Testosterone deficiency: A historical perspective

Asian Journal of Andrology

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 161-168

  Nieschlag, Eberhard ^a,b   Nieschlag, Susan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL MÜNSTER   (Germany)

^b KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY   (Saudi Arabia)

Author keywords

Castration; Testosteron; Testosterone deficiency

Indexed keywords

ANABOLIC AGENT; ILLICIT DRUG; METHYLTESTOSTERONE; TESTOSTERONE; TESTOSTERONE ENANTATE; TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE;

ANDROGEN DEFICIENCY; ANDROGEN THERAPY; BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY; CASTRATION; CHINESE; CLINICAL MEDICINE; DOPING; FERTILIZATION; GERM CELL; HISTORY OF MEDICINE; HUMAN; HYPOGONADISM; HYPOTHESIS; LIVER TOXICITY; NONHUMAN; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; PUNISHMENT; REPRODUCTION; REVIEW; SLAVE; STEM CELL RESEARCH; UNITED KINGDOM; VOICE;

HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; MALE; PUBERTY; TESTIS; TESTOSTERONE;

EID: 84896757113     PISSN: 1008682X     EISSN: 17457262     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4103/1008-682X.122358     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. Nieschlag E, Nieschlag S. The medical and cultural history of testosterone and the testes. In: Nieschlag E, Behre HM, Nieschlag S, editors. Testosterone: Action, deficiency, substitution. 4th ed, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2012. p. 1-14.
2. Anderson MM. Hidden power: the palace eunuchs of imperial China. Buffalo NY: Prometheus; 1990. p. 307-11.
3. Mitamura T. Chinese eunuchs: the structure of intimate politics. Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle; 1992.
4. Flaig E. Weltgeschichte der Sklaverei. Munchen: Verlag CH Beck; 2009.
5. Dettenhofer MH. Eunuchs, women and imperial courts. In: Scheidel W, editor. Rome and China: comparative perspectives on ancient world empires. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2009. p. 83-127.
6. The Last Emperor. Film by B. Bertolucci, Columbia Pictures; 1987.
7. Wagenseil F. Chinese eunuchs. A report on the sequelae of castration as well as on the importance of race and body composition for anthropomorphic characteristics. Ztschr Morphol Anthropol 1933; 32: 415-68.
8. Barth H. Travels and discoveries in North and Central Africa from 1849 to 1855. Gotha: Justus Pertes; 1857.
9. Van Eickels K. Gendered violence: Castration and blinding as punishment for treason in Normandy and Anglo-Norman England. Gender History 2004; 16: 588-602.
10. Tuchel S. Castration in the middle ages. Droste-Verlag: Droste-Verlag; 1998.
11. Melicow MM. Castration down the ages. N Y State J Med 1977; 77: 804-08.
12. Babtschenko A. The colour of war Hamburg, Rowohlt; 2008.
13. Wilson JD, Roehrborn C. Long-term consequences of castration in men: lessons from the Skoptzy and the eunuchs of the Chinese and Ottoman courts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 4324-31.
14. Lehrs. On the representation of Helena in Greek mythology and literature. In: historische und literarische Abhandlungen der Koniglichen deutschen Gesellschaft zu Konigsberg. Second Collection; 1832. p. 108.
15. Holzhaider H. Forbidden love. Suddeutsche Zeitung 2011: 31.3. p. 10.
16. Melicow MM. Castrati singers and the lost "cords". Bull N Y Acad Med 1983; 59: 744-64.
17. Ortkemper H. Unwilling angels: the world of the castrato. Berlin: Henschel-Verlag; 1993.
18. Jenkins JS. The voice of the castrato. Lancet 1998; 351: 1877-81.
19. Fabbi A. The surgical schools of Preci, Panetto and Petrelli. Spoleto, 1974.
20. Bartoli C. Sacrificium: The school for castratos, CD and booklet. Decca Music Group, London, 2009.
21. Nieschlag E, Nieschlag S, Behre HM. Life expectancy and testosterone. Nature 1993; 366: 215.
