Risk factors for conversion from unipolar psychotic depression to bipolar disorder

Bipolar Disorders

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 180-189

  Østergaard, Søren Dinesen ^a,b,c   Straszek, Sune ^b   Petrides, Georgios ^d   Skadhede, Søren ^b   Jensen, Signe Olrik Wallenstein ^a   Munk Jørgensen, Povl ^b   Nielsen, Jimmi ^e  

^a AALBORG UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^b AARHUS UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^c MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^d ZUCKER HILLSIDE HOSPITAL   (United States)

^e Aalborg Psykiatriske Sygehus   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Bipolar disorder; Epidemiology; Population register; Psychotic mood disorders

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BIPOLAR DISORDER; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISABILITY; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; INSTITUTIONALIZATION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; ONSET AGE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PENSION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RECURRENT DISEASE; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR;

BIPOLAR DISORDER; EPIDEMIOLOGY; POPULATION REGISTER; PSYCHOTIC MOOD DISORDERS;

BIPOLAR DISORDER; COHORT STUDIES; DENMARK; DISEASE PROGRESSION; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; HABITUATION, PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIC; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; MORBIDITY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84896732068     PISSN: 13985647     EISSN: 13995618     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12152     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition. Washington, DC: APA, 2013.
2. World Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. Diagnostic criteria for research. Geneva: WHO, 1993.
3. Leckman JF, Weissman MM, Prusoff BA et al. Subtypes of depression. Family study perspective. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984; 41: 833-838.
4. Meltzer HY, Cho HW, Carroll BJ, Russo P. Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in the affective psychoses and schizophrenia. Decreased activity in unipolar psychotically depressed patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976; 33: 585-591.
5. Sweeney D, Nelson C, Bowers M, Maas J, Heninger G. Delusional versus non-delusional depression: neurochemical differences. Lancet 1978; 2: 100-101.
6. Maj M, Pirozzi R, Magliano L, Fiorillo A, Bartoli L. Phenomenology and prognostic significance of delusions in major depressive disorder: a 10-year prospective follow-up study. J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68: 1411-1417.
7. Ostergaard SD, Bille J, Soltoft-Jensen H, Lauge N, Bech P. The validity of the severity-psychosis hypothesis in depression. J Affect Disord 2012; 140: 48-56.
8. Ostergaard SD, Petrides G, Dinesen PT et al. The association between physical morbidity and subtypes of severe depression. Psychother Psychosom 2013; 82: 45-52.
9. Ostergaard SD, Meyers BS, Flint AJ et al. Measuring psychotic depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2013. doi: 10.1111/acps.12165. [Epub ahead of print]
10. Ostergaard SD, Bertelsen A, Nielsen J, Mors O, Petrides G. The association between psychotic mania, psychotic depression and mixed affective episodes among 14, 529 patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2013; 147: 44-50.
11. Spiker DG, Kupfer DJ. Placebo response rates in psychotic and nonpsychotic depression. J Affect Disord 1988; 14: 21-23.
12. Glassman AH, Roose SP. Delusional depression. A distinct clinical entity? Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981; 38: 424-427.
13. Coryell W. The treatment of psychotic depression. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59 (Suppl. 1): 22-27.
14. Petrides G, Fink M, Husain MM et al. ECT remission rates in psychotic versus nonpsychotic depressed patients: a report from CORE. J ECT 2001; 17: 244-253.
15. Vythilingam M, Chen J, Bremner JD, Mazure CM, Maciejewski PK, Nelson JC. Psychotic depression and mortality. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160: 574-576.
16. Schatzberg AF, Rothschild AJ. Psychotic (delusional) major depression: should it be included as a distinct syndrome in DSM-IV? Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149: 733-745.
