Temporal learning and list-level proportion congruency: Conflict adaptation or learning when to respond?

PLoS ONE

Volumn 8, Issue 11, 2013, Pages

  Schmidt, James R ^a  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; ANALYTICAL ERROR; ARTICLE; COMPUTER SIMULATION; CONFLICT; CONTINGENCY LEARNING; CONTROLLED STUDY; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LATENT PERIOD; LEARNING; LEARNING BIAS; LINEAR MIXED EFFECT MODEL; LIST LEVEL PROPORTION CONGRUENT EFFECT; NONBIOLOGICAL MODEL; PARALLEL EPISODIC PROCESSING MODEL; RELIABILITY; RESPONSE TIME; STATISTICAL MODEL; STROOP TEST; SYSTEMATIC ERROR; TASK PERFORMANCE; TEMPORAL LEARNING; VISUAL STIMULATION;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; CONFLICT (PSYCHOLOGY); HUMANS; LEARNING;

EID: 84896734081     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082320     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Schmidt JR (2012) Human contingency learning. In: Seal NM, editor. Encyclopedia of the sciences of learning. New York: Springer. pp. 1455-1456.
2. Matzel LD, Held FP, Miller RR (1988) Information and expression of simultaneous and backward associations: Implications for contiguity theory. Learning Motiv 19: 317-344.
3. Los SA (1999) Identifying stimuli of different perceptual categories in mixed blocks of trials: Evidence for cost in switching between computational processes. J Exp Psychol Human 25: 3-23.
4. Los SA (1999) Identifying stimuli of different perceptual categories in pure and mixed blocks of trials: evidence for stimulus-driven switch costs. Acta Psychol 103: 173-205.
5. Taatgen N, Van Rijn H (2011) Traces of times past: Representations of temporal intervals in memory. Mem Cogn 39: 1546-1560.
6. Van Maanen L, Brown SD, Eichele T, Wagenmakers EJ, Ho T, et al. (2011) Neural correlates of trial-to-trial fluctuations in response caution. J Neurosci 31: 17488-17495.
7. Stroop J (1935) Studies on interference in serial verbal reactions. J Exp Psychol 18: 643-662.
8. Botvinick MM, Braver TS, Barch DM, Carter CS, Cohen JD (2001) Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. Psychol Rev 108: 624-652. (Pubitemid 33604139)
9. Cheesman J, Merikle PM (1986) Distinguishing conscious from unconscious perceptual processes. Can J Psychol 40: 343-367.
10. Lindsay DS, Jacoby LL (1994) Stroop process dissociations: The relationship between facilitation and interference. J Exp Psychol Human 20: 219-234.
11. Lowe DG, Mitterer JO (1982) Selective and divided attention in a Stroop task. Can J Psychol 36: 684-700.
12. Jacoby LL, Lindsay DS, Hessels S (2003) Item-specific control of automatic processes: Stroop process dissociations. Psychon B Rev 10: 638-644. (Pubitemid 37544937)
13. Schmidt JR (2013) Questioning conflict adaptation: Proportion congruent and Gratton effects reconsidered. Psychon B Rev 20: 615-630.
14. Schmidt JR (2013) The Parallel Episodic Processing (PEP) model: Dissociating contingency and conflict adaptation in the item-specific proportion congruent paradigm. Acta Psychol 142: 119-126.
15. Schmidt JR, Besner D (2008) The Stroop effect: Why proportion congruent has nothing to do with congruency and everything to do with contingency. J Exp Psychol Learn 34: 514-523.
16. Schmidt JR, Crump MJC, Cheesman J, Besner D (2007) Contingency learning without awareness: Evidence for implicit control. Conscious Cogn 16: 421-435. (Pubitemid 46874206)
17. Bugg JM, McDaniel MA, Scullin MK, Braver TS (2011) Revealing list-level control in the Stroop task by uncovering its benefits and a cost. J Exp Psychol Human 37: 1595-1606.
18. Hutchison KA (2011) The interactive effects of listwide control, item-based control, and working memory capacity on Stroop performance. J Exp Psychol Learn 37: 851-860.
19. Los SA (1996) On the origin of mixing costs: Exploring information processing in pure and mixed blocks of trials. Acta Psychol 94: 145-188.
20. Grice GR (1968) Stimulus intensity and response evocation. Psychol Rev 75: 359-373.