22. Medvei VC. The history of clinical endocrinology. Carnforth UK and Pearl River NY Parthenon Publishing Group; 1993.
23. Hirschfeld M. The treatment of impotence in medical practice. Institute for Sex Research, Berlin, 1927.
24. Nieschlag E, Cuppers EJ, Wickings EJ. Influence of sex, testicular development and liver function on the bioavailability of oral testosterone. Eur J Clin Invest 1977; 7: 145-14.
25. Bundesarztekammer (editor). The placebo in medicine. Cologne, Deutscher Aerzteverlag; 2011.
26. Brown-Sequard E. The effects produced on man by subcutaneous injections of a liquid obtained from the testicles of animals. Lancet 1889; 20: 105-7.
27. Borell M. Brown-Sequard's organotherpay and its appearance in America at the end of the nineteenth century. Bull Hist Med 1976; 50: 309-20.
28. Hamblen EC. Endocrinology or endocriminology! Some abuses of endocrine therapy. Southern Med J 1950; 43: 506-9.
29. Lydston GF. Sex gland implantation. N Y Med J 1915; 51: 601-8.
30. Schultheiss D, Engel RM. G. Frank Lydston (1858-1923) revisited: therapy by testicular implantation in the early twentieth century. World J Urol 2003; 21: 356-63. (Pubitemid 44175251)
31. Lespinase VD. Transplantation of the testicle. J Am Med Assoc 1913; 18: 251-3.
32. Stanley LL. Experiences in testicle transplantation. Cal State J Med 1920; 18: 251-3.
33. Stanley LL. An analysis of one thousand testicular substance implantations. Endocrinol 1923; 7: 787-94.
34. Steinach E. Rejuvenation by experimental reactivation of the aging pubertal gland. Berlin: J Springer Verlag; 1920.
35. Voronoff S. Testicular grafting from ape to man. London: Brentanos Ltd.; 1920.
36. Voronoff S. Transplantation of the testes. Milano: Quintieri Editore; 1923.
37. Gayton B. The gland stealers. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1922.
38. Parkes AS. The rise of reproductive endocrinology, 1926-1940.
39. Sveinsson H. Lifid er dasamlegt (autobiography). Iceland: Helgafell; 1969. J Endocrinol 1966; 34: XX-XXXii.
40. Shumakov VI, Gotsiridze OA. Surgical technique for testes transplantation. Vestn Khir Im II Grek 1978; 121: 77-81.
41. Silber SJ, Rodriguez-Rigau LJ. Pregnancy after testicular transplant: importance of treating the couple. Fertil Steril 1980; 33: 454-5. (Pubitemid 10110413)
42. Niehans P. Introduction to cellular therapy. New York: Pageant; 1960.
43. Brinster RL, Zimmermann JW. Spermatogenesis following male germ-cell transplantation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 11287-9.
44. Trefil P, Micakova A, Mucksova J Hejnar J, Poplstein M, et al. Restoration of spermatogenesis and male fertility by transplantation of dispersed testicular cells in the chicken. Biol Reprod 2006; 75: 575-81. (Pubitemid 44465799)
45. Wistuba J. Animal models for Klinefelter's syndrome and their relevance for the clinic. Mol Hum Reprod 2010; 16: 375-85.
46. De Graaf R. On disorders of male reproductive organs, on clysters and the use of siphons in anatomy. Leyden and Rotterdam: ex officina Hackiana, 1668.
47. Setchell BP. The contributions of Reinier de Graaf to reproductive biology. Eur J Obstet Gynec Reprod Biol 1974; 4: 1-13.
48. Kremer J. The significance of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek for the early development of andrology. Andrologia 1979; 11: 243-9.
49. Spallanzani L. Artificial fertilization. In: Prodomo Della Nuova Encyclopedia Italiana, Siena 1779.
50. Gaeto M. The bicentennial of a forgotten giant: Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799) Int Microbiol 1999; 2: 273-4.
51. Leydig F. On the anatomy of the male sexual organs and anal glands of mammals. Ztschr Wiss Zool 1850; 2: 1-57.
52. Christensen AK. A history of studies on testicular Leydig cells: the first century. In: Payne AH, Hardy M, Russel LD, editors. The Leydig cell. Cache River Press, Vienna IL 1996.