17. Ostergaard SD, Rothschild AJ, Uggerby P, Munk-Jorgensen P, Bech P, Mors O. Considerations on the ICD-11 classification of psychotic depression. Psychother Psychosom 2012; 81: 135-144.
18. Goes FS, Sadler B, Toolan J et al. Psychotic features in bipolar and unipolar depression. Bipolar Disord 2007; 9: 901-906.
19. Akiskal HS, Walker P, Puzantian VR, King D, Rosenthal TL, Dranon M. Bipolar outcome in the course of depressive illness. Phenomenologic, familial, and pharmacologic predictors. J Affect Disord 1983; 5: 115-128.
20. Weissman MM, Warner V, John K et al. Delusional depression and bipolar spectrum: evidence for a possible association from a family study of children. Neuropsychopharmacology 1988; 1: 257-264.
21. Othmer E, Desouza CM, Penick EC et al. Indicators of mania in depressed outpatients: a retrospective analysis of data from the Kansas 1500 study. J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68: 47-51.
22. Goldberg JF, Harrow M, Whiteside JE. Risk for bipolar illness in patients initially hospitalized for unipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 1265-1270.
23. Endicott J, Nee J, Coryell W, Keller M, Andreasen N, Croughan J. Schizoaffective, psychotic, and nonpsychotic depression: differential familial association. Compr Psychiatry 1986; 27: 1-13.
24. Weissman MM, Prusoff BA, Merikangas KR. Is delusional depression related to bipolar disorder? Am J Psychiatry 1984; 141: 892-893.
25. Blacker D, Faraone SV, Rosen AE et al. Unipolar relatives in bipolar pedigrees: a search for elusive indicators of underlying bipolarity. Am J Med Genet 1996; 67: 445-454.
26. Ostergaard SD, Waltoft BL, Mortensen PB, Mors O. Environmental and familial risk factors for psychotic and non-psychotic severe depression. J Affect Disord 2013; 147: 232-240.
27. Salvatore P, Baldessarini RJ, Tohen M et al. McLean-Harvard international first-episode project: two-year stability of ICD-10s diagnoses in 500 first-episode psychotic disorder patients. J Clin Psychiatry 2011; 72: 183-193.
28. Strober M, Carlson G. Bipolar illness in adolescents with major depression: clinical, genetic, and psychopharmacologic predictors in a three- to four-year prospective follow-up investigation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982; 39: 549-555.
29. Wijkstra J, Burger H, Van Den Broek WW et al. Long-term response to successful acute pharmacological treatment of psychotic depression. J Affect Disord 2010; 123: 238-242.
30. Wijkstra J, Lijmer J, Balk F, Geddes J, Nolen WA. Pharmacological treatment for psychotic depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; 4: CD004044.
31. Spiker DG, Weiss JC, Dealy RS et al. The pharmacological treatment of delusional depression. Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142: 430-436.
32. Wijkstra J, Burger H, van den Broek WW et al. Treatment of unipolar psychotic depression: a randomized, double-blind study comparing imipramine, venlafaxine, and venlafaxine plus quetiapine. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2010; 121: 190-200.
33. Leadholm AK, Rothschild AJ, Nolen WA, Bech P, Munk-Jorgensen P, Ostergaard SD. The treatment of psychotic depression: is there consensus among guidelines and psychiatrists? J Affect Disord 2013; 145: 214-220.
34. Rothschild AJ. Challenges in the treatment of major depressive disorder with psychotic features. Schizophr Bull 2013; 39: 787-796.
35. Ghaemi SN, Hsu DJ, Soldani F, Goodwin FK. Antidepressants in bipolar disorder: the case for caution. Bipolar Disord 2003; 5: 421-433.
36. Pacchiarotti I, Valentí M, Colom F et al. Differential outcome of bipolar patients receiving antidepressant monotherapy versus combination with an antimanic drug. J Affect Disord 2011; 129: 321-326.
37. Grunze H, Vieta E, Goodwin GM et al. The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for the Biological Treatment of Bipolar Disorders: update 2010 on the treatment of acute bipolar depression. World J Biol Psychiatry 2010; 11: 81-109.
38. van der Loos ML, Mulder P, Hartong EG et al. Long-term outcome of bipolar depressed patients receiving lamotrigine as add-on to lithium with the possibility of the addition of paroxetine in nonresponders: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial with a novel design. Bipolar Disord 2011; 13: 111-117.
