., Yu, H., and Holben, B. N.: Global aerosol climatology from the MODIS satellite sensors, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D14S07, doi:10.1029/2007JD009661, 2008.
63. Richter, A. and Burrows, J. P.: Tropospheric NO2 from GOME measurements, Adv. Space Res., 29, 1673-1683, 2002.
64. Richter, A., Begoin, M., Hilboll, A., and Burrows, J. P.: An improved NO2 retrieval for the GOME-2 satellite instrument, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 1147-1159, doi:10.5194/amt-4-1147-2011, 2011.
65. Riggan, P. J., Tissell, R. G., Lockwood, R. N., Brass, J. A., Pereira, J. A. R., Miranda, H. S., Miranda, A. C., Campos, T., and Higgins, R.: Remote measurement of energy and carbon flux from wildfires in Brazil, Ecol. Appl., 14, 855-872, 2004.
66. Roberts, G. J. and Wooster, M. J.: Fire detection and fire characterization over Africa using meteosat SEVIRI, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 46, 1200-1218, 2008.
67. Roberts, G.,Wooster, M. J., and Lagoudakis, E.: Annual and diurnal african biomass burning temporal dynamics, Biogeosciences, 6, 849-866, doi:10.5194/bg-6-849-2009, 2009.
68. Row L. W., Hastings, D. A., and Dunbar, P. K.: Terrainbase worldwide digital terrain data. Release 1.0., National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder, 1994.
69. Rozanov, A., Rozanov, V. V., Buchwitz, M., Kokhanovsky, A. A., and Burrows, J. P.: SCIATRAN 2.0-a new radiative transfer model for geophysical applications in the 175-2400 nm spectral region, Adv. Space Sci., 36, 1015-1019, doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.012, 2005.
70. Sahu, L. K., Kondo, Y., Miyazaki, Y., Pongkiatkul, P., and Kim Oanh, N. T.: Seasonal and diurnal variations of black carbon and organic carbon aerosols in Bangkok, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D15302, doi:10.1029/2010JD015563, 2011.
71. Schroeder,W., Csiszar I. Giglio L. Schmidt C. C.: On the use of fire radiative power, area, and temperature estimates to characterize biomass burning via moderate to coarse spatial resolution remote sensing data in the Brazilian Amazon, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 115, D21121 doi:10.1029/2009JD013769, 2010
72. Seiler, W. and Crutzen, P. J.: Estimates of gross and net fluxes of carbon between the biosphere and the atmosphere from biomass burning, Clim. Change, 2, 207-247, 1980.
73. Spicer, C. W.: Nitrogen oxide reactions in the urban plume of Boston, Science, 215, 1095-1097, 1982.
74. van der A, R. J., Eskes, H. J., Boersma, K. F., van Noije, T. P. C., Van Roozendael, M., De Smedt, I., Peters, D. H. M. U., and Meijer, E. W.: Trends, seasonal variability and dominant NOx source derived from a ten year record of NO2 measured from space, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D04302, doi:10.1029/2007JD009021, 2008.
75. van derWerf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio L., Collatz, G. J., Mu, M., Kasibhatla, P. S., Morton, D. C., DeFries, R. S., Jin, Y., and van Leeuwen, T. T.: Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997-2009), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11707-11735, doi:10.5194/acp-10-11707-2010, 2010.
76. Vermote, E., Ellicott, E., Dubovik, O., Lapyonok, T., Chin, M., Giglio, L., and Roberts, G. J.: An approach to estimate global biomass burning emissions of organic and black carbon from MODIS fire radiative power, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, D18205, doi:10.1029/2008JD011188, 2009.
77. Wang, P., Richter, A., Bruns, M., Rozanov, V. V., Burrows, J. P., Heue, K.-P.,Wagner, T., Pundt, I., and Platt, U.: Measurements of tropospheric NO2 with an airborne multi-axis DOAS instrument, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 337-343, doi:10.5194/acp-5-337-2005, 2005.
78. Wang, P., Stammes, P., van der A, R., Pinardi, G., and van Roozendael, M.: FRESCO+: an improved O2 A-band cloud retrieval algorithm for tropospheric trace gas retrievals, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6565-6576, doi:10.5194/acp-8-6565- 2008, 2008.
79. Wayne, R. P., Barnes, I., Biggs, P., Burrows, J. P., Canosa-Mas, C. E., Hjorth, J., Le Bras, G., Moortgat, G. K., Perner, D., Poulet, G., Restelli, G., and Sidebottom, H.: The nitrate radical: Physics, chemistry, and the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ. A-Gen., 25, 1-203, 1991.
80. Wittrock, F., Oetjen, H., Richter, A., Fietkau, S., Medeke, T., Rozanov, A., and Burrows, J. P.: MAX-DOAS measurements of atmospheric trace gases in Ny-Ålesund-Radiative transfer studies and their application, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 955-966, doi:10.5194/acp-4-955-2004, 2004.
81. Wooster, M. J. and Zhang, Y. H.: Boreal forest fires burn less intensely in Russia than in North America, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L20505, doi:10.1029/2004GL020805, 2004.
82. Wooster, M. J., Roberts, G., Perry, G. L.W., and Kaufman, Y. J.: Retrieval of biomass combustion rates and totals from fire radiative power observations: FRP derivation and calibration relationships between biomass consumption and fire radiative energy release, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, 1-24, 2005.
83. Xu, W., Wooster, M. J., Roberts, G., and Freeborn, P.: New GOES imager algorithms for cloud and active fire detection and fire radiative power assessment across North, South and Central America, Remote Sens. Environ., 114, 1876-1895, 2010.
84. Yienger, J. J. and Levy II, H.: Empirical model of global soilbiogenic NOx emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 11447-11464, 1995.