53. Sertoli E. The existence of particular branched cells in the seminiferous tubules of the human testicle. Il Morgagni 1865; 7: 31-40.
54. Virdis R. Historical milestones in endocrinology. J Endocrinol Invest 2005; 28: 944-8. (Pubitemid 43162828)
55. Jorgensen CB. John Hunter, A. A. Berthold and the origins of endocrinology. Acta Hist Sci Nat Med 1971; 24: 7-54.
56. Berthold AA. On the transplantation of the testes. Arch Anat Physiol Wiss Med 1849; 42-6.
57. Wagner R. Report of a simple method in experiments on the morphological and chemical alterations of animal tissue. Nachr Konigl Ges Wiss. Gottingen 1852; 97-109.
58. Simmer H, Simmer I. Arnold Adolph Berthold (1803-1861). In memory of the 100th anniversary of the death of the founder of experimental endocrinology. Dtsch med Wschr 1961; 86: 2186-92.
59. Simmer HH. Arnold Adolph Berthold (1803-1861) - Forerunner or founder of experimental endocrinology? Endokrinol Inform 1980; 3: 101-11.
60. Nussbaum M. Testes and rutting organs of the brown frog (Rana fusca). Pflügers Arch Eur J Physiol 1909; 126: 519-77.
61. Steinach E. Sexual drive and true secondary sexual characteristics as a result of internal secretory functions of the gonads. Zbl Physiol 1910; 24: 551-66.
62. Pezard A. On the determination of secondary sexual characteristics in poultry. Cpt Rend Scienc 1911; 153: 1027.
63. Moore CR, Gallagher TF, Koch FC. The effects of extracts of testis in correcting the castrated condition in the fowl and in the mammal. Endocrinol 1929; 13: 367-74.
64. Loewe S, Voss HE. Update on the male sex hormone [androkinins]. Klin Wschr 1930; 9: 481-7.
65. Rosenheim SO, King H. The ring-system of steroids and bile acids.Nature 1932; 130: 315.
66. Wieland HO, Dane E. Investigations on the constitution of bile acids. Hoppe-Syler's Ztschr Physiol Chem 1932; 210: 268-81.
67. Butenandt A. History of the discovery of oestrone. Endokrinol Inform 1980; 4: 160-3.
68. Simmer H. Biosynthesis of steroid hormones. Endokrinol Inform 1982; 2: 80-92.
69. Butenandt A. The chemical investigation of the sex hormone. Z Angew Chem 1931; 44: 905-8.
70. David K, Dingemanse E, Freud J, Laquer E. Crystalline male hormone from the testes (Testosterone) is more effective than androsterone derived from urine or cholesterin. Hoppe-Seyler's Z physiol Chem 1935; 233: 281-2.
71. Butenandt A, Hanisch G. Testosterone. The transformation of dehydroandrosterone into androstendiol and testosterone; a method for producing testosterone from cholesterin. Hoppe-Seyler's Z Physiol Chem 1935; 237: 89-98.
72. Ruzicka L, Wettstein A. Synthesis of the testicular hormone (testosterone) (androstene 3-on-17-ol.) Helv chim Acta 1935; 18: 1264-75.
73. Ratmoko C. Making the chemistry right. The beginnings of industrial production of female and male sexual hormones 1914-1938. Zurich: Chronos-Verlag:, 2010.
74. Deansley R, Parkes AS. Factors influencing effectiveness of administered hormones. Proc R Soc London 1937; 124: 279-98.
75. Junkmann K. Long-acting steroids in reproduction. Rec Progr Horm Res 1957; 13: 389-419.
76. Nieschlag E, Behre HM. Clinical uses of testosterone in hypogonadism and other conditions. In: Nieschlag E, Behre HM, Nieschlag S, editors. Testosterone: action, deficiency, substitution. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2012. p. 292-308.
77. Behre HM, Nieschlag E. Testosterone preparations for clinical use in males. In: Nieschlag E, Behre HM, Nieschlag S, editors. Testosterone: action, deficiency, substitution. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2012. p. 309-35.
78. Ruzicka L, Goldberg MW, Rosenberg HR. Production of 17alpha-methyl- testosterone and other androstene and androstane derivatives. Connections between chemical constitution and male hormone effect. Helv Chim Acta 1935; 18: 1487-98.