39. Licht RW, Nielsen JN, Gram LF, Vestergaard P, Bendz H. Lamotrigine versus lithium as maintenance treatment in bipolar I disorder: an open, randomized effectiveness study mimicking clinical practice. The 6th trial of the Danish University Antidepressant Group (DUAG-6). Bipolar Disord 2010; 12: 483-493.
40. van der Loos ML, Mulder P, Hartong EG et al. Efficacy and safety of two treatment algorithms in bipolar depression consisting of a combination of lithium, lamotrigine or placebo and paroxetine. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2010; 122: 246-254.
41. Nelson JC, Mazure CM. Lithium augmentation in psychotic depression refractory to combined drug treatment. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143: 363-366.
42. Rothschild AJ, Samson JA, Bessette MP, Carter-Campbell JT. Efficacy of the combination of fluoxetine and perphenazine in the treatment of psychotic depression. J Clin Psychiatry 1993; 54: 338-342.
43. Berk M, Brnabic A, Dodd S et al. Does stage of illness impact treatment response in bipolar disorder? Empirical treatment data and their implication for the staging model and early intervention. Bipolar Disord 2011; 13: 87-98.
44. Baldessarini RJ, Salvatore P, Khalsa HM et al. Morbidity in 303 first-episode bipolar I disorder patients. Bipolar Disord 2010; 12: 264-270.
45. Drancourt N, Etain B, Lajnef M, et al. Duration of untreated bipolar disorder: missed opportunities on the long road to optimal treatment. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2013; 127: 136-144.
46. Aronson TA, Shukla S, Hoff A, Cook B. Proposed delusional depression subtypes: preliminary evidence from a retrospective study of phenomenology and treatment course. J Affect Disord 1988; 14: 69-74.
47. Kessing LV, Hansen HV, Hvenegaard A et al. Treatment in a specialised out-patient mood disorder clinic v. standard out-patient treatment in the early course of bipolar disorder: randomised clinical trial. Br J Psychiatry 2013; 202: 212-219.
48. Angst J, Sellaro R, Stassen HH, Gamma A. Diagnostic conversion from depression to bipolar disorders: results of a long-term prospective study of hospital admissions. J Affect Disord 2005; 84: 149-157.
49. Tijssen MJ, Van Os J, Wittchen HU, Lieb R, Beesdo K, Wichers M. Risk factors predicting onset and persistence of subthreshold expression of bipolar psychopathology among youth from the community. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2010; 122: 255-266.
50. Kupka RW, Luckenbaugh DA, Post RM et al. Comparison of rapid-cycling and non-rapid-cycling bipolar disorder based on prospective mood ratings in 539 outpatients. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162: 1273-1280.
51. Dickerson F, Origoni A, Stallings C, Khushalani S, Dickinson D, Medoff D. Occupational status and social adjustment six months after hospitalization early in the course of bipolar disorder: a prospective study. Bipolar Disord 2010; 12: 10-20.
52. Azorin JM, Kaladjian A, Adida M et al. Psychopathological correlates of lifetime anxiety comorbidity in bipolar I patients: findings from a French national cohort. Psychopathology 2009; 42: 380-386.
53. Depp CA, Jeste DV. Bipolar disorder in older adults: a critical review. Bipolar Disord 2004; 6: 343-367.
54. Almeida OP, Fenner S. Bipolar disorder: similarities and differences between patients with illness onset before and after 65 years of age. Int Psychogeriatr 2002; 14: 311-322.
55. Kessing LV, Forman JL, Andersen PK. Does lithium protect against dementia? Bipolar Disord 2010; 12: 87-94.
56. Tohen M, Shulman KI, Satlin A. First-episode mania in late life. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151: 130-132.
57. Shulman K, Post F. Bipolar affective disorder in old age. Br J Psychiatry 1980; 136: 26-32.
58. Gildengers AG, Mulsant BH, Begley A et al. The longitudinal course of cognition in older adults with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11: 744-752.
59. Gildengers AG, Mulsant BH, Al Jurdi RK et al. The relationship of bipolar disorder lifetime duration and vascular burden to cognition in older adults. Bipolar Disord 2010; 12: 851-858.
60. Morriss R, Yang M, Chopra A, Bentall R, Paykel E, Scott J. Differential effects of depression and mania symptoms on social adjustment: prospective study in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2013; 15: 80-91.