21. Kohfeld DL (1968) Stimulus intensity and adaptation level as determinants of simple reaction time. J Exp Psychol 76: 468-473.
22. Ollman RT, Billington MJ (1972) The deadline model for simple reaction times. Cognitive Psychol 3: 311-336.
23. Strayer DL, Kramer AF (1994) Strategies and Automaticity: 1. Basic findings and conceptual-framework. J Exp Psychol Learn 20: 318-341.
24. Strayer DL, Kramer AF (1994) Strategies and automaticity: 2. Dynamic aspects of strategy adjustment. J Exp Psychol Learn 20: 342-365.
25. Van Duren LL, Sanders AF (1988) On the robustness of the additive factors stage structure in blocked and mixed choice reaction designs. Acta Psychol 69: 83-94.
26. Penney TB, Allan LG, Meck WH, Gibbon J (1998) Memory mixing in duration bisection. In: Rosenbaum DA, editor. Timing of behavior: Neural, psychological, and computational perspectives. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 165-193.
27. Grosjean M, Rosenbaum DA, Elsinger C (2001) Timing and reaction time. J Exp Psychol Gen 130: 256-272. (Pubitemid 33595901)
28. Kinoshita S, Mozer MC, Forster KI (2011) Dynamic adaptation to history of trial difficulty explains the effect of congruency proportion on masked priming. J Exp Psychol Gen 140: 622-636.
29. Jones M, Mozer MC, Kinoshita S (2009) Optimal response initiation: Why recent experience matters. In: Koller D, Schuurmans D, Bengio Y, Bottou L, editors. Advances in neural information processing systems 21. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 785-792.
30. Mozer MC, Kinoshita S, Davis C (2004) Control of response initiation: Mechanisms of adaptation to recent experience. Proceedings of the twenty sixth conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates. pp. 981-986.
31. Mozer M, Colagrosso M, Huber D (2002) A rational analysis of cognitive control in a speeded discrimination task. In: Dietterich T, Becker S, Ghahramani Z, editors. Advances in neural information processing systems 14. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 51-57.
32. Kinoshita S, Lupker SJ (2003) Priming and attentional control of lexical and sublexical pathways in naming: A reevaluation. J Exp Psychol Learn 29: 405-415. (Pubitemid 38156915)
33. Kinoshita S, Forster KI, Mozer MC (2008) Unconscious cognition isn't that smart: Modulation of masked repetition priming effect in the word naming task. Cognition 107: 623-649.
34. Mayr U, Awh E, Laurey P (2003) Conflict adaptation effects in the absence of executive control. Nat Neurosci 6: 450-452. (Pubitemid 36514691)
35. Mordkoff JT (2012) Observation: Three reasons to avoid having half of the trials be congruent in a four-alternative forced-choice experiment on sequential modulation. Psychon B Rev 19: 750-757.
36. Schmidt JR, De Houwer J (2011) Now you see it, now you don't: Controlling for contingencies and stimulus repetitions eliminates the Gratton effect. Acta Psychol 138: 176-186.
37. Gratton G, Coles MGH, Donchin E (1992) Optimizing the use of information: Strategic control of activation of responses. J Exp Psychol Gen 121: 480-506.
38. Schmidt JR, De Houwer J, Besner D (2010) Contingency learning and unlearning in the blink of an eye: A resource dependent process. Conscious Cogn 19: 235-250.
39. Schmidt JR, De Houwer J (2012) Contingency learning with evaluative stimuli: Testing the generality of contingency learning in a performance paradigm. Exp Psychol 59: 175-182.
40. Woehrle JL, Magliano JP (2012) Time flies faster if a person has a high working-memory capacity. Acta Psychol 139: 314-319.
41. Bugg JM, Jacoby LL, Toth JP (2008) Multiple levels of control in the Stroop task. Mem Cognition 36: 1484-1494.
42. Crump MJC, Gong ZY, Milliken B (2006) The context-specific proportion congruent Stroop effect: Location as a contextual cue. Psychon B Rev 13: 316-321. (Pubitemid 44412016)
43. Crump MJC, Milliken B (2009) The flexibility of context-specific control: Evidence for context-driven generalization of item-specific control settings. Q J Exp Psychol 62: 1523-1532.