79. Nieschlag E. Is the use of methyltestosterone obsolete? Dtsch med Wschr 1981; 106: 1123-5. (Pubitemid 11052839)
80. Coert A, Geelen J, de Visser J, van der Vies J. The pharmacology and metabolism of testosterone undecanoate (TU), a new orally active androgen. Acta Endocrinol 1975; 79: 789-800.
81. Nieschlag E, Mauss J, Coert A, Kicovic P. Plasma androgen levels in men after oral administration of testosterone or testosterone undecanoate. Acta Endocrinol 1975; 79: 366-74.
82. Kopera H. The history of anabolic steroids and a review of clinical experience with anabolic steroids. In: Eikelboom FA, van der Vies J, editors. Anabolics in the '80s. Acta endocrinol 1985; 271 Suppl: 11-8. (Pubitemid 16254531)
83. Dorfman RL, Shipley RA. Androgens: biochemistry, physiology and clinical significance. New York: Wiley and Sons; 1956.
84. Kochakian CD, editor. Anabolic-androgenic steroids. Heidelberg: Springer; 1976.
85. Schanzer W, Thevis M. Detection of illegal use of androgens and SARMs. In: Nieschlag E, Behre HM, Nieschlag S, editors. Testosterone: action, deficiency, substitution. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2012. p. 517-34.
86. Vorona E, Nieschlag E. Sequelae of doping with anabolic steroids, In: Nieschlag E, Behre HM, Nieschlag S, (editors) Testosterone: action, deficiency, substitution. 4th edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; 2012. p. 535-546.
87. Jasuja R, Zacharov MN, Bhasin S. The state-of-the-art in the development of selective androgen receptor modulators. In: Nieschlag E, Behre HM, Nieschlag S (editors) Testosterone: action, deficiency, substitution. 4th edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; 2012. pp 459-469.
88. World Health Organization, Nieschlag E, Wang C, Handelsman DJ, Swerdloff RS, Wu F, Einer-Jensen N, Waites G. Guidelines for the use of androgens. WHO, Geneva 1992.
89. Bals-Pratsch M, Knuth UA, Yoon YD, Nieschlag E. Transdermal testosterone substitution therapy for male hypogonadism. Lancet 1986; ii: 943-46.
90. Atkinson LE, Chang YL, Snyder PJ. Long-term experience with testosterone replacement through scrotal skin. In: Nieschlag E, Behre HM (eds.) Testosterone: action, deficiency, substitution. 2nd ed. Springer, Heidelberg; 1998. p. 365-88.
91. Behre HM, von Eckardstein S, Kliesch S, Nieschlag E. Long-term substitution therapy of hypogonadal men with transscrotal testosterone over 7-10 years. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1999; 50: 629-35. (Pubitemid 29236340)
92. Meikle AW, Mazer NA, Moellmer JF, Stringham JD, Tolman KG, et al. Enhanced transdermal delivery of testosterone across nonscrotal skin produces physiological concentrations of testosterone and its metabolites in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 74: 623-8.
93. Wang C, Berman N, Longstreth JA, Chuapoco B, Hull L, et al. Pharmacokinetics of transdermal testosterone gel in hypogonadal men: application of gel at one site versus four sites: a general clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 964-9. (Pubitemid 32269334)
94. Kuhnert B, Byrne M, Simoni M, Kopcke W, Gerss J, et al. Testosterone substitution with a new transdermal, hydroalcoholic gel applied to scrotal or non-scrotal skin: a multicentre trial. Eur J Endocrinol 2005; 153: 317-26. (Pubitemid 41167490)
95. Nieschlag E, Buchter D, von Eckardstein S, Abshagen K, Simoni M, et al. Repeated intramuscular injections of testosterone undecanoate for substitution therapy in hypogonadal men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1999; 51: 757-63. (Pubitemid 30050826)
96. Behre HM, Abshagen K, Oettel M, Hubler D, Nieschlag E. Intramuscular injection of testosterone undecanoate for the treatment of male hypogonadism: phase I studies. Eur J Endocrinol 1999; 140: 414-9. (Pubitemid 29254007)