61. Lam D, Donaldson C, Brown Y, Malliaris Y. Burden and marital and sexual satisfaction in the partners of bipolar patients. Bipolar Disord 2005; 7: 431-440.
62. Uggerby P, Nielsen RE, Correll CU, Nielsen J. Characteristics and predictors of long-term institutionalization in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2011; 131: 120-126.
63. Reichenberg A, Weiser M, Rabinowitz J et al. A population-based cohort study of premorbid intellectual, language, and behavioral functioning in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and nonpsychotic bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 2027-2035.
64. Tiihonen J, Haukka J, Henriksson M et al. Premorbid intellectual functioning in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: results from a cohort study of male conscripts. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162: 1904-1910.
65. Cannon M, Jones P, Huttunen MO et al. School performance in Finnish children and later development of schizophrenia: a population-based longitudinal study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56: 457-463.
66. MacCabe JH, Lambe MP, Cnattingius S et al. Excellent school performance at age 16 and risk of adult bipolar disorder: national cohort study. Br J Psychiatry 2010; 196: 109-115.
67. Ahs AM, Westerling R. Mortality in relation to employment status during different levels of unemployment. Scand J Public Health 2006; 34: 159-167.
68. Pedersen CB. The Danish Civil Registration System. Scand J Public Health 2011; 39 (Suppl. 7): 22-25.
69. Mors O, Perto GP, Mortensen PB. The Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register. Scand J Public Health 2011; 39 (Suppl. 7): 54-57.
70. Munk-Jorgensen P, Ostergaard SD. Register-based studies of mental disorders. Scand J Public Health 2011; 39 (Suppl. 7): 170-174.
71. Danish National Board of Health. Classification of Diseases: Extended Danish-Latin Version of the World Health Organization International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 8th Revision. Copenhagen: Danish National Board of Health, 1971.
72. Denmark Statistics. IDA: An Integrated Database for Labour Market Research [in Danish]. Copenhagen: Statistics Denmark Press, 1991.
73. Kroon JS, Wohlfarth TD, Dieleman J et al. Incidence rates and risk factors of bipolar disorder in the general population: a population-based cohort study. Bipolar Disord 2013; 15: 306-313.
74. Papadimitriou GN, Calabrese JR, Dikeos DG, Christodoulou GN. Rapid cycling bipolar disorder: biology and pathogenesis. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2005; 8: 281-292.
75. Post RM. Kindling and sensitization as models for affective episode recurrence, cyclicity, and tolerance phenomena. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007; 31: 858-873.
76. Meyers BS, Flint AJ, Rothschild AJ et al. A double-blind randomized controlled trial of olanzapine plus sertraline vs olanzapine plus placebo for psychotic depression: the study of pharmacotherapy of psychotic depression (STOP-PD). Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009; 66: 838-847.
77. Rothschild AJ, Williamson DJ, Tohen MF et al. A double-blind, randomized study of olanzapine and olanzapine/fluoxetine combination for major depression with psychotic features. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2004; 24: 365-373.
78. Kumazaki T. What is a 'mood-congruent' delusion? History and conceptual problems. Hist Psychiatry 2011; 22: 315-331.
79. Akiskal HS, Akiskal KK. In search of Aristotle: temperament, human nature, melancholia, creativity and eminence. J Affect Disord 2007; 100: 1-6.
80. Bond AH. Virginia Woolf: manic-depressive psychosis and genius. An illustration of separation-individuation theory. J Am Acad Psychoanal 1985; 13: 191-210.
81. Whisman MA. Marital distress and DSM-IV psychiatric disorders in a population-based national survey. J Abnorm Psychol 2007; 116: 638-643.
82. Bock C, Bukh JD, Vinberg M, Gether U, Kessing LV. Validity of the diagnosis of a single depressive episode in a case register. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2009; 5: 4.
83. Uggerby P, Ostergaard SD, Roge R, Correll CU, Nielsen J. The validity of the schizophrenia diagnosis in the Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register is good. Dan Med J 2013; 60: A457.