97. Wang L, Shi DC, Lu SY, Fang RY. The therapeutic effect of domestically produced testosterone undecanoate in Klinefelter syndrome. New Drug Mark 1991; 8: 28-32.
98. Partsch CJ, Weinbauer GF, Fang R, Nieschlag E. Injectable testosterone undecanoate has more favourable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics than testosterone enanthate. Eur J Endocrinol 1995; 132: 514-9.
99. Nieschlag E. Testosterone treatment comes of age: new options for hypogonadal men. Clin Endocrinol 2006; 65: 275-81.
100. Klinefelter HF, Reifenstein EC, Albright F. Syndrome characterized by gynecomastia, aspermatogenesis, without A-Leydigism, and increased excretion of follicle-stimulating hormone J Clin Endocrinol 1942; 2: 615-27.
101. Kallmann FJ, Schoenfeld WA, Barrera SE. The genetic aspects of primary eunuchoidism. Am J Ment Def 1944; 158: 203-36.
102. Pasqualini RQ, Bur GE. Hypoandrogenic syndrome with gametogenesis. Classification of testicular insufficiency. Rev Asoc Med Argent 1950; 64: 6-10.
103. Del Castillo EB, Trabucco A, de la Balze FA. Syndrome produced by absence of the germinal epithelium without impairment of the Sertoli or Leydig cells. J Clin Endocrinol 1950; 7: 493-502.
104. Werner AA. The male climacteric. J Am Med Assoc 1945; 127: 705-10.
105. Nieschlag E, Swerdloff R, Behre HM, Gooren LJ, Kaufman JM, et al. Investigation, treatment and monitoring of late-onset hypogonadism in males: ISA, ISSAM, and EAU recommendations. Int J Androl 2005; 28: 125-7. (Pubitemid 40780337)
106. Reifenstein EC Jr. Hereditary familial hypogonadism. Proc Am Fed Clin Res 1947; 3: 86.
107. Morris JM. The syndrome of testicular feminization in male pseudohermaphrodites. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1953; 65: 1192-211.
108. Albright F, Forbes AF, Fraser R, Miller B, Reifenstein EC. A classification of the causes of hypoleydigism. Trans Assoc Am Phys 1941; 56: 43-54.
109. Heller CG, Nelson WO. Classification of male hypogonadism and a discussion of the pathologic physiology, diagnosis and treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1948; 8: 345-66.
110. Hellinga G. Classification of male hypogonadism. Acta Endocrinol 1957; 24 (Suppl 31): 148-80.
111. Tuttelmann F, Nieschlag E. Classification of andrological disorders. In: Nieschlag E, Behre HM, Nieschlag S, editors. Andrology: male reproductive health and dysfunction. 3rd ed. Heidelberg, Springer; 2010. p. 87-92.
112. Huggins C, Hodges CV. Studies on prostatic cancer: i. The effect of castration, of estrogen and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer Res 1941; 293-7.
113. Endogenous Hormones and Prostate Cancer Collaborative Group. Endogenous sex hormones and prostate cancer: a collaborative analysis of 18 prospective studies. J Ntl Cancer Inst 2008; 100: 170-83.
114. Raynaud JP (2006) Prostate cancer risk in testosterone-treated men. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 102: 261-6.
115. Levine GN, D'Amico AV, Berger P, Clark PE, Eckel RH, et al. American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, the American Cancer Society, and the American Urological Association. Androgen-deprivation therapy in prostate cancer and cardiovascular risk: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, American Cancer Society, and American Urological Association: endorsed by the American Society for Radiation Oncology. CA Cancer J Clin 2010; 60: 194-201.
116. Morgenthaler A. Testosterone deficiency and prostate cancer: emerging recognition of an important and troubling relationship. Eur Urol 2007; 52: 623-5.
117. EAU Guideline on male hypogonadism. Available from: www.uroweb.org [Last accessed on 2013 Nov 7].
118. Damber JE. Prostate cancer. Lancet 2008; 371: 1710-21.
119. Gooren L. Ethical and medical considerations of androgen deprivation treatment J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96: 3628